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The Basics of Digital SLR Photography Taught by Dorn Byg 1

Intro to digital photography (the basics)

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Page 1: Intro to digital photography (the basics)

The  Basics  of   Digital  SLR  Photography

Taught  by  Dorn  Byg

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There  are  many  reasons  to  want  to  capture  an  image  and  no  ma<er  what  

they  are  we,  as  photographers  we  are  all  doing  the  same  thing.    

We  are  capturing  light.

Why?  

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What  is  happening?  

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Camera  Mechanics

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What’s  going  on?  

! Light  goes  through  lens    ! Through  aperture    ! Through  shu9er  ! To  sensor  (ISO)  ! To  digital  file  

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Camera  ShooDng  Modes! There  are  three  types  of  camera  modes  

◦ AutomaDc  Modes  " These  modes  let  the  camera  make  all  the  decisions  on  how  a  photo  is  taken    

◦ Semi  AutomaDc  Modes  " The  camera  is  limited  to  what  it  can  decide  based  on  the  mode  that  is  selected.    

◦ Fully  Manual  Mode  " You  decide  everything

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AutomaDc  Modes  

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• AutomaDc  Mode  -­‐  The  camera  makes  all  the  decisions  to  get  the  best  possible  exposure  

• Portrait  Mode  -­‐  The  camera  opens  the  Aperture  (smaller  number)  to  make  the  depth  of  field  more  shallow  so  the  focus  is  on  the  subject.    

• Macro  Mode  -­‐  Allows  you  to  get  very  close.  Different  cameras  handle  this  in  different  ways.  See  your  owners  manual.    

• Landscape  Mode  -­‐  The  camera  closes  the  Aperture  (larger  number)  to  increase  the  depth  of  field.  It  will  try  to  make  everything  in  focus.  

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AutomaDc  Modes

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• Sports  Mode  -­‐  This  seQng  is  to  take  photos  of  moving  objects.  The  camera  will  use  a  fast  shu9er  speed  to  a9empt  to  freeze  moving  objects.    

• Night  Mode  -­‐  This  seQng  is  for  low  light  situaSons.  The  camera  will  use  longer  shu9er  speeds  to  capture  more  light  while  firing  the  flash  to  illuminate  and  freeze  the  foreground.    

!There  are  other  AutomaSc  Modes  some  camera  models  offer  that  are  not  

menSoned  above.  Please  see  your  owners  manual  for  the  details.  

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Semi  AutomaDc  Modes

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Aperture  Priority  Mode  (A  or  AV)  • This  mode  allows  you  to  choose  at  what  Aperture  (f/stop)  to  

shoot  at  and  the  camera  makes  all  the  other  decisions  (shu9er  speed)  to  get  the  proper  exposure.    

!Reminder  :  Small  numbers  means  a  larger  hole  and  more  light.  

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Aperture  Priority  Mode  (A  or  AV)

! PosiDve    ◦ Allows  you  to  control  the  Depth  of  Field  (DOF)  !

! NegaDve    ◦ At  risk  of  longer  exposure  due  to  to  li9le  light.  " Can  cause  unwanted  blur  from  movement

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Semi  AutomaDc  Modes

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Shu<er  Priority  Mode  (S  or  TV)  • This  mode  allows  you  to  choose  at  what  Shu9er  speed  the  

camera  will  use  and  allows  the  camera  makes  decisions  (aperture)  to  get  the  proper  exposure.    

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Shu<er  Priority  Mode  (S  or  TV)

! PosiDve    ◦ Allow  you  to  control  the  shu9er.    " Freeze  fast  moving  acSon  with  a  short  exposure  " Capture  movement  with  a  longer  exposure  !

! NegaDve    ◦ No  longer  in  control  of  the  Depth  of  Field  (DOF)    

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Fully  Manual  Mode

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Manual  Mode  • This  mode  allows  you  have  full  control  over  everything  the  

camera  does.  ISO,  Aperture,  Shu9er  Speed,  White  Balance  etc.    

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Manual  Mode

! PosiDve    ◦ Allow  you  to  control  everything  !

! NegaDve    ◦ You  have  to  be  very  fast  and  know  your  camera  very  well  to  be  able  to  switch  seQngs  in  a  situaSon  with  changing  variables.

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Understanding  Exposure   f-­‐stops  /  aperture   shu<er  speeds   ISO  seUngs

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f/  Stops  (Aperture)  ! A  measurement  of  how  “open”  your  lens  is.  How  much  light  is  let  in.

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Each  whole  f/stop  increase  halves the  light  passing  through  the  opening.  

!

!

!

!

In  other  words:   The  larger  the  f/stop  number  the  

smaller  the  opening  is.  

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f/stop  wide  open

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ISO  200        f/2.8      1/250th

Larger  opening  -­‐  Smaller  number

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f/stop  closed

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ISO  200        f/8      1/250th

Smaller  opening  -­‐  Larger  number

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f/stop  example  

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1/60th  f/1.4  ISO  1000

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f/stop  range

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1/15th  f/2.8  ISO  1000

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f/stop  range

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1/3rd  f/6.3  ISO  1000

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f/stop  range

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2sec  f/16  ISO  1000

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Try  it

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Aperture  Priority  Mode  (A  or  AV)  • This  mode  allows  you  to  choose  at  what  Aperture  (f/stop)  to  

shoot  at  and  the  camera  makes  all  the  other  decisions  (shu9er  speed,  white  balance,  ISO  etc)  to  get  the  proper  exposure.    !

• Set  your  camera  to  A  of  AV  seQng.    • Change  the  f/stop  to  it’s  lowest  number.  Take  a  picture.    • Change  the  f/stop  to  the  highest  number.  Take  a  picture.  

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Shu<er  Speed Using  shu<er  speed  you  can  freeze  acDon.

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Shu<er  Speed  ! Shu<er  Speed  defines  in  Dme  how  long  the  shu<er  stays  open.  

! Measured  in  Seconds,  usually  fracDons  of  a  second  ex.,  1/200,  1/80,  1/4000  or  2  Seconds  

! Primarily  used  to  control  moDon  blur  caused  by  camera  shake  or  object  movement.    

! Controls  Ambient  Light  level.

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Shu<er  Speed  -­‐  Short

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ISO  6400        f/2.8      1/1000th

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Shu<er  Speed?

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ISO  200        f/6.3      124.2s

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shu<er  speed  example  

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1/3200th  f/1.4  ISO  8000

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shu<er  speed  example  

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1/1250th  f/1.4  ISO  8000

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shu<er  speed  example  

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1/500th  f/1.8  ISO  8000

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shu<er  speed  example  

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1/40th  f/6.3  ISO  8000

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Try  it

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Shu<er  Priority  Mode  (S  or  TV)  • This  mode  allows  you  to  choose  at  what  Shu9er  speed  the  

camera  will  use  and  allows  the  camera  makes  all  the  other  decisions  (aperture,  white  balance,  ISO  etc)  to  get  the  proper  exposure.    !

• Set  your  camera  to  this  seQng.    • Set  the  shu9er  speed  to  1/30th  of  a  second.  Take  a  picture.    • Set  the  shu9er  speed  to  1/100th  of  a  second.  Take  a  picture.    

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ISO! ISO  =  InternaSonal  Standards  OrganizaSon  ! ISO  Number  refers  to  the  light  sensiSvity  of  the  capture  medium;  the  higher  the  number  the  greater  the  sensiSvity  

! ALSO  the  higher  the  number  the  higher  the  noise  or  gain  is  visible  in  the  image

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High  ISO

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ISO  6400        f/2.8      1/100th

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High  ISO

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Low  ISO

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ISO  200        f/5.6      1/160th

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Low  ISO

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ISO?

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ISO  1600        f/2.8      1/200th

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ISO?

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ISO  1600        f/1.8      1/4000th

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Try  it

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ISO  SeUngs  • ISO  effects  the  way  your  camera  sees  light.  This  directly  

effects  how  shu9er  speed  and  aperture  values  can  be  used.    !

• Change  your  camera’s  ISO  seQng  to  it’s  highest  seQng.    • Take  a  picture  • Change  your  camera’s  ISO  seQng  to  it’s  lowest  seQng.  • Take  a  picture.  

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White  Balance  

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White  Balance   At  its  simplest  –  the  reason  we  adjust  

white  balance  is  to  get  the  colors  in  your  images  as  accurate  as  possible  to  match   the  environment  we  were  shooDng  in.

!

For  example:   A  sunny  day  VS  inside  under  

fluorescent  lights.

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Camera  White  Balance  SeUngs Each  camera  has  its  own  seUngs,  so  it  is  best  to  consult  your  owner’s  manual  to  fully  understand  how  to  make  adjustments.

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General  Camera  White  Balance  SeUngs !

Auto  –  this  is  where  the  camera  makes  a  best  guess  on  a  shot  by  shot  basis.  You’ll  find  it  works  in  many  situaSons,  but  it’s  worth  venturing  out  of  it  for  trickier  lighSng.  

! Tungsten  –  this  mode  is  usually  symbolized  with  a  li9le  bulb  and  is  for  shooSng  indoors,  especially  under  tungsten  (incandescent)  lighSng  (such  as  bulb  lighSng).  It  generally  cools  down  the  colors  in  photos.  

! Fluorescent  –  this  compensates  for  the  ‘cool’  light  of  fluorescent  light  and  will  warm  up  your  shots.  

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Camera  White  Balance  SeUngs !

Daylight/Sunny  –  not  all  cameras  have  this  seQng  because  it  sets  things  as  fairly  ‘normal’  white  balance  seQngs.  

! Cloudy  –  this  seQng  generally  warms  things  up  a  touch  more  than  ‘daylight’  mode.  

! Flash  –  the  flash  of  a  camera  can  be  quite  a  cool  light,  so  in  Flash  WB  mode  you’ll  find  it  warms  up  your  shots  a  touch.  

! Shade  –  the  light  in  shade  is  generally  cooler  (bluer)  than  shooSng  in  direct  sunlight,  so  this  mode  will  warm  things  up  a  li9le.  

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Image  ResoluDon

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Image  ResoluDon

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Image  ResoluDon! Your  choice  of  resoluSon  or  image  quality  can  be  determined  by  many  factors.    ◦ Desired  end  use  " For  web  use  " For  print  use  ◦ Desired  print  size

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SelecDon  of  a  file  type

! Each  file  type  has  its  benefits  and  drawbacks.  There  is  no  ONE  correct  answer.  

◦ JPG    ◦ RAW

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JPG  -­‐  File  format! PosiDve    ◦ Small  file  size  ◦ Pre-­‐processed  ◦ You  can  select  the  size  of  file  !

! NegaDve    ◦ Has  compression  ◦ Not  as  editable  as  the  RAW  or  TIF    (WYSIWYG)

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RAW  -­‐  File  Format! PosiDve  ◦ Captures  all  available  visual  informaSon  ◦ Can  be  edited  with  more  flexibility  in  post  somware  ◦ Allows  for  more  photographer  errors

! NegaDve  ◦ Requires  more  ediSng  in  and  requires  post  somware  ◦ Large  file  size  ◦ Allows  for  more  photographer  errors

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Flash

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Flash

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ISO  200        f/7.1      1/60thISO  200        f/7.1      1/60th

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ISO  200        f/13      1/250thISO  200        f/8      1/250th

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ISO  100        f/6.3      1/125thISO  100        f/1.8      1/500th

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Focus  and  Autofocus! There  are  several  types  of  Focus  ◦ Single  (AF-­‐S)    ◦ ConDnuous  (AF-­‐C)  ◦ Spot  Focus  ◦Manual  Focus  ◦ Others  like  Face-­‐priority  AF  and  MulD  area  focus  " Not  all  cameras  have  the  same  focus  modes

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Focus

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! Single  (AF-­‐S)    ◦ Camera  focus  will  be  acSve  unSl  focus  lock  is  found  " This  seQng  in  good  for  staSonary  objects  

! ConDnuous  (AF-­‐C)    ◦ Camera  focus  will  be  conSnuously  acSve  " This  seQng  in  good  for  moving  objects  

! Spot  focus  ◦ Choose  one  point  to  focus  on

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Focus

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! Manual  Focus  ◦ You  control  where  the  focus  is  actually  turning  the  focus  ring.  

! Other  -­‐  Face-­‐priority  AF  and  MulS  area  focus  ◦ Not  all  cameras  have  these  seQngs.  !Note:  See  your  camera’s  owners  manual  to  see  the  details  on  all  the  

focus  seQngs  you  camera  is  capable  of.

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Equipment

! Lenses  ! Flashes  ! Tripods  ! Memory  Cards

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! Cases/Bags    ! ProtecDve  equipment  ! Card  Readers  ! and  so  on...  

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QuesDons?  

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LINKS!

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Shameless  self  promoDon:  Twi<er  @dorn  or   Byg  Day  Photography  www.bygday.com  Twi9er  @BygDay  

★“Camera  Buyers  Guide”  Covers  the  basics  in  depth  and  is  a  good  reference  point  to  return  to.  

★Shu<er  Speed  

★ IntroducDon  to  White  Balance    

★ResoluDon Link  OneLink  Two  

★Camera  Mode  Link  

★Fundamentals  of  Exposure    

★Flash  buying  guide