HIRO ITO - Adverb

A D V E R B S

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Macam

Penjelasan

Singkat

Contoh

Adverb of Time (waktu)

kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan/peristiwa.

now, today, yesterday

Adverb of Manner (cara)

kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.

automatically, beautifully, fast

Adverb of Degree (derajat)

kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh (tingkatan atau derajat) suatu kegiatan/peristiwa.

absolutely, barely, really

ADVERBS (Kata Keterangan)

Pengertian AdverbAdverb adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan verb

(kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), maupun adverb lain.

adverb menerangkan kata kerjacontoh: she speaks English fluently ( dia berbicara bahasa inggris dengan baik) adverb menerangkan kata sifatcontoh: it’s now too hot to play tennis ( sekarang udara terlalu panas untuk bermain tenis) adverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnyacontoh: she sings very well (dia bernyanyi dengan baik sekali ) adverb menerangkan kata depancontoh: the cat was sitting almost outside the door(kucing itu sedang duduk hampir di luar pintu)di sini adverb almost menerangkan kata depan outside. adverb menerangkan kata sambung contoh: I want know precisely how the accident happened (saya ingin mengetahui secara pasti bagaimana kecelakaan itu terjadi )


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Macam

Penjelasan

Singkat

Contoh










Adverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang terpisah tetapi juga sebuah kalimat asertif (yaitu kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal sesuatu). dalam hal ini adverb harus di tempatkan di posisi awal kalimat.contoh: evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself. (jelaslah keberhasilan anda terutama tergantung pada anda sendiri) unfortunately, we don’t know much English. (sayang sekali kami tidak dapat berbahasa inggris banyak)

Adverb FormWe make many adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective, for example:

quick (adjective) > quickly (adverb)careful (adjective) > carefully (adverb)beautiful (adjective) > beautifully (adverb)


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dMacam

Penjelasan

Singkat

Contoh










.

There are some basic rules about spelling for -ly adverbs. See the table below:

But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. The words friendly, lovely, lonely and neighbourly, for example, are all adjectives.And some adverbs have no particular form. Look at these examples:well, fast, very, never, always, often, still.

Adjective ending do this adjective adverb

most adjectives add -lyquicknicesole

careful

quicklynicelysolely

carefully

-able or -ible change -e to -y regrettablehorrible

regrettablyhorribly

-y change -y to -ily happy happily

-ic change -ic to -ically economic economically


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Macam-macam Adverbs

Berdasarkan penggunaannya di dalam kalimat, Adverbs dapat dikelompokan menjadi 3 (tiga) golongan, yaitu :

1. Simple Adverb

2. Interrogative Adverb

3 .Relative Adverb

I can see clearly how she killed her mother.


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1. SIMPLE ADVERBS

M

Macam Penjelasan Singkat Contoh


kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk

menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu

kegiatan/peristiwa.

now, today, yesterday,tomorrow,last night,in january, in the

year 2008, at 7 o’clock,next week



menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau

peristiwa terjadi.




menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh (tingkatan

atau derajat) suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa.

Hardly, fully,very, much, too,quite,almost,nearly,rather


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Adverb of Modality (harapan)


menyatakan tingkat keyakinan/harapan.

likely, maybe, probably

Adverb of Frequency (frekuensi)

kata keterangan yang menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan

atau peristiwa dilakukan atau terjadi.

always, often, rarely

Adverb of Place & Direction

(tempat & arah)


menyatakan tempat dan arah terjadinya suatu kegiatan/peristi wa.

here, in, somewhere


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2. INTERROGATIVE

ADVERBSI interrogative Adverb (kata keterangan penanya) pada umumnya digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.

Dan yang termasuk dalam Interrogative Adverb, (kata keterangan penanya) yaitu :

When kapan Where kemanaWhy mengapaHow bagaimana , berapa

Di bawah ini contoh penggunaan interrogative adverbs (kata keterangan penanya) dalam kalimat :

Where does she live ? Dimana dia tinggal ? Why do you come here ? Mengapa anda datang kesini ? When did he go ? Kapan dia pergi ?


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3. RELATIVE ADVERBS

Relative Adverbs (kata keterangan penghubung) pada umumnya digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat menjadi satu kalimat.

Berikut ini yang termasuk Relative Adverbs (kata keterangan penghubung), yaitu :

How bagaimana When ketikaWhile sementaraWhy mengapaWhere dimanaWhat apaWhence darimana

Di bawah ini adalah contoh penggunaannya dalam kalimat : I was studying when Jimmy came to my room. Saya sedang belajar ketika Jimmy datang ke kamarku. Do you know whence my friend came ? Apakah kamu tahu darimana temanku datang ?


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Hubungan dengan Part of Speech yang Lain

Hubungan kata keterangan ini dengan part of speech lain yaitu:

Adverb & Noun (modifier) Sebagai noun modifier digunakan untuk membentuk sebuah noun phrase.Contoh: the house nearby, the people there.

Adjective dan Adverb Sebagian adverb merupakan gabungan dari adjective dengan suffix (akhiran) tertentu. Selain itu, dua kata ini dengan formulasi tertentu dapat digabungkan menjadi suatu frasa.Contoh: much more better, totally easy Adverbial Clause & Participle Participle digunakan pada reduksi adverbial clause.Contoh: Doing the test, she has study hard enough.


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HSpecial Adverbsspecial adverbs merupakan bagian dari kata keterangan derajat yang

membutuhkan pembahasan khusus. Adapun kata keterangan khusus itu terdiri dari:

Too Very Enough So & Such


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INTRODUCTION ADVERB CLAUSE

Students have learned about two other kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clauses and noun clauses . You might review the characteristics of dependent clauses: they must contain a subject + a verb; they cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Incomplete sentences consisting of a solo adverb clause are a common problem in student writing.

INCORRECT: He went to bed. Because he was sleepy. However, such incomplete sentences are common in conversation in response to a why-question:

A: Why did he go to bed?B: Because he was sleepy.


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USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECT

There are differences among the ways to say “because.” Because makes the most direct or explicit cause-and-effect statement. Since means “because it is a fact that” or “seeing that it is true that.” For example: Since you’ve done this before (a known fact), could you please show me

how? Because, but not since, can ask about an unknown cause. For example: Did he stay home because he was tired? Now that is special to present- time, known reasons. It indicates that a situation has changed. Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses

as with others. (And they are only guidelines, not rules. There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverb clauses. This text simply presents the most usual patterns.


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Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in an advanced class are as, as/so long as, and inasmuch as. They are similar to since: they express a cause that is a known fact.

As has many uses. Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to express cause and effect. In their own writing, however, they might prefer to use because, since, or now that in order to ensure clarity. Inasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent.


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EXPRESSING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT):USING EVEN THOUGH

The general category of “contrast” is defined as “unexpected result” here to help the students compare because and even though, and also to help them understand the meaning of contrast (i.e., that something is in some way different from something else) as the term is used in the text.

Other forms of even though are although and though. The differences are negligible


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SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILE AND WHEREAS

Whereas and while can appear at the beginning of either clause with no change of meaning.

Whereas is somewhat formal and of relatively low frequency. Whereas is included in the text mostly as a way of defining this use of while, distinguishing it from its use in time clauses and phrases. While has two different meanings: (1) at the same time and (2) whereas. (1) While (he was) swimming, he got very tired. (2) While fire is hot, ice is cold.

In British English, whilst is another form of while. Whilst is fairly formal.


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EXPRESSING CONDITIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSES:IF-CLAUSES

As with adverb clauses of time , it is incorrect to use the future tense (i.e., will / be going to) in an if-clause. An exception, however, occurs when the speaker is trying to arrange an exchange of promises: If you’ll do it, I’ll do it.

All of the examples and exercise items in this unit on “condition” are in present or future time.


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sADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING WHETHER OR NOT AND EVEN IF

Students sometimes wonder about the difference between even though and even if. Even though deals with actual, present-time events or states; even if deals with possible future conditions. Even though the weather is cold (today) = the weather is cold.

Even if the weather is cold (tomorrow) = the weather may be cold. In some contexts, the distinction blurs: Even if you don’t like pickles, you should try one of these.


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1sADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING IN CASE AND IN THE EVENT THAT

Often in case and in the event that are synonomous, as in the examples in the chart and the exercises.

However, there are also differences you may or may not wish to bring up in class. In case is used to say that something may possibly happen and that is the reason why something else is done: I’ll take my purse with me in case we decide to stop at the store. In other words, the reason I’m doing one thing (taking my purse) is that something else might happen (we might decide to stop at the store). In the event that could also possibly be used in this example, but in case would be more likely.

In the event that is used to talk about a possible future event when the speaker is planning what to do if it occurs. In the event that more than 40 students sign up for the class,we’ll divide it into two sections. British English has another use of in the event in formal English. It is

not followed by a that clause;


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it is a transition followed by a comma. It expresses an unexpected result or the idea that “this is what really happened instead.” For example:They had planned to go swimming. In the event, they went to a movie because it rained.An American English speaker would use instead or as it turned out rather than in the event in this context. Some scientific and philosophical texts use in case to mean “in the

specific circumstance or example.” This is often followed by a that-clause.


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ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING UNLESS

Trying to distinguish between until and unless for the students can be difficult. Unless expresses a condition that is required for a particular result. Until expresses a time relationship—but also expresses a condition required for a result. It is no wonder that students may be confused when they compare the following: You can’t drive unless/until you’re sixteen. Class can’t start unless/until the teacher arrives. I don’t eat unless/until I’m hungry.

The verb in the unless-clause is usually positive, but it could be negative. For example:

A: Will I see you at the theater tonight?B: Yes, unless I can’t go.


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ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY IF

No commas are used when only if / only when / only after clauses begin a sentence. only if = there is ONLY ONE way or chance You will lose weight only if you stop eating so much. (one way to lose weight) You will receive an attendance award only if you have never been absent.

(one way)

STRANGE ORDER WHEN YOU BEGIN THIS SENTENCE WITH ONLY IF

( like a yes/no question word order)

NOTE:

• Only if you stop eating so much will you lose weight.

Only if you have never been absent will you receive an attendance award.


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Using Adverb Clauses to show time Relationships:

After : (a) After she graduates, she will get a job (b) After she had graduated, she got a job

Before : (a) I had left before he cames (b) I had left before he came

When : (a) When I arrived, he was talking on the phone

(b) When I got there, he had already left

While as : (a) While I was walking home, it began to rain (b) As I was walking home, it began to rain

By the time : (a) By the time he arrived, we had already left (b) By the time he comes, we will already have left

Since : (a) I haven`t seen him since he left this morning


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Until, till : (a) We stayed there until we finished our work (b) Once it stop s raining , we will leave

As long as : (a) I will never speak to him again as long as I live

So long as : (a) I will never speak to him again to long as I live

Whenevery : (a) Whenevery I see her, I say hello

Every time : (a) Every time I see her, I say hello

The first time : (a) The first time I went to Newyork, I went to an opera

The last time : (a) I saw two plays the last time , I went to Newyork

The new time : (a) The new time I go to Newyork, I’m going to see a ballet


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HIRO ITO - Adverb