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Current Trends and Transformation in Libraries in the United States 米米米米米米米米米米米米米米米米米米 By Michael Dowling Director, International Relations Office and Chapter Relations Office American Library Association [email protected]

M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

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第15回図書館総合展 主催者フォーラム アメリカにおける図書館と図書館司書の変革 新たに課せられた役割と使命の達成に向けて 【日時】2013年10月29日(火)15:30-17:00 Current Trends and Transformation in Libraries in the United States  米国における図書館の現在の傾向と変化

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Page 1: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Current Trends and Transformation in Libraries in the United States

米国における図書館の現在の傾向と変化

By Michael DowlingDirector, International Relations Office

and Chapter Relations OfficeAmerican Library Association

[email protected]

Page 2: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

重要な行動

• 図書館と図書館専門職の PR活動

• 情報、図書館サービスへの公平なアクセス

• リテラシー• 知的自由• 教育と生涯学習• 多様性• 図書館を変化させる

58,000 members (mainly librarians, but also libraries, library trustees, corporations)

43 Members from Japan

Represent all types of libraries but primarily public, academic and school

Key Action Areas-

Advocacy for Libraries and the ProfessionEquitable Access to Information and Library ServiceLiteracyIntellectual FreedomEducation and Lifelong LearningDiversityTransforming Libraries

Page 3: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Libraries and Skills Needed for Global Economy

http://skills.oecd.org/documents/OECD_Skills_Outlook_2013.pdf

Japan # 1 Literacy and #1 NumeracyUnited States #13 Literacy and #19 in Numeracy

Key Points for Policy

• Provide high-quality initial education and lifelong learning opportunities

• Make lifelong learning opportunities accessible to all• Make sure all children have a strong start in education

キーポイント

• 質の高い初期教育と生涯学習の機会を提供する

• 生涯学習の機会を全ての人が持てるようにする

• 子どもたちが最初からしっかり学ぶことを確実にする

Page 4: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

A Tale of Two Countries-Where Does Japan Fit?

•400 Public libraries closed in United Kingdom 2005-2012•Only 32% visited a public library in last 12 months

•Over 100 public library building projects completed in U.S. in 2012•53% visited a public library in last 12 months

http://libraries.pewinternet.org/files/legacy-pdf/PIP_Library%20services_Report.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/244895/Taking_Part_2013_14_Quarter_1_Report.doc.pdf

Page 5: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Japan Public Library Usage

http://japandailypress.com/japans-public-libraries-add-services-to-get-more-people-reading-2138139/

35% of Japanese visited a public library in a year

Chiyoda Ward Hibiya Library and Museum extended weekday evening hours, and expanded business related materials in collection

Tokorozawa City Library working with eight convenience stores where people can drop off and pick up reading materials from the library.Service used 55,000 times since 2012.

Page 6: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Numbers of Libraries

UNITED STATES (315 million people)

Total- 119,987

Public Libraries - 8,951 (plus branches 16,417) Academic Libraries- 3,689 (four and two year)

School Libraries- 98,460

Special Libraries- 7,616 (medical, law, corp.)

Government Libraries- 1,006

Armed Forces Libraries- 265

http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet01

JAPAN (127 million people)

Public Libraries- 3,106

Academic Libraries- 1,293

School Libraries- 39,697

Special Libraries- 1,761

http://www.jla.or.jp/portals/0/html/libraries-e.html#general

Page 7: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

What Are Libraries Doing?

• Community Engagement• Customer Focused• Conducive Environments• Partnerships and

Collaborations• Technology providers• Transformative• Assessment• Visible

• 地域コミュニティーとの関わり

• 利用者中心の考え方• 利用者に役立つ環境• パートナーシップとコラボレーション

• テクノロジーの提供者• 変化できる• 評価• 目に見える

Page 8: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Library Evolution

Page 9: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

ALA Annual State of America’s Libraries Report

• 公立図書館• 大学・短期大学図書館

• 学校図書館• 電子書籍• ソーシャルメディア

• 知的自由• 著作権http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/33759128#/33759128/1

•Public Libraries •Academic Libraries•School Libraries•Ebooks•Social Media•Intellectual Freedom•Copyright

(83 pages)

Page 10: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

More Demand for Services with Equal or Less Funding

• Use of libraries goes up during economic hard times, but funding decreases

• 図書館の利用は経済状況のよくないときには増えるが、財源は減る。

http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/4673a369#/4673a369/1

Page 11: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Skills Training and Resources for Employment

http://www.plinternetsurvey.org/sites/default/files/publications/EmploymentBrief2012.pdf

• Public libraries became more involved in helping those who lost jobs during the economic recession, many with no access to the Internet at home

• 84% libraries reported that providing employment services important

• 景気後退期に失業した人の多くは家でインターネットへのアクセスがなかったが、公共図書館ではこうした人々が雇用を得るための援助に関わることが多くなった。

• 84%の図書館が雇用サービスを提供することは大切だと答えている。

Page 12: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Libraries Helping Kids Succeed

• Homework Help at Public Libraries

• Focused centers and activities on science, math, and technology (STEM)

• 公共図書館での宿題サポート

• 科学、数学、テクノロジー( STEM)

• に関するフォーカスセンターとその活動

Page 13: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Creating New Services and Programs to Attract Specific Populations

•Gaming nights are now taking place in many libraries- both electronic and board games

•Increase in Older Americans, Different needs and interests.

•Overall more programming taking place.

•図書館の多くでゲームナイトが行われており、電子ゲームや盤面ゲームで遊ぶことができる。•高齢者の使用の増加に伴い、ニーズや興味が多様化している。•より多くの企画行事が行われている。

Page 14: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Libraries Partnering to Solve Community Problems

• Libraries working with state and local government agencies, and others to combat societal issues.

• Obesity• Financial Illiteracy• Discussions of Societal Issues at Libraries

• 図書館が州や地方自治体機関などと共に社会問題と戦う

•  肥満•  財務管理上の能力欠如•  図書館での社会問題に   関するディスカッション

Page 15: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Libraries and New Health Care Program

• Libraries create programming and resources for new federal government initiative (Obamacare)

• Example of libraries engaging/helping public on important issues.

• オバマケア (包括的医療保険制度改革)など政府改善策に関する企画プログラムや資料の作成

• 図書館の重要問題に関する市民への関与や援助の例

Page 16: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Libraries Help After Disasters

• Libraries provided support, meeting place, Internet, information on government relief services after Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Sandy (2013). Recognized and appreciated.

• ハリケーン「カトリナ」 (2005年 )や「サンディー」 (2013年 )の後、図書館は、支援、待合所、インターネット、政府救援活動に関する情報を提供した。これら一環の図書館の援助は人々に認められ評価された。

Page 17: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Technology Providers

• Ebooks• Mobile Apps• Maker Spaces with 3D Printers• Tablets to borrow• Software to Check Out• Training on how to use

• 電子書籍• モバイルアプリ• 3 Dプリンタ付きののMakerスペース• 貸し出し用タブレット端末・ PC• 貸し出し用ソフト• 使い方の訓練

Page 18: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Ebooks in Public Libraries Growth and Challenges

• In 2011,76% of public libraries offered access to e-books

• Ebooks were available in 92% of urban libraries, but only 65% of rural libraries

• Publishers not wanting to provide libraries with access to new ebooks, and also want to charge higher prices to libraries.

• Raise awareness among library users of issue.

• 2011年には、公共図書館の76%が電子書籍へのアクセスを提供した。

• 電子書籍は都市部の図書館の 92%で利用できるが、都市部を離れると 65%に減る。

• 出版者は最新の電子書籍を図書館に提供したがらない傾向がある。提供する場合は、図書館に対して割高な価格を求める。

• 電子書籍に関する問題に対して、図書館使用者の関心を高める

Page 20: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

New and Old Libraries –New Spaces

•Innovative technology integrated into new library

•Teen Spaces

•More Meeting Space (large and small groups)

•新しい図書館に取り入れられた革新的ななテクノロジー

•ティーンエイジャーのためのスペース

•大小グループ向けのミーティングスペースをより多く設ける

Page 21: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Social Media and Mobile Applications

• Libraries reaching out to where the public is, in cyberspace.

• New York Public Library Facebook pace has almost 300,000 followers

• In 2012, 70% of libraries had a social media presence

• In 2012, 7% had mobile apps

• 図書館がサイバースペースで人々のいるところに手を差し伸べる。

• ニューヨーク市図書館のフェースブックはは 30万人にフォローされている。

• 2012年には、図書館の 70%がソーシャルメディアに存在している。

• 2012人には図書館の 7%がモバイルアプリを持つ

Page 22: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Visibility for Libraries- Statewide Snapshot Days

Local libraries have increased efforts to promote themselves.

Many large and mid-size libraries have dedicated staff for marketing

State association efforts to capture all the activity going on in libraries

地域図書館では、セルフプロモーションの取り組みの増大に努めている。

中規模、大規模図書館では、マーケティング担当のスタッフが、図書館使用の促進に当たっている。

州協会の、州内図書館での全ての活動の把握

http://www.ala.org/advocacy/advleg/statelocalefforts/snapshotday

Page 23: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Privatizing Libraries

• A number of U.S. library systems have outsourced the management of their library to a private company.

• ALA policy opposes the shifting of policy making and management oversight of library services from the public to the private for-profit sector.

• Checklist for community to consider when making decision.

• Takeo City Library privatization may interest other municipal officials in Japan.

http://www.ala.org/tools/sites/ala.org.tools/files/content/outsourcing/REVISEDSEPT2011_ALAKeepingPublicLibraries%20PublicFINAL2.pdf

http://japandailypress.com/japanese-public-library-opens-with-a-starbucks-inside-0226228/

Page 24: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

The Value Academic Libraries

Administrators seek evidence based reports ofmeasurable impact. Outcome based evaluation.

Librarians need to articulate and promote demonstrated impact on student learning and Success

• 管理者は根拠に基づく測定可能な効果の報告を求める。結果重視の査定、評価。

• 図書館司書は、生徒の学習と成功に関して、影響を明確に表現し、奨励して行く必要がある。

http://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/issues/value/vasummit.pdf

http://www.acrl.ala.org/value/

Page 25: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Academic Library Design Trends

• Envision library as place. • Make collaboration a must• See that technology drives the bus• Plan for change• Use the library to attract and retain

top students• Optimize spaces between spaces• Consolidate emerging specialty spaces.• Rethink library programming• Design for environmental

sustainability

From Thomas Sens, AIA, LEED AP http://www.libraryworks.com/LW_Best%20Practices/WP_12_Trends_Library_Design.aspx

• 図書館を場所としてとらえる。• 協力は必須。• テクノロジーが図書館を動かすと考える。

• 変化への計画を立てる。• 図書館を優秀な学生を集め、保持するためのツールにする。

• スペースを最大限に生かす• 特別使用の為のスペースを統合する。

• 図書館のコンピュータプログラムを再検討する。

• 環境保持のために設計する。

Page 26: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Information/Learning Commons

Focus on the needs of students Considering how and why we access and use

information Providing a one-stop shopping experience for

all types of information needs: Library research, technology and more

• Assistive Technology• Computing Services• Connections Café• Digital Media Lab• Digital Media Support• Faculty Drop-In Support• Equipment Loan• Services • Group Study Rooms• Help Desk• Meeting & Event Spaces• Reference Services• ReservationNet• Statistical Advising• Video Conferencing• Writing Center

• 学生のニーズに注目する。• なぜ情報にアクセスし、情報を使用するのか考える。

• 図書館でのリサーチ、テクノロジーなど、全ての種類の情報のニーズを一ヶ所で得られる場所を提供する。

• デジタルメディアサポート

Page 27: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Embedded Librarians Academic Liaisons• Embedded librarians work join a semester-

long course, maintaining an ongoing presence in online courses, participating in broad curriculum planning efforts.

• Connecting and assisting faculty and students through skillful communication and resource utilization with coverage of key topics such as:

Orientation meetings Acquiring Subject specialization Advice on faculty communication and

assistance Online tutorial creation Collection development Information literacy instruction Library guides Evaluation methods

• 図書館司書が学期を通してコースに参加し、広くカリキュラムの作成に参加する。

• 巧みななコミュニケーションと資料使用を通じて教授陣と学生をつなぐ手助けをする。以下のような重要な事柄を網羅することができる。

  オリエンテーションミーティング  専攻学科の修得  学生とのコミュニケーションに関するアシスタンス  オンラインでの指導アシスタンス  図書館書籍資料の開発  情報リテラシーのインストラクション  図書館ガイド  評価方法

Page 28: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Demand Driven Acquisition

• Demand-driven acquisition (DDA) is transforming collection development strategies for a growing number of academic libraries.

• Library users in the driver’s seat, DDA offers libraries a unique opportunity to better maximize budgets by shedding traditional “just in case” collection development to fine-tuned collections that meet actual user needs.

From www.niso.org/nuser

• 需要駆動型購入方式 (DDA)は変化する書籍資料開発方法で、より多くの大学図書館でこの方法が取り入れられています。

• 図書館利用者が先導をとることによって、DDAは従来の「もしものために」購入する書籍資料を減らし、利用者のニーズにあったコレクションをを構築することを可能にします。その結果図書館は予算を最大限に活かす機会を得られます。

Page 29: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Mobile Access To Academic Library Resources

• Crucial that academic libraries have mobile apps for students

• 大学図書館で学生のためのモバイルアプリを持つことは重大

Page 30: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Libraries and Online Education

• Big increase in students taking online courses

• Libraries need to provide resources and assistance

• オンラインコースを受講する学生の増加

• 図書館の資料や援助を提供する必要性

Page 31: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Adopting New Standards

• RDA, designed for the digital world, covers all type of content and media.

• RDA はデジタル世界のためにデザインされており、全ての内容や媒体を網羅する。

• Japan Distributor- iGroup Kazuki Kasama [email protected]

Page 32: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

School Librarian Crisis

• In six years 7% of school librarian positions across the country were eliminated. The trend continues as school district face cuts to their budgets

Since 2005-2006, there has been a 4.27 percent reduction in the number of school librarians across the United States.

Page 33: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Trying to Make the Case

http://www.lrs.org/data-tools/school-libraries/impact-studies/

Studies that show schools with a trained school librarian have higher test scores that similar schools without

Grassroots (parents) efforts

Media attention

Page 34: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Developing the Next Generation of Library Leaders

ALA Emerging Leaders ProgramState and Regional Level Leadership Programs • Leadership skills, networking, positions in

associations

Page 35: M Dowling ALA Presentation at the 15th Library Fair and Forum in Yokohama, Japan

Visibility for Librarians

Very important to raise the awareness of librarians, not just libraries.

ALA grant from Carnegie Corporation to annual ‘I Love My Librarian’ Award. Open nomination from the public. Over 1,000 librarians nominated each year.

Caroline Kennedy presented the awards last year.