Bacteriology

History of Microbiology

Robert Hooke (1660 )

compound microscope

publishd “ Micrographia’’

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1670s)

Looked at many

samples. Lake water Fecal suspensions Scrapings from teeth

Called organisms “animalcules.”

Spontaneous Generation living organisms could develop from

non-living materials

Abiogenesis

Redi (1668)

Spallanzani (1776)

Shultze and Schwann (1837)

Pasteur (1861)

Foundation of the Microbiology Science

Louis Pasteur Discovered many of the basic principles of

Microbiology

Confirmed microorganism-fermentation connection.

Pasteurization

Modern Immunology

(anthrax, rabies vaccines)

Pure Culture Oscar Brefeld (1881)

Used gelatin as a solidifying agent in plates for culturing fungi.

(Brefeld, O. 1881. Botanische Unter-suchungen uber Schimmelpilze: Culturemethoden. Leipzig)

Koch cultured bacteria on gelatin gelatin was not an ideal solidifying

agent because it was digested by many

bacteria and melted when the temperature rose

above 28°C.

A better alternative was provided by Fannie Eilshemius

the wife of one of Koch’s assistants She suggested the use of agar as a

solidifying agent (she had been using it successfully to make jellies for some time)

Pure Culture

So, Robert Koch (late 1800s)

Used agar as solidifying agent.

Microorganisms & Diseases Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)

In The Canon of Medicine (1020),

stated that bodily secretion is contaminated by foul foreign earthly bodies before being infected.

He also hypothesized on the contagious nature of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases,

and used quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of contagious diseases.

Ibn Khatima (14th century) Black Death bubonic plague hypothesized that infectious diseases

are caused by "minute bodies" which enter the human body and cause disease.

Fracastoro (1546)

Suggested that invisible organisms caused disease. (De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis, 1546)

Agostino Bassi (1835)

Semmelweis 1840s

shows that hand washing between visiting mothers can prevent childbirth fever.

Pasteur 1857

develops the germ theory

of diseases.

Lister 1867

Introduced antiseptic techniques.

Treated wounds, wound dressings, and surgical instruments with phenolic acid.

Koch and Cohn 1876 identify a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis

as the cause of anthrax

Koch 1882

isolates the Tuberculosis bacillus

Koch’s Postulates 1884

Criteria that must be met in order to say with confidence that a particular organism causes a certain disease.

Koch’s Postulates Suspected causative agent must be found in

every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts

Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host in pure culture

When agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease

Same agent must be re-isolated in pure culture from diseased experimental host

Iwanowski 1892

Discovered viruses

Viroids

prions

Microorganisms

Protozoans Protozoology Fungi Mycology Bacteria Bacteriology Viruses Virology

Microbiology