• After Muhammad’s death, his successors organized the Arabs and built a great empire.

• Internal struggles weakened the empire, which fell by the close of the thirteenth century.

• Muhammad had no sons and never named a successor.

• After the death of Muhammad, a caliph became the leader of the Islamic community.

• Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate ( الراشدية the first (661–632 الخالفةfour Caliphs, capital Medina.

• Abu Bakr• Omar• Othman• Ali

• A division of opinion arose on who could be caliphate that lasts to this day.

• The Sunnis believe that the caliph can be selected by consensus of the community of believers. The caliph holds political and military power.

• Religious policy reached through councils of religious scholars (Ulema).

• The Shi’ites believe that caliphs should be related to Muhammad. The successor of Muhammad, or Imam, is inspired by Allah, therefore the political and religious leader.

• The Persians converted to Shi’ite Islam, still a majority today in Iran and Southern Iraq, while the rest remained Sunni.

• Shi’ites wanted Ali (Mohammed’s closest male relative) elected Caliph. However, while Ali and Aisha buried the profits’ body…..

• Muhammad’s Sunni followers elect Abu Bakr (r 632-634), Muhammad’s first male convert, caliph, and father of Aisha.

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• Several Arabic tribes revolted against Abu Bakr, many rallying around people claiming to be prophets.

• By jihad “struggle in the way of God, Abu Bakr crushed the revolts, unifying Arabia under the central authority of Medina.

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• Abu Bakr began a war of conquest

• Abu Bakr sent General Khalid into Sassinian Persian (Iraq).

• The Sassinian Persian Empire had been greatly weakened as the Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) had finally conquered it the previous year.

WalajaMay 633

Strategic ContextThe Sassanid Emperor Ardsheer sends two more armies, under Andarzaghar and Bahman respectively, to finally defeat Khalid ibn al-Walid’s Rashidun invading force. Andarzaghar is to wait on the Plain of Walaja for Bahman’s army. Then they are to combine under Bahman’s command and fight a decisive battle, overwhelming the Rashidun army. Khalid anticipates this and surprises Andarzaghar at Walaja; he plans to annihilate one Sassanid army before it can unite with the second. Andarzaghar has no choice but to give battle without Bahman’s assistance.

Stakes+ A Sassanid victory would devastate Rashidun aspirations of conquest, allowing vast Sassanid resources to be concentrated against them.

+ A Rashidun victory would prevent the two Sassanid armies from uniting, allowing Khalid to continue his conquest of Iraq.

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Walaja, 633Strength

Sassanids

Well

Rashiduns

Religiously motivated

Andarzaghar

10,000 infantry

ntry

18,000 infantry

Khalid ibn al-Walid

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

7,000 cavalry 5,000 cavalry

Sassanids

(Andarzaghar)

NNKhalid deploys his infantry with their backs to a steep hill so that they fight desperately, knowing that there is no escape. Khalid’s cavalry deploys undetected to the rear of the Sassanid army behind another steep hill; he plans to engage Andarzahar frontally before enveloping his entire force. Andarzaghar deploys his army in depth, keeping ample infantry and cavalry reserves; he plans to wear down the smaller Rashidun force and then smash it with a heavy cavalry charge.

Rashiduns

(Khalid)

Andarzaghar is confused as to where the Rashidun cavalry is but pleased that they are not present. He is further pleased when Khalid launches a general attack to open the battle. Combat is fierce and costly all along the line but the Sassanid front gives no ground.

The Rashidun attack exhausts itself while the Sassanids easily replenish their frontline ranks with reserves. Andarzaghar judges the time right for a general infantry counterattack which succeeds in slowly pushing the Rashiduns back.

While Andarzaghar occupies himself with the counterattack, Khalid signals his cavalry to join the battle. The Rashidun cavalry scatter the stunned, uncommitted cavalry in the Sassanid rear and then hit the infantry’s rear in turn. Khalid orders his rear wing infantry to envelop the Sassanid flanks in order to complete the encirclement.

The horrified Sassanids are packed tightly into an enclosed mass and can barely draw their weapons, let alone effectively defend themselves. Andarzaghar miraculously escapes but the vast majority of his army is annihilated.

Rashiduns

(Khalid ibn al-Walid)

10,000 infantry

5,000 cavalry

Sassanids

(Andarzaghar)

18,000 infantry

7,000 cavalry

Walaja, 633Casualties & Aftermath

Sassanids: Rashiduns:

20,000

or

80%

2,000

or

13%

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Bahman quickly dispatched a Sassanid army under Jaban while he raised another. Khalid attempted to defeat each one in detail as he did at Walaja but failed and was forced to fight a pitched battle later in May against both armies. Nonetheless, Khalid won the Battle of Ulais and established control over Iraq.

• On 23 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick and did not recover due to his old age. He appointed the austere Umar (Omar) as his successor.

• Umar (634-644) an expert Islamic jurist, known his simple, austere lifestyle.

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• His food consisted of barley-bread or dates; his drink was water; he preached in a gown that was torn or tattered in twelve places.

• A Persian satrap, paying homage, found him asleep among the beggars on the steps of a mosque.

• Umar (Omar) ordered Khalid to invade the Byzantine Empire.

• By May 636, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius had prepared a large army to drive the Arabs back into the desert.

• By May 636, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius had prepared a large army to drive the Arabs back into the desert.

Yarmuk August 15-20, 636

Strategic ContextEmperor Heraclius revitalizes the Byzantine Empire defeating the Sassanids. A decade later, Khald ibn al-Walid l destroys a Byzantine army and captures Damascus in 635 . Heraclius before another army can be hastily assembled, led by Vahan, to chase the Rashiduns out. Now the Rashiduns make their stand south of Damascus with their backs to the Arabian Desert; they are united by purpose and know that this could be their final chance to break out of the desert.

Stakes+ A Byzantine victory would reverse the gains of the Rashiduns and push them back into the Arabian Desert.

+ A Rashidun victory would establish control over the Fertile Crescent and permit further conquest to impose Muslim authority.

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Yarmuk, 636Strength

Byzantines

Well

Rashiduns

Religiously motivated

Vahan

16,000 infantry

25,000 infantry

Khalid ibn al-Walid

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

15,000 cavalry 8,000 cavalry

Rashiduns

(Khalid)

Byzantines

(Vahan)

Khalid deploys his force in four separate armies that operate largely on their own. They are backed by the Rashidun cavalry: one for each flank, one for the center and another kept in reserve. Vahan deploys his force similarly in four separate armies except that they are larger and each boast their own cavalry units. Vahan also keeps a sizeable cavalry reserve to the rear.

The first day of battle begins with a series of individual duels between each side’s elite; the duels are dominated by the Rashidun champions. Vahan ends the slaughter of his officers and his force’s morale by sending his frontline infantry to probe the Rashidun front. Vahan knows that he must use sheer weight of numbers along a crowded, broad front to achieve at least one breakthrough which can then be exploited. Khalid recognizes the inferiority of his force and must exhaust the Byzantines before even considering an attack. Vahan’s limited offensive features only moderate effort on both sides before dusk ends the action.

NN

Rashiduns

(Khalid ibn al-Walid)

16,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Byzantines

(Vahan)

25,000 infantry

15,000 cavalry

On the second day, Vahan launches a resolute assault; he pins the Rashidun center while aggressively attacking the Rashidun flanks. Some infantry on these flanks retreat to camp under pressure of the Byzantine attack. This forces each flank to commit its cavalry in a counterattack but they too retreat to camp, critically weakening both Rashidun flanks.

The Rashidun soldiers’ wives berate and throw rocks at the soldiers who shamefully arrive at camp until they return to battle; they rejoin the battle just in time to save their respective flanks from complete destruction. Khalid then commits his cavalry reserve to restore his right flank before shifting it over to restore his left flank. The Rashidun center counterattacks in concert with these restorative attacks and succeeds in nudging the Byzantine center back. Heavy but inconclusive fighting ensues along the original front until dusk begins to fall and Vahan must withdraw.

NN

Rashiduns

(Khalid)

Byzantines

(Vahan)

Rashiduns

(Khalid ibn al-Walid)

16,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Byzantines

(Vahan)

25,000 infantry

15,000 cavalry

On the third day, Vahan launches another determined attack; this time he again pins the Rashidun center but focuses on the weakened Rashidun right flank and leaves their left flank unmolested. Khalid rejoices that his left flank can rest but must again commit his cavalry reserve merely to reestablish the original front. Casualties pile up on both sides but are significantly higher in the Byzantine ranks which are not filled with religious fervor. Dusk and mutual exhaustion again end the day’s action.

NN

Rashiduns

(Khalid)

Byzantines

(Vahan)

Rashiduns

(Khalid ibn al-Walid)

16,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Byzantines

(Vahan)

25,000 infantry

15,000 cavalry

On the fourth day, Vahan again seeks to shatter the Rashidun front by breaking through at one point and then exploiting another once Khalid commits his reserves. Vahan attacks with his two left wing armies while advancing with his two right wing armies which are to wait until Khalid commits his reserves before launching their own attack. Vahan’s plan begins well; his left-center army pushes through the opposing Rashidun army and is only contained by cavalry reserves. Sensing the unfolding disaster immediately, Khalid orders a spoiling attack on the Byzantine two right wing armies to throw them off balance and delay any action by them. The desired effect is achieved as these armies retreat a short distance and are in no state to carry out an attack. The situation is dangerous for Khalid as his entire force is engaged in battle against a superior force.

Through fierce fighting, Khalid is able to restore the original front on his right. Meanwhile, the success of the Rashidun left wing armies is ended when the Byzantines deploy their archers en masse. The Rashidun archers are outranged and can do nothing but retreat with the rest of the two armies. This is known as the “Day of Lost Eyes” for the 700 Rashiduns who lose an eye in this arrow barrage. The Byzantine right wing armies quickly exploit this disorder and attack but they are also tied down in a slogging match which is balanced out when the Rashidun women take up arms and join the battle. The fighting continues until dusk and exhaustion again force a Byzantine disengagement.

NN

Rashiduns

(Khalid)

Byzantines

(Vahan)

Rashiduns

(Khalid ibn al-Walid)

16,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Byzantines

(Vahan)

25,000 infantry

15,000 cavalry

Both sides take the fifth day to rest, masked by pointless negotiations and challenges. The ranks of both forces have thinned greatly but is more noticeable in the Byzantine force which has suffered more casualties attacking than the Rashiduns have suffered defending as is often the rule. On this day, Khalid resolves that the Byzantine morale and ranks have been weakened enough to launch his first but necessarily only attack. He therefore gathers all of his cavalry into a single, powerful strike group. Vahan still possesses fresh cavalry reserves which have yet to engage in battle. Whether they are held back for the chance to completely annihilate the Rashiduns in the pursuit of an anticipated battlefield victory or remain static due to major problems in the Byzantine chain of command is unclear.

NN

Rashiduns

(Khalid)

Byzantines

(Vahan)

Rashiduns

(Khalid ibn al-Walid)

16,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Byzantines

(Vahan)

25,000 infantry

15,000 cavalry

In the night, Khalid detaches a unit to guard the bridge over the wadi, in this case an abormally steep dry river. Khalid opens his assault by pinning the Byzantine front with his infantry and sweeping around Vahan’s left flank. Vahan also gathers a large cavalry group in reserve but it is unprepared to respond decisively at the time of attack and so the Byzantine left army disintegrates, exposing the left-center army’s flank in turn.

Inconclusive fighting continues among the infantry while the opposing cavalry engage in the Byzantine rear. The determined Rashidun cavalry are more mobile and harass the heavier Byzantine cavalry until they flee the battle altogether. The Byzantine infantry fight valiantly but can do nothing against assailment from the front, left and now rear; they begin to disengage and retreat.

The Byzantines are dismayed to find their escape route barred by a Rashidun force. They briefly attempt to dislodge them but are unable to and must flee the pursuing main Rashidun force. The Byzantines are bottled into a confined space where they fight savagely as they have throughout the battle but must eventually try to escape across the wadi in desperation. Many do not make it across.

NN

Rashiduns

(Khalid)

Byzantines

(Vahan)

Rashiduns

(Khalid ibn al-Walid)

16,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Byzantines

(Vahan)

25,000 infantry

15,000 cavalry

Yarmuk, 636Casualties & Aftermath

Byzantines: Rashiduns:

18,000

or

45%

4,000

or

16%

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Emperor Heraclius was understandably distraught by the decisive defeat which undid his conquests of the previous decade. The Rashiduns conquered Palestine and Syria soon after the defeat and eventually the prized Byzantine province of Egypt. This battle ensured these lands were under Muslim control, not Christian.

• Omar dismissed General Khalid so “the people may know the victories came from God not the general”.

• In 640 his armies took Syria, followed by Egypt in 642. . 642.

Kingdom of Heaven 2005 Directors Cut.720p.BrRip.x264.YIFY_WMV V9.wmv

• Omar practiced religious toleration, allowing Jews back to Jerusalem and Christians to worship.

• He also let many of the conquered people keep their lands.

• On 3 November 644, Persians assassinated Omar. Abu Lulu, a Persian slave, attacked him as he lead morning prayers at the mosque.

• The election of Othman (Uthman) the generous (644-656), disappointing the Shiites again.

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• Uthman best known for the committee that produced the text of the Qur'an as it exists today

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• A great businessman, Uthman increased the allowance of the people by about 25%.

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• He invested the treasury into the construction of hotels, markets, roads and wells.

• Overall, the people prospered economically.

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• In 651, Uthman struck the first Islamic coins.

• He built fantastic Mosques and a palace in Medina.

• He built fantastic Mosques and a palace in Medina.

• Parts of the army remained unhappy as Uthman continued the polices of Ulmar, not dividing up conquered lands among the army.

• Uthman refused the army’s demand for the distribution of the land.

• Anti Othman forces along with Egyptian nationalism led to Egypt breaking off from Othman.

• Also, Othman had trouble in Medina as Aisha preached against his decadent lifestyle.

• 1000 Egyptian rebels traveled to Medina, and surrounded Uthman’s home.

• Most residence of Medina remained neutral, Othman forbade his followers to fight with the rebels.

• The rebels climbed the back wall and entered Othman’s his room and struck blows at his head. His wife Naila had her fingers cut off as she threw herself in the way to protect him.

• The Qur'an in Toshkent has the blood spots of Uth man.

• Ali 656-661 elected caliph with the help of the rebels in Medina.

Rashidun or Orthodox Caliphate

• Aisha and Uthman’s cousin Muawivah wanted Ali to punish the assassins of the Caliph.

First Fitna “the breaking of Universal Islam”656-661

• Ali preached reconciliation, which satisfied nobody.

First Fitna “the breaking of Universal Islam656-661

• In 656, Aisha and Muawivah led an army against Ali.

• A parley turned from words to blows, leading to the Battle of the Camel which Ali won.

First Fitna “the breaking of Universal Islam”

• The talks and battle lasted 110 days.

• Aisha, mounted on a camel led and inspired the troops.

• Many soldiers died holding the reigns of her camel.

First Fitna “the breaking of Universal Islam”

• Ashia returned to Mecca and retired from political life.

• She would be blamed for the Fitna, and given as proof that women should not be in politics, by many Muslims.

First Fitna “the breaking of Universal Islam”

• Muawiyah returned to Syria and refused to ally with Ali.

• Ali had Aisha transported back to Medina, where she taught Islam.

• In 657, the armies met again at the Battle of Siffin. Losing the battle, Muawiyah had his men put pages from the Koran on their spears. Ali’s army would not fight. Both Ali and Muawiah agreed to arbitration.

• The counsel recommended that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected

• Ali rejected the advice and Muawiyah’s armies took Egypt, Yemen and other areas.[

• In 661, Khawarij Abd al Rahman an Arab Muslim assassinated Ali as Ali led the mosque in prayer.

• Ali’s son Hasan marched an army against Muawiyah’s army.

• They negotiated the caliphate, which went to Muawiya. Shia Imams teach that the agreement said that Hassan or his younger brother would become the next Caliph when Muawiya died.

• Sunni scholars teach Hasan stipulated that Muawiyah should follow the Qur'an and that a parliament (shura) would select the next caliphate.

• When Muawiyah died, Hussein led an army to claim the Caliphate. However, the army deserted him except 72 soldiers.

• Hussein and the 72 fought against 10,000 at the Battle of Karbala.

• Shites await the end of the world and the return of Hussein.

• Muawiyah 661 – 680moves the capital to Damascus and makes the caliphate hereditary.

• Arab warriors the ideal citizen. • The Arabs adopt Roman and Persian

government systems and architecture.

• By 710 they take Spain and move into the Frankish Kingdom (France)within 20 kilometers of Paris.

• In 732, Charles Martel (the Hammer) stops the Muslim advance outside Paris at Tours.

• In 717, they launch a fleet against Constantinople. However, the Byzantine fleet rips it to pieces.

• System of government based on Roman Empire

• The caliph appoints Arab emirs as governors of provinces.

• In 691, they built the Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem, borrowing the dome design of the Byzantine Roman empire.

• The society had a small Arab Muslim warrior aristocracy ruling over non Arab people.

• The Muslim warrior elite concentrated in garrison towns, separated from the local population.

• The caliph attempts to prevent intermarriage and conversion.

• However, intermarriage and conversion increased.

• The Umayyads started to tax none Arab Muslim converts.

• Christians and Jews could keep their religion. which made the Muslims popular. They did not have religious freedom under the Byzantine or Persians. They could keep their local laws.

• In the East, Hindus and Buddhists sometimes massacred, sometimes kept their religion and local laws.

• The caliphs blamed Aishia for the break in universal Islam.

• Seclusion from society and harems became the norm, especially among the upper-class.

• Social conflict starts again. Tension and unrest between Arab Muslims and non Arab Muslims brought down the Umayyad dynasty, along with clan rivalry, and elaborate court spending.

• By 750, 50,000 non Arab Muslim warriors had been settled in eastern Persia (Iran). Angry at being treated as second class, and rarely getting booty, they revolt and support the Abbasid family (Muhammad’s cousin) against the Umayyads.

• In 750 Abu al Abbas and the Shiites defeated the Umayyad in battle. He invited them to negotiate, and killed all of the men at a banquet.

• One Umayyad escapes to Spain and establishes the Caliphate of Cordoba.

• While Persians dominate Abbasid rule, converts became full members of the Islamic community, but everyone paid taxes.

• Scholars and business men not warriors the ideal citizen of Islam.

• Islam spread to Central Africa, China, South East Asia, and even the Philippines.

• Al Mansur (754-775) built and moved the capital to Bagdad, near Babylon, which they thought unclean.

• The Abbasids were absolutists, saying they were “the shadow of God on Earth.”

• Al-Mansur ruled from gold jewel encrusted thrones like the Persian kings.

• He quickly eliminated any dissenting groups, including the Shiites.

• He created a large bureaucracy headed by a vizier, corruption punishable by death.

• Bagdad replaced Babylon as the center of a trade route from Africa and Europe to Tang and Song China.

• Arab ships (dhows) with triangular sails (lateen) carried goods from one civilization to the other.

• The caravan routes improved with caravaneserais (camel motels).

• In Africa, they established caravan routes threw the Sahara, trading salt for gold and slaves .

• The Abbasids established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars translated and gathered all the world's knowledge into Arabic.

• Numbers and Quadratic Equations from India, along with all the Greek Math.

• All the works of Classical Greek and Roman philosophers and historians: Thucydides, Herodotus Aristotle, Plato, Epicures, Stoics

• Indian, Greek, and Egyptian medicine and art and architecture.

• Roman Law, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Daoism…..

• All the technologies of China paper, gunpowder, astrobells.

• Science• Algebra significantly developed by Persian

scientist Muhammad Musa Khwarizmi. • The terms algorism and algorithm are

derived from his name.

• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) developed an early scientific method in his Book of Optics (1021). The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation

• Ibn al-Haytham's empirical proof of the intromission theory of light (that is, that light rays entered the eyes rather than being emitted by them) was particularly important. Bradley Steffens described Ibn al-Haytham as the "first scientist"[37] for his development of scientific method

• Muslim alchemists influenced medieval European alchemists, particularly the writings attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber). A number of chemical processes such as distillation techniques were developed in the Muslim world and then spread to Europe.

• Medicine in medieval Islam was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids' reign. During the 9th century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between measles and smallpox was described during this time. Famous Persian scientist Ibn Sina (known to the West as Avicenna) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and was very influential through his encyclopedias, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the Renaissance.

• Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill.

• The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century,

• Navigational sciences were highly developed, making use of a rudimentary sextant (known as a kamal). When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast.

• The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was developed further by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and subsequently brought to medieval Europe.

• The best known fiction from the Islamic world was The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights).

• The Abbasids' rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol khan, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Mamluk Egypt in 1261, from where they continued to claim authority in religious matters until 1519, when power was formally transferred to the Ottoman Empire and the capital relocated to Constantinople

• Spain never accepted Bagdad, and an Umayyad Caliph would rule Spain until the 16th Century.

• In Baghdad, rival princes would fight over the caliphate.

• In 973, Egypt under the Fatimid (Shiites) broke off from Baghdad, then , Morocco.

• In 973, the Fatimids built a new capital at Cairo, which soon rivaled Baghdad as a center of learning.

945 -1248

• The Fatimids hired the nomadic Seljuk Turks as an army.

• By the 11th C, Seljuk Turks swet through Persia, Dyria and Iraq.

• In 1055 they conqured Baghdad.• In 1071, they won against the Byzantines taking

asia minor.• But Christianity struck back with Crusades 1099,

and the Mongols overan them in the 13th Century.

945 -1248

• The Fatimids hired the nomadic Seljuk Turks as an army.

• By 1055, a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took command of the empire, his title sultan

945 -1248

• The Fatimids hired the nomadic Seljuk Turks as an army.

• By 1055, a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took command of the empire, his title sultan

• In 1071, they took Asia Minor from the Byzantine Empire, after the battle of Manzikert.

945 -1248

• The Seljuk Turks settled the nomadic warrior Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor.

945 -1248

• The Byzantine Empire asked the Pope for help, which began the Crusades in 1099. Christian Europe against the Muslims.

• The Egyptian Fatimid general Saladin drove most of the Crusaders out.

• Many Muslims believe that even George Bush’s Iraq wars an extension of the crusades.

• In 1258, the fierce nomadic warrior Mongols took Mesopotamia and Persia, ending the Abbasid caliphate.

• Led by Hülegü Khan, brother of Kubla Khan of China. Hülegü burnt mosques and libraries everywhere.

• Eventually, the Mongols converted to Islam and mixed with the local populations.

• The mastered the arts of gunpowder, making effective cannon and guns.

• By 1390, they took Serbia and Bulgaria from the Byzantine Empire.

• In 1453, they took Constantinople, ending the Roman or Byzantine Empire.

• They renamed the city Istanbul.

• The Ottoman Empire would last until World War I.

• Spain never accepted Bagdadh.• By the 11th C, Seljuk Turks swet through Persia,

Dyria and Iraq. • In 1055 they conqured Baghdad.• In 1071, they won against the Byzantines taking

asia minor.• But Christianity struck back with Crusades

1099, and the Mongols overan them in the 13th Century.

• By 700, Arabs had contact with subsaharan Africa.

• Great West, East, and South African states arose as a result of the growth and spread of Islamic trade and culture.

• The Africans supplies gold to the Islamic world and with profits built kingdoms and city states of great wealth,.

• With trade came a new culture, giving these kingdoms not just a new religion but Islamic literacy, trade, methods of statecraft, and artisitc modes of expression.

• Like Classical greek civilization, Islamic civilization illustrates cultur and commercial hegemony can wield power equal to that of policical heemony.

• Between 700-900, caravan routes were established from the mediterraninan to the Sudan, a trip of 3 months, according to Ibn Battuta, the Arab Marco Polo.

• Salt was cut into slabs in the west Sahara, cut into slabs, strapped on camels and caravaned south.

• The South Sahara had gold deposites. Scholars estimaate that by the 11th Century 9 tons of gold were exported to Europe annually (1937 21 tons a year).

• Slaves, the next biggest export, filled the armed forces of Islam in Morocco and Egypt, and household slaves everywhere in the Musim world.

• 4 million people enslaved from 650-1500.

• Manumission freedom on converssion. Best slaves from Norther Europe Slav=Slaves.

• Jenne, Goa, and Timbuktu all grew as trade cities.

• Salt was cut into slabs in the west Sahara, cut into slabs, strapped on camels and caravanned south.

• The “Kingdom of Gold” inhabited by the Soninke people by the 5th C who traded with the Berbers originally Phonicean collonists.

• The Soninke had iron weaponds, horses, and farming in the south

• In 992, they captured Berber towns and took over the trans Saharan trade routes, which led to the spread of Muslim culture into Ghana.

• Al Bakri (muslim geographer) wrote the Ghannise had 22 kings before the Muslim arrival, and regularly traded 20,000 gold coins in a single contract.

• Social classes consisted of the aristocracy, Muslim administrators, merchants, farmers, craftsmen, and slaves.

• Ghana adopted the Muslim diwan for record keeping, the king held all justice. Ghana kept its indigenous religon “pagan” to th eMuslims.

• By 1077, the Almoravids, Saharan tribesmen converted to Islam, swept into Ghana and imposed a Muslim King ending independence.

• The people of Ghana fled south to Mali, another Mande speaking clans. From 1250-1460, Mali reigned as the most powerful West African state.

• Sudiata (1230-1255) founded the dynasty and claimed to be both tribal and Muslim.

• Uli his son ruled as a pious Muslim. This helped trade relations with the Northern Arab states, and spread Muslim education throughout the empire.

• While Gold and Salt dominated international trade, cowrie shells were used for internal trade.

• Mansa Musa (1317-1337) expanded the empire and controlled faulous wealth.

• In 1324 he made a pilgrimage to Mecca, on the way he visited the Egyptian sultan.

• On entrance into Cairo, 500 slaves each carrying a 3 kilo staff of gold preceded him, he was followed by a vast host of retainers including 100 elephants each carrying 50 kilos of gold.

• Timbuktu had 150 Islamice schools and the book trade was the largest in the world.

• In 1375, Songhay fishermen refused to pay tribute to Mai, then Sonni Ali (1464-1492) conqureed Mali.

• By 1591, Arab Moroco took controll of the gold and salt trade and West Africa fragmented in to tribal kingdoms.

• Islamic world trade lead to the rise of Swahili city states in east Africa.

• Etheopia remained Coptic Christian, but Muslims established trading colonies along the horn of africa by 700.

• In the 12th Century, Arabs ans Persians settled Mogadishu and south to Kilwa.

• Indonisians crossed the Indian Ocean and settled in Madagascar.

• Swahili emerged as th dominate culture. Poety and vocabulary had Arabic influence.

• Mulim mosques at Mogadishu,

• Sheik (now same as Sultan) lead rich monopolistic mercantile famlies rulling small city states.

• In the late 15th Century Portuguese were astounded by the wealth of the area. Import taxes 80 percent, slaves, icory

• Islamic trade was a cause in the creation of Great Zimbabwe (1000-1400). In the 700s, the Bantu speaking people brought iron and fram skills to Zimbabew.

• The Shona began panning gold in the Zambezi river by 1000.

• Traders shipped it to Sofala.

• By 1000, they were minning 100 feet down. Girls worked as minors.

• Artifacts.

• The “Kingdom of Gold” inhabited by the Soninke people who traded with the Berbers originally Phonicean collonists.

• Muhammad and his followers spread the beliefs and practices of Islam.

• • At its peak, the Arab Empire extended from the Indus Valley west and north through Spain.

• • In the seventh century, a split in Islam created two groups, the Shiite and the Sunni

• Islam=the religion• Arab=person from the Arabian

Peninsula• Muslim=any follower of Islam

Geography

• Like the Hebrews and the Assyrians, the Arabs speak a Semitic language from the Arabian Peninsula.

• The nomadic Arabs moved constantly to find water.

• Arabs organized into tribes, each ruled by a sheikh chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders.

• Most Arabs lived as farmers and sheepherders on oases.

• Towns developed along the routes as the• Arabs became major carriers of goods

between the• Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, where

the Silk• Road ended.

• Most early Arabs were polytheistic, yet the traced their ancestry back to Abraham.

Islam An Abraham Religion

Islam An Abraham Religion

Monotheism.

Same God as Jews and Christians, yet Muslims call him Allah.

Muslims accept the Torah, Bible, and Qur’an as the word of God.

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

• Traditionally, Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba at Mecca.

• a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred

• stone, called the Black Stone.

• Caravan trade grew in Mecca as Egypt and Mesopotamia became unstable.

• Class conflict arose as merchants became super rich and they cared less for the poorer members of their tribes.

Muhammad (570-633)

• A successful caravan merchant who married the rich Khadija.

Muhammad (570-633)

• Began to meditate in the desert after became troubled over the growing gap between rich and poor.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

Muhammad (570-633)

Traditionally, received his revelations from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad (570-633)

His wife Khadja and friend Abu Baker believed him, yet he had only 30 followers by 622.

The rich merchants did not like his preaching and they drove him out of Mecca.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad (570-633)

622 Hijrah Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

The people of Medina and desert tribes (bedoins) joined him.

In 630 Muhammad conquered Mecca with an army of 10,000.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an He declared the Kaaba the most

sacred shrine to Islam.

two years later he died in Mecca, then rose to heaven from Jerusalem.

Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

The Prophet Tradition

The Prophet Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

Written in Arabic.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada

11

The testimony.

The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of

worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

33

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

No eating or drinking from

sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

Yet, they eat huge meals at night.

Eid MubarakEid Mubarak

End of the Ramadan holiday.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The Worldof Islam

The Worldof Islam

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Up to four wives allowed at once, Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5 at a time.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and

convert so many to the new religion?

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

No taxes for Muslims.

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam

Early Islam tolerated other Non-Muslims, “Peoples of the Book,” Christians and Jews paid taxes yet allowed religious freedom.

The Byzantine Empire did not tolerate Christians that had different views from the Orthodox Church led by the Emperor.

The Caliph (leader) holds both political and religious authority, the tradition of the region.

Muslims in the WorldToday

Muslims in the WorldToday

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00

06. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000

7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000

8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh

114,000,000

9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000

* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the

world.

HW 194 1-6

Muslims in the WorldToday

Muslims in the WorldToday

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00

06. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000

7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000

8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh

114,000,000

9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000

* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the

world.

Muslims in AmericaMuslims in America

Muslim Culture in NYC

Muslim Culture in NYC

The Islamic Center, New York City