Data collection is a term used to describe a

process of Systematic gathering of data for

a particular purpose from various sources, that

has been systematically observed, recorded,

organized

INTRODUCTION

To obtain information

To keep on record

To make decisions about important issues,

To pass information on to others

For research study

PURPOSE OF DATA COLLECTION

Nature , scope & Objective of the enquiry

Sources of information

Availability of fund

Techniques of data collection

Availability of trained persons

Factors to be ConsideredBefore Collection of Data

Qualitative

Deals with descriptions.

Data can be observed

Data can not measured

e.g. –Colour of body coat,

feather colour in poultry

etc

Quantitative

Deals with numbers.

Data which can be

measured.

e.g. –height ,weight ,

length of the animals

TYPE OF DATA

Sources of Data

External sources Internal sources

Primary data Secondary data

Example: DocumentsCreative worksInterviewsMan-made materialsSurveys

Example:Unpublished thesis and dissertationsManuscriptBooksJournals

Internal sources of Data

o Many institutions anddepartments have informationabout their regular functions ,for their own internalpurposes

o When those information areused in any survey is calledinternal sources of data.

o Eg…social welfare socities.

External sources of data

o When information is collected from outside agencies is called external sources of data.

o Such types of data are either primary or secondary.

o This type of information can be collected by census or sampling method by conducting survey.

Internal & ExternalSources of Data

Data that has been collected from first-hand-

experience is known as primary data

Primary data has not been changed or altered

by human beings, therefore its validity is

greater than secondary data

Primary data has not been published yet and is

more reliable, authentic and objective

PRIMARY DATA

Demerits

Evaluated cost

Time consuming

More number of resources

are required

Inaccurate feedback

Required lot of skill with

labour

Targeted issued are

addressed

Data interpretation is better

Merits

High accuracy of data

Greater control

Address as specific research

issues

Factor effect method ofData collection

2.Type of research subject

3)Purpose of research study

4)Size of study sample

5)Distribution of target population

6)Time frame of the study

7)Literacy level of subjects

Observation-: is a methodical way of recognising & noting a fact of occurrence

TYPE OF OBSERVATION

STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED PARTICIPATIVE NON –PARTICIPATIVE CONTROLLED UNCONTROLLED

Merits

Subject bias eliminated

Information related to current state of affairs

Independent to respondent

Demerits

Time consuming

Expensive

Limited amount of information available

Extraneous factors may interfere

Presenting stimuli to the respondents in the form of question

& note down their oral –verbal response

TYPE OF INTERVIEW

Standardized interviews

a. Structured

b. Unstructured

Non-standardized interviews

a. One to one

1.Face to face,

2.telephonic,

3.internet mediated interviews

b. One to many(focus group)

Merits

More accurate responses

Get response from all persons

Overcome resistance of respondents

Response to difficult question may obtained

Demerits

Not suitable for More

respondents

Wider geographical area

More time & cost

Selection , training & supervision of field staff

Questionnaire method

Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a research

instrument consisting of a series of question and other prompts

for the purpose of gathering information from respondent.

Self administered questionnaire

Interviewer -administered

questionnaire

Telephone questionnaire

Delivery and questionnaire

Postal or mail questionnaire

Merits

Suitable for large

population

Suitable for large geographical area

Less time & cost

Appropriate for sensitive & personal type enquiry

Demerits

Difficulty in replying to

the question

Some question may remain unanswered

Low rate of return of questionnaire

Replies may be given by any one other

SURVEY- A detailed study of geographical area to

gather data attitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction

level etc., by polling a section of the population

TYPE

1.CENSUS SURVEY

2.CONTINOUS OR REGULAR

SURVEY

3.AD-HOC SURVEY

Merits

Covered large population

Less expensive

Information is accurate

Demerits

On small scale survey

avoided

Time consuming

Information does not penetrate deeply

Researcher must have good knowledge

It is the method of comprehensive study of social unit

which may be a person , a family , an institution , an organisation or a community .

Merits

Direct behavioral study

Real & personal experience record

Make possible the study of social change

Increase analysis ability & skills

Demerits

One case almost different

from another case

Personal bias

Use only in limit sphere

More time & money consuming

Secondary data are those that have already been

collected by others.

These are usually in journals, periodicals, research

publication ,official record etc.

Secondary data may be available in the published

or unpublished form. When it is not possible to

collect the data by primary method , the

investigator go for secondary method.

EXAMPLE

Books

Journals/periodicals

Magazines/Newspapers

Published Electronic Sources

e-journals

General websites

Weblogs

Merits

Quick and cheap source of

data

Wider geographical area

Longer orientation period

Leading to find primary data

Demerits

No fulfill our specific research needs

Poor accuracy

Data are not up to date

Poor accessibility in some cases

Primary data

Real time data

Sure about sources of data

Help to give results/ finding

Costly and time consuming

Process

Avoid biasness of response data More flexible

Secondary data

Past data

Not sure about of sources of

data

Refining the problem

Cheap and no time

consuming process

Can not know in data

biasness or not

Less flexible

Processing involves editing , coding , classification & tabulation of the data

EDITING-: it is careful scrutiny of data to insure that the data are is accurate

CODING-: it refers to the process of assigning numerals or other symbols to answers so response can be put into a limited number of category.

TABULATION-:

it is concise , logical & orderly arrangement of data in a

columns & rows

But now a days use of the computer in processing of data

CLASSIFICATION-:

Data are classified on the basis of common characteristics which may be qualitative or descriptive & quantitative or numericals

ONE WAY TABLE

One way frequency table represents the distribution of

cases on only a single dimension or variable

TWO WAY TABLE

distribution in terms of two or more variables and the

relationship between two variable are shown in two way

table.

DEFINITION-: analysis mean the categorising ,

ordering , manipulating , & summerising of data to

obtain answers to research question

METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA

1) Parametric Or standard test-:

# The sample is large

# Population have normal distribution

# The observation are independent

# Variables are expressed in interval or ratio scale

e.g. t-test , z-test, f-test , analysis of variance etc

NON-PARAMETRIC TEST

Also known as distribution –free test

CHARECTERISTICS

Use when normal distribution is doubtful

Sample size is small

Data expressed in terms of ranks

E.g. chi square test ,The Mann –whitney U-test etc.

A) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

The manner in which the total number of observations are

distributed over different classes is called a frequency

distribution or systematic arrangement of numeric values

Frequency distribution represent in graphical form

1) Histogram

2) Bar Graph

3) Circle Graph /pie diagram

4) Frequency polygon

5) Cumulative frequency curve / ogive curve

Its is two dimensional frequency density

diagram

It represent continuous frequency

distribution

Class interval on X-axis &

frequency on Y-axis

Class interval must be exclusive

It is simplest type of graphical

representation of data

It is suitable for discrete frequency

distribution

Simple bar graph

Double bar graph

Divided bar graph

PIE GRAPH

Definition: A graph that shows data in the

form of a circle

Advantages:

• Shows percentages

• Shows how a total is divided into parts

Disadvantages

• Not best for showing trends

FREQUENCY POLYGON

It is use for ungrouped frequency

distribution

Variable value on X-axis & frequency

on Y-axis

Frequency plotted against the

corresponding mid-value

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

Cumulative frequency curve is also

called ogive

It use when class interval are very small

Y-value are obtained by adding

successive frequency (cumulative frequency )

B) MEASURE OF CENTRAL

VALUE/TENDENCY/LOCATION

Five basic measures of central tendency

Arithmetic mean

Median

Mode

Geometrical mean

Harmonic mean

Mean

The sum of the value of individual in the data

divided by the number of individual in the

data.FORMULA

Here,∑, represents the summationX, represents scoresN, represents number of scores

Median:

Is the value which is located in the middle of a series

when the observation are arranged in order of

magnitude

If the total number of numbers(n) is an odd

number, then the formula is

If the total number of the numbers(n) is an even

number, then the formula is

Mode

Mode:

The number that occurs most frequently in a

set of numbers

C) MEASURE OF DISPERSON

It indicate the extend of scattering or

variability of item about a central value

RANGE

MEAN DEVIATION

STANDARD DEVIATION

QUARTILE DEVIATION

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

Range is difference between the smallest & largest of

observation

Range = largest value – smallest value

it is defined as the square root of the arithmetic mean of the

squares of deviations of the observation from the arithmetic

mean

Most commonly used measure of dispersion

Mean of absolute deviation of all value of data from average (

mean , mode , median )

μ is the mean

x is each value

N is the number of values

Mean Deviation = Σ|x - μ|

N

Quartile Deviation:

It is based on the lower quartile Q1 and the upper quartile Q3.

The difference Q3−Q1 is called the inter quartile range.

The difference Q3−Q1 divided by 2 is called semi-inter-quartilerange or the quartile deviation.

Thus Q.D=Q3−Q1

2

Q1=Value of (n/4 )

The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio

of the standard deviation to the mean

Cv = Standard Deviation / Mean

Cv = σ /μ

t-Test

t-Test is used for comparing the means of two

independent group

Paired t-test

If there is any kind of correspondence between the

individual values in the two samples

The should be paired & differences taken and analysed

directly as

Report writing is an essential skill for professionals in almost

every field

A report aims to inform, authority within the stipulated

period

Report help to know what has been done , why it was done

how it was done , what result was obtained & what conclusion

it should be accurate & written in simple language

It is Complete and Self-explanatory

It is Comprehensive but Compact

It has a Proper Date and Signature

A good report should be able to sustain reader’s interest

Features

Types of report

Inductive report

• Initial stage

• Executive summary

• Introduction

• Methodology

• Conclusions

• Discussion

• references

Deductive report

• Initial stage

• Executive summary

• Introduction

• Methodology

• Discussion

• Conclusions

• references

Initial stage contain following items

Title page –: contain information related to title , author ,

year , month of submission & affiliation

Acknowledgement -: it indicate the name of person ,

institutions & organisations who have sanctioned & help in

various in conduct of research & preparation of report in

various ways

Content -: in this page the chapters and their page

number including bibliography & appendices

It contains all essential information in nutshell

Introduce the topic to readers in a comprehensive way

a) A clear & definite statement of problem

b) A brief review of literature

c) The concept of important term are explained

Selection of study area , sample and sample procedure

method of data collection & their measurement

statistical tools

Summary what you did and why

Use the past tense

Findings or results

describes what you discovered, observed, etc, in yourobservations and experiments

Use the past tense.

Discussion

Discusses and explains your findings and relates them

to previous research

Use the present tense to make generalisations

Reports in written form are useful for future reference

Reports provide adequate and correct information as well

as statistical data to management and helps in decision

making

A report provides information of unknown facts

i.e. new ideas new vision new solution to problem new

research about a particular matter.

Research method in social science & extension

education – G.L. RAY & SAGAR MANDAL

Foundation of Behavioural research

KERLINGER , F.N.

Class note of biostatistics

Practical manual on biostatistics

INTERNET