Pal gov.tutorial6.session2. ethical and social issues

1PalGov © 2011 1PalGov © 2011

أكاديمية الحكومة اإللكترونية الفلسطينية

The Palestinian eGovernment Academy

www.egovacademy.ps

Dr. Ismail M. RomiPalestine Polytechnic University

Tutorial 6: The Legal Framework of New Technologies

Session2

Ethical & social issues


About

This tutorial is part of the PalGov project, funded by the TEMPUS IV program of the

Commission of the European Communities, grant agreement 511159-TEMPUS-1-

2010-1-PS-TEMPUS-JPHES. The project website: www.egovacademy.ps

University of Trento, Italy

University of Namur, Belgium

Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

TrueTrust, UK

Birzeit University, Palestine

(Coordinator )

Palestine Polytechnic University, Palestine

Palestine Technical University, PalestineUniversité de Savoie, France

Ministry of Local Government, Palestine

Ministry of Telecom and IT, Palestine

Ministry of Interior, Palestine

Project Consortium:

Coordinator:

Dr. Mustafa Jarrar

Birzeit University, P.O.Box 14- Birzeit, Palestine

Telfax:+972 2 2982935 [email protected]

http://www.egovacademy.ps/


© Copyright Notes

Everyone is encouraged to use this material, or part of it, but should properly

cite the project (logo and website), and the author of that part.

No part of this tutorial may be reproduced or modified in any form or by any

means, without prior written permission from the project, who have the full

copyrights on the material.

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

CC-BY-NC-SA

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-

commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations

under the identical terms.


Ethical and Social Issues

Session ILOs

After completing this session trainees will be able

to:1. Understand the legal frame for access

management

2. Enhance knowledge on ethics related to digital

systems

3. Control of the processing of personal data by

public bodies.

4. Managing the relationship between the citizens

and the public bodies in charges of e-services ?

5. Develop knowledge about international as well as

EU best practices and standards


Overview

Ethical and social issues related to digital systems.1.

Ethics in an Information Society.2.

The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems3.


Ethical and social issues related to digital systems.1.

Ethics

A Model for Thinking about Ethical, Social, and Political Issues

Moral Dimensions of the Information Age

Key Technology Trends That Raise Ethical Issues


• Refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behavior.

قواعد الصواب والخطأ الت توجه سلوك الفرد

• Information technology can be used to achieve social progress, but it can also be used to commit crimes and threaten social values.

تكنولوجا المعلومات تساعد ف تقدم المجتمعات، ومكن أن كون لها تأثرا سلبا

• What is the ethical and socially responsible course of action?

Ethics األخالق


A Model for Thinking bout Ethical, Social, and

Political Issues

Ethical, social, and political

issues are closely related in an

information society .

New technology has a ripple

effect, creating new ethical,

social, and political issues.

Ethical issues confront

individuals who must choose a

course of action, often in a

situation where two or more

ethical principles are in conflict.

Social issues spring from

ethical issues ا االخالقةنبع من القضا.

األخالقية نموذج القضايا

: واالجتماعية والسياسية

ترتبط القضاا األخالقة

واالجتماعة والساسة بالمجتمع

المعلومات، حث أن إدخال

تكنولوجا المعلومات له تأثر

محدثا ( شبه األمواج الدائرة)

قضاا جدده ف األخالق

والجوانب االجتماعة والساسة


A Model for Thinking bout Ethical, Social, and

Political Issues…Cont

The role of societies:Develop expectations in individuals about the

correct course of action

Debating social issues about the kinds of

situations and expectations that societies should

develop so that individuals behave correctly .

Political issues spring from social conflict

and have to prescribe behavior and seek to

use the law to create situations where

individuals behave correctly.

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The relationship between ethical, social, and political issues in an

information society.

A Model for Thinking bout Ethical, Social,

and Political Issues…Cont

Source: Laudon & Laudon, 2012, P. 129

بن الشكل العالقة بن القضاا

األخالقة واالجتماعة والساسة ف

المجتمع المعلومات، حث كون تأثر

. التكنولوجا مثل األمواج

عند ظهور قضة تكنولوجه تم

تقمها من خالل البعد األخالق للفرد،

من أجل بناء سلوك معن اتجاه هذه

القضة، فإذا لم وجد طرقه أخالقه

للتعامل معها، نتقل التأثر للبعد

اإلجتماع، فطرقة التعامل االجتماع

تحكم وتضبط سلوك الفرد، وإذا لم

وجد ما فد، عندها ال بد من تدخل

البعد الساس وذلك من خالل إجاد

.قوانن وضوابط تحكم السلوك الفردي

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Information Rights and

Obligations: What information rights do

individuals and organizations possess

with respect to information about

themselves?

What can they protect?

What obligations do individuals and

organizations have concerning this

information?

Property rights:How will traditional intellectual

property rights be protected in a digital

society?

:تتمثل األبعاد األخالقه ف

حقوق الملكة •

جودة المعلومات•

جودة النظام•

جودة الحاة•

المحاسبة والتحكم•

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…Cont

Accountability and control: Who can and will be held accountable and liable for

the harm done to individual and collective information

and property rights?

System quality:What standards of data and system quality should we

demand to protect individual rights and the safety of

society?

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Moral Dimensions of the Information Age …Cont

Quality of life:

What values should be

preserved in an information-

and knowledge based society?

What institutions should we

protect from violation?

What cultural values and

practices are supported by the

new information technology?

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Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical Issues

1. The doubling of computing power every 18 months has made it possible for most organizations to use information systems for their core production processes.

شهر، األمر الذي دفع المؤسسات إلى 18تضاعف قدرة الحاسوب كل .زادة االعتماد على نظم المعلومات

As a result: Dependences on systems, and therefore vulnerability

to system errors and poor data quality have increased.

Social rules and laws have not yet adjusted to this dependence.

Standards for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of information systems are not universally accepted or enforced.

االتجاهات التكنولوجية الرئيسية التي أدت إلى زيادة االهتمام بالقضايا األخالقية

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2. Advances in data storage techniques and rapidly

declining storage costs have been responsible for

the multiplying databases on individuals -

employees, customers, and potential customers -

maintained by private and public organizations.

التقدم الهائل ف وسائط التخزن، وانخفاض تكالف تخزن البانات، أدى إلى

.زادة اهتمام المؤسسات ببناء قواعد بانات شاملة

– These advances in data storage have made the routine

violation of individual privacy both cheap and effective.

– Already massive data storage systems are cheap enough

for regional and even local retailing firms to use in

identifying customers.

Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical

Issues…Cont.

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Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical

Issues…Cont.

3. Advances in data analysis techniques for

large pools of data.

.التقدم الكبر ف أدوات تحلل البانات بكمات هائلة• Enable companies to find out much detailed

personal information about individuals.

• With contemporary information systems

technology, companies can assemble and

combine the myriad pieces of information stored

about you by computers much more easily than

in the past. (credit card purchases, telephone

calls, magazine subscriptions, video rentals, mail-

order purchases, banking records, and local,

state, and federal government records).

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Ethics in an Information Society.2.

Responsibility, Accountability, and Liability

Candidate Ethical Principles

Professional Codes of Conduct

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• Responsibility:Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the

decisions one makes. ه قبول التكالف والواجبات وااللتزامات المتربة : المسؤولة

.على القرارات الت تخذها الفرد

• Accountability:The mechanisms for assessing responsibility for decisions

made and actions taken. ه آلات تقم المسؤولة عن القرارات واألفعال : المحاسبة

.الت تخذها الفرد

• Liability:The existence of laws that permit individuals to recover the

damages done to them by other actors, systems, or

organizations توفر القوانن الت تسمح للفرد بأخذ حقه من الغر

Responsibility, Accountability, and Liability

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Basics for Ethical Analysis

1. Information technologies are filtered through social institutions,

organizations, and individuals.

• Systems do not have ―impacts‖ by themselves.

• Whatever information system impacts exist are products of

institutional, organizational, and individual actions and

behaviors.

2. Responsibility for the consequences of technology falls clearly

on the institutions, organizations, and individual managers who

choose to use the technology.

3. In an ethical political society, individuals and others can

recover damages done to them through a set of laws

characterized by due process.

Due Process

A process in which laws are well-known and understood and there is an ability

to appeal to higher authorities to ensure that laws are applied correctly.

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1. Golden rule:

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.

.عامل الناس كما تحب أن عاملوك

2. Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative:

If an action is not right for everyone to take, then it is

not right for anyone.

تغلب المصلحة )اذا لم كن الفعل صححا لقوم به أي شخص، فهو عتبر غر صحح للجمع

(.العامة على الخاصة

3. Descartes’ rule of change:

If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not

right to be taken at any time.

(.منع اإلنزالق ف الخطأ)اذا لم تكرر حدوث فعل معن، فهذا الفعل عتبر غر صحح

Candidate Ethical Principles

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4. Utilitarian principle:

Put values in rank order and understand

consequences of various courses of action. اتخذ الفعل أوالعمل الذي عظم المنفعة

5. Risk aversion principle:

Take the action that produces the least harm, or the

least potential cost. اتخذ الفعل األقل ضررا

6. Ethical ―no free lunch‖ rule:

Assume, all tangible and intangible objects are owned

by someone else unless there is a specific declaration

otherwise. (ببالش)ال وجد شء بدون مقابل

Candidate Ethical Principles….. Cont.

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• Promises by professions to regulate themselves in the

general interest of society.

• Issued by associations.

• Examples:

The American Medical Association (AMA).

The American Bar Association (ABA).

The Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP).

The Association of Computing Machinery (ACM).

مجموعة من المتخصصن ف مجال معن، نشئون هئات خاصة بهم، وهذه الهئات تنشء قواعد

AMA, ABA, AITP, ACMوضوابط وأنظمة تكون معلنه من هذه الهئات، مثل

Professional Codes of Conductانظمة الضبط المتخصصة

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The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems3.

Information Rights: Privacy

Property Right: Intellectual Property.

Accountability, Liability, and Control.

System Quality: Data Quality and System Errors.

Quality of Life: Equity, Access, Boundaries.

Management Actions: A Corporate Code of Ethics

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Information Rights: Privacy and Freedom in the Internet Age

الخصوصية والحرية: حقوق المعلومات

Privacy:

The claim of individuals to be left alone.

Free from surveillance or interference from other

individuals or organizations, including the state.

Claims to privacy are also involved at the

workplace.

Information technology and systems threaten

individual claims to privacy by making the

invasion of privacy cheap, profitable, and

effective.

ه ترك األفراد وشأنهم، وعدم إزعاجهم والتدخل ف شؤونهم : الخصوصة

.حثما وجدوا

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Information Rights…. Cont.

Fair Information Practices: Set of principles governing the collection and use of

information on the basis of U.S. and European privacy laws.

Most American and European privacy law is based on FIP and FTC:Fair Information Practices (FIP): a set of principles

governing the collection and use of information about individuals. FIP principles are based on the notion of a ―mutuality of interest‖ between the record holder and the individual.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC): restated and extended the original FIP to provide guidelines for protecting online privacy.

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Source: Laudon & Laudon, 2012, P. 140

Information Rights…. Cont.

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The European Directive on Data Protection

Informed consent: أخذ اإلذن Consent given with knowledge of all facts needed to make a

rational decision. اإلذن المسبق للتعامل مع معلومات األفراد ضرورة أخذ

Models For informed consent: نماذج أخذ اإلذن

1. Opt-out model: Informed consent permitting the collection

of personal information.

Consumer specifically requests for the data not to be collected.

أخذ اإلذن لجمع المعلومات عن الفرد والتصرف بها حتى طلب الفرد غر ذلك

2. Opt-in model Informed consent prohibiting an organization from collecting any

personal information.

Individual has to approve information collection and use.

.منع تجمع أو استخدام أة معلومات شخصة إال بعد أخذ اإلذن من الفرد

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Ethical Issues Under what conditions should the privacy of

others be invaded?

What legitimates intruding into others’ lives through unobtrusive surveillance, through market research, or by whatever means? التطفل على االخرن

Do we have to inform people that we are eavesdropping? االنصات

Do we have to inform people that we are using credit history information for employment screening purposes?

:رتبط البعد األخالق كما ل

تحت أة ظروف أو شروط جوز انتهاك خصوصة األخرن، وما الذي سمح بالتطفل على -.....حاة اآلخرن

Information Rights:

Ethical, Social, and Political Issues

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Social Issues

Concerns the development of ―expectations of

privacy‖ or privacy norms, as well as public

attitudes.

In what areas of life should we as a society

encourage people to think they are in ―private

territory‖ as opposed to public view?

Should expectations of privacy be extended to

criminal conspirators?

تعلق البعد االجتماع للخصوصة بتطور التوقعات عن هذه الخصوصة، والتمز بن ما هو

.خاص وما هو عام

Information Rights:


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Political Issues

The political issue of privacy concerns the

development of statutes that govern the relations

between record keepers and individuals.

To what extent should e-commerce sites and

other businesses be allowed to maintain personal

data about individuals?

تعلق البعد الساس للخصوصة بتطور القوانن الت تحكم العالقات بن المحتفظن بالمعلومات

. وأصحابها

Information Rights:


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Intangible property created by individuals or corporations.

Information technology has made it difficult to protect intellectual property because computerized information can be so easily copied or distributed on networks.

Intellectual property is subject to a variety of protections under three different legal traditions: Trade secret

Copyright

Patent law.

Property Rights: Intellectual Property

ه الملكة : الملكة الفكرة

غر الملموسة، والت تم

انشاؤها واختراعها من

األفراد والمؤسسات وتخضع

لقوانن السر التجاري،

وحقوق الطبع، وحقوق

.براءة االختراع

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• Trade secret:Any intellectual work or product used for a business purpose that can be classified as belonging to that business, provided it is not based on information in the public domain.

وال خضع ( مثل صغ االنتاج، واألجهزة، والمعادالت وغرها)عمل أو منتج فكريأي.للملكة العامة

• Copyright:

Statutory grant protecting intellectual property from getting copied for minimum of 70 years.

تخول قانون لحماة صناع الملكة الفكرة والمؤلفن من نسخ إنتاجهم من قبل اآلخرن وشمل الكتب، والمجالت، )عاما بعد وفاته 70ألي غرض طلة حاة المؤلف و

....(والدورات، والمحاضرات،

• Patents: Legal document granting the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years.

قانون لحماة االختراعات الت تم عملها، مثل اختراع آالالت، وأسالب االنتاج، عاما 20وتخول المخترع حق احتكار هذا االختراع لمدة

Property Rights: Intellectual Property…Cont.

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The central ethical issue concerns the protection of intellectual property such as software, digital books, digital music, or digitized video.

Should I (you) copy for my own use a piece of software or other digital content material protected by trade secret, copyright, and/or patent law?

Is there continued value in protecting intellectual property when it can be so easily copied and distributed over the Internet?

Property Rights:


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Most experts agree that current intellectual property laws are breaking down in the information age.

The ease with which software and digital content can be copied contributes to making us a society of lawbreakers.

These routine thefts threaten significantly to reduce the speed with which new information technologies can and will be introduced and, therefore, threaten further advances in productivity and social well-being.

Property Rights:


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Concerns the creation of new property

protection measures to protect investments

made by creators of new software, digital

books, and digital entertainment.

Microsoft and 1,400 other software and

information content firms are represented by

the Software and Information Industry

Association (SIIA), which lobbies for new laws

and enforcement of existing laws to protect

intellectual property around the world.

Property Rights:


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Whether individuals and organizations that create, produce, and sell systems (both hardware and software) are morally responsible for the consequences of their use.

Under what conditions?

What liabilities (and responsibilities) should the user assume?

What should the provider assume? (المادي والبرامج)هل األفراد أو المؤسسات الت تبع المنتجات وخاصة الت تتكون من جزأن

بإمكانهم من الناحة األخالقة تحمل المسؤولة عن نتائجها؟ وتحت أة ظروف؟

Accountability, Liability and Control:


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Concerns the expectations that society should

allow to develop around service providing

information systems.

Should individuals (and organizations) be

encouraged to develop their own backup devices

to cover likely or easily anticipated system

failures, or should organizations be held strictly

liable for system services they provide? وخدمات نظم المعلومات، وهل حبر األفراد ( مادة وبرامجة)هل سمح المجتمع بإنتاج منتجات

.والمؤسسات على اتخاذ كافة إجراءات األمان



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The leading liability-related political issue is the

debate between information providers and

service users—individuals, organizations, and

communities—who want organizations to be

held responsible for providing high quality

system services.

Should legislation impose liability or restrict

liability on service providers? هل وجد نصا صرحا ف القوانن بن مسؤولات مزودي خدمات نظم المعلومات اتجاه

المستخدمن لها؟



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.تتعلق بجودة نظام المعلومات، وخلوه من األخطاء، وإمكانة قامه باألعمال المصمم من أجلها

What is an acceptable, technologically feasible level of system quality?

What if the product was not offered on the marketplace, would social welfare as a whole not advance and perhaps even decline?

Three principal sources of poor system performance: Software bugs and errors

Hardware or facility failures caused by natural or other causes

Poor input data quality.

System Quality:

Data Quality and System Errors

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System Quality:


At what point should we release software or services for consumption by others?

At what point can you conclude that your software or service achieves an economically and technologically adequate level of quality?

What are you obliged to know about the quality of your software, its procedures for testing, and its operational characteristics?

من البرمجات والخدمات المختلفة؟ عند أي مستوى من الجودة قبل الفرد بتسلم المنتج

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As a society, do we want to encourage people to

believe that systems are infallible, that data

errors are impossible?

Do we instead want a society where people are

openly skeptical and questioning of the output of

machines, where people are at least informed of

the risk?

Do we inhibit the development of all systems,

which in the end contribute to social well-being?هل قبل المجتمع أة منتج بغض النظر عن مستوى جودته وتأثره على المجتمع؟

وهل توجد قتاعة ف المجتمع بأن الحواسب ال تخطء أم عكس ذلك؟

System Quality:


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Concerns the laws of responsibility and accountability.

Who is responsible of establishing quality standards?National Institutes and Universities (software,

hardware, and data quality) and impose those standards on industry?

Or should industry associations be encouraged to develop industry wide standards of quality?

Or wait for the marketplace to punish poor system quality, recognizing that in some instances this will not work?

.إجاد قانون المسؤولة والمسائلة مبنا على معار الجودة

System Quality:


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• Balancing power: center

versus periphery: – Centralized computers would

concentrate power at corporate

headquarters and in the nation’s capital.

– Decentralized computing, decentralizes

decision making to lower organizational

levels.

• Rapidity of change: Reduced

response time to competition: – Information systems have helped to

create much more efficient national and

international markets.

– The risk of developing a ―just-in-time

society‖ with ―just-in-time jobs‖ and

―just-in-time‖ workplaces, families, and

vacations.

Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries

هناك آثارا سلبة لتكنولوجا المعلومات

على الحاة االجتماعة، تهدد الثقافة

والمجتمع بشكل عام على الرغم من

الفوائد المرافقة لها، ومن ابرز هذه

:السلبات

.السلبات المتعلقة بتوازن القوى-

سرعة التغر ف األسواق، مما تطلب -

.سرعة اإلستجابة من المؤسسات

.التأثر على العالقات األسرة-

اإلعتمادة العالة على نظم المعلومات، -

وما تهدد المؤسسات من فشل ف حالة

.فشل نظم المعلومات

.الجرائم الحاسوبة المختلفة-

إعادة تصمم العملات وما رافقها من -

.إعادة هكلة للمؤسسات

.المشاكل الصحة المختلفة-

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• Maintaining boundaries:

– Family, work, and leisure: ―Do anything

anywhere‖ environment blurring boundaries

between work and family time.

• Dependence and vulnerability:

– Businesses, governments, schools, and

private associations, are incredibly dependent

on information systems and are, therefore,

highly vulnerable if these systems should fail.


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• Computer crime and abuse:

• Computer crime: Commission of illegal acts through the use of a computer or against a computer system.

• Computer abuse: Commission of acts involving a computer that may not be illegal but are considered unethical.سوء استخدام

• Employment: Trickle-down technology and reengineering job loss:

• Causes millions of middle-level managers and clerical workers to lose their jobs.


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• Equity and access: Increasing racial and social class cleavages: زيادة الطبقات في المجتمع

• Society of computer literate and skilled, versus computer illiterate and unskilled.

• Health Risks: RSI, CVS, and Technostress• Repetitive stress injury (RSI)

– Occupational disease occurs when Muscle groups are forced through repetitive actions with high-impact loads or thousands of repetitions with low impact loads.

• Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)– Type of RSI in which pressure on the median nerve

through the wrist’s bony carpal tunnel structure produces pain


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• Computer vision syndrome (CVS)– Eyestrain condition related to computer display

screen usage; symptoms include headaches,

blurred vision, and dry and irritated eyes.

• Technostress– Stress induced by computer use; symptoms

include aggravation, hostility toward humans,

impatience, and enervation


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Some corporations have developed far-reaching corporate IS codes of ethics.

There is some dispute concerning a general code of ethics versus a specific information systems code of ethics.

As managers, you should strive to develop an IS-specific set of ethical standards for each of the five moral dimensions:

. خاصة تلك المتعلقة بنظم المعلومات -على المؤسسات أن تطور اللوائح الخاصة باألخالق•:ولنجاح مثل هذه اللوائح ال بد من أخذ كافة األبعاد األخالقة بعن االعتبار، وتتمثل ف

حقوق الملكة •

جودة المعلومات•

جودة النظام•

جودة الحاة•

المحاسبة والتحكم•

Management Actions:

A Corporate Code of Ethics

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1. Information rights and obligations. – A code should cover topics such as employee e-

mail and Internet privacy, workplace monitoring, treatment of corporate information, and policies on customer information.

2. Property rights and obligations. – A code should cover topics such as software

licenses, ownership of firm data and facilities, ownership of software created by employees on company hardware, and software copyrights. Specific guidelines for contractual relationships with third parties should be covered as well.

Management Actions:

A Corporate Code of Ethics …Cont.

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Management Actions:


3. Accountability and control.

– The code should specify a single individual

responsible for all information systems, and

reporting to this individual should be others who

are responsible for individual rights, the protection

of property rights, system quality, and quality of life

Responsibilities for control of systems, audits, and

management should be clearly defined. The

potential liabilities of systems officers and the

corporation should be detailed in a separate

document.

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4. System quality.

– The code should describe the general levels of

data quality and system error that can be tolerated

with detailed specifications left to specific projects.

The code should require that all systems attempt

to estimate data quality and system error

probabilities.

Management Actions:


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Management Actions:


5. Quality of life.

– The code should state that the purpose of systems

is to improve the quality of life for customers and

for employees by achieving high levels of product

quality, customer service, employee satisfaction,

and human dignity through proper ergonomics, job

and work flow design, and human resource

development.

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Summary

What ethical, social, and political issues are

raised by information systems?The main ethical, social, and political issues raised

by information course of action, often in a situation in

which two or more ethical principles are in conflict.

Are there specific principles for conduct

that can be used to guide decisions about

ethical dilemmas?Six ethical principles are available to judge

conduct. These principles are derived independently

from several cultural, religious, and intellectual

traditions.

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Summary

How have information systems affected

everyday life? Although computer systems have been sources of

efficiency and wealth, they have some negative

impacts.

How can organizations develop corporate

polices for ethical conduct?For each of the five moral dimensions of information

systems, corporations should develop an ethics policy

statement to assist individuals and to encourage the

correct decisions.

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References

• Laudon, J., Laudon, K.m (2012(, ―Management Information

Systems: Managing the Digital Firm‖, 12th ed., Pearson.

• Raymond McLeod, R., George Schell, G., (2006(, ―Management

Information Systems‖, 10th Ed, Prentice Hall.

• O’Brien, J. A., Marakas, G., )2008(, ―Management Information

Systems‖, McGraw-Hil.

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Session End

Education

Pal gov.tutorial6.session2. ethical and social issues