Prinsip & Komponen Daya Lenting (Resilience)Edy SetyawanJakarta, Agustus 2012

Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia

Source: Rod Salm (The Nature Conservancy)

Pengertian daya lenting

Kemampuan suatu sistem untuk menjaga fungsi-fungsi dan proses kunci dalam menghadapi tekanan dengan cara bertahan maupun beradaptasi terhadap perubahan.

Tipe daya lentingDaya Lenting Biologis

Daya Lenting Sosial

Komponen Daya Lenting: (a) kemampuan untuk menyerap atau menahan dampak tekanan/stres dan (b) kemampuan untuk pulih

Tutupan karang tinggiKeanekaragaman tinggi

Photos: Rod Salm

Daya lenting biologis

Penyakit dan gangguan rendahRentang ukuran yang luas

Pemulihan (rekrutmen)- Tersedianya substrat- Kualitas air yang baik- Banyak herbivor

Pemulihan (tumbuh kembali)- Perbaikan dan pertumbuhan- Kompetitor

Photos: Rod Salm

Daya lenting biologis

Prinsip-prinsip Daya Lenting

Representasi dan ReplikasiJenis-jenis Habitat Penyebaran Resiko

Konektivitas

Transportasi Penambahan/Pemenuhan

Rekrutmen yang kuatPemulihan yang meningkat

Managemen yang efektifPengurangan tekananStrategi yang adaptif

Model Daya Lenting TNC

Wilayah KritisRefugia

PemijahanSumber larva yang tersedia

RESILIENCE

Representasi dan Replikasi

Jenis-jenis Habitat Penyebaran Resiko

fore-reef

shallow patch

Wilayah KritisRefugia

PemijahanSumber larva yang tersedia

Melindungi refugia

Photo: Rod Salm

Konektivitas

Transportasi Penambahan/Pemenuhan

Protect linkages Menjaga Konektivitas

Photo: Paul Marshall

Rekrutmen yang kuatPemulihan yang meningkat

Efektif Managemen

Pengurangan tekananStrategi yang adaptif

Mengontrol ancaman – mengurangi tekanan

Photo: Rod Salm

Pengelolaan yang efektif

Komunikasi

Evaluasi efektivitas pengelolaan

Pengelolaan yang adaptif

Pendekatan kehati-hatian

• Ecological

• Biological

• Physical

Photo: Rod Salm

Mengidentifikasi Resilience

Ecological Resilience Factors

Food web interactions: herbivory, trophic cascades

Reproductive cycles

Population connectivity

Coral & fish recruitment

Ecological Resilience Factors: Herbivory

• Reef Herbivores - excavators (bioeroders), grazers, browsers, scrapers

• Parrotfish, surgeonfish, rabbitfish, batfish (and long-spined urchins)

• Loss through overfishing – algal dominated

• Phase shift reversal? Sleeper functional groups

Ecological Resilience Factors: Recruitment

Recruitment = supply of new individuals to a population

Photo: Rod Salm

Ecological Resilience Factors: Recruitment

Determining Factors• Physical oceanographic processes (e.g.,

currents and eddies) transport & retention• Abundance of larvae in water column • Larval behavior (e.g., vertical migration in

the water column) • Availability of settlement substrate • Ecological factors that affect survivorship

after settlement (e.g., competition, predation, food supply)

Ecological Resilience Factors: Recruitment

Suitable habitat for recruits?

• Diversity and abundance of spp

• High herbivore densities

• Low corallivores, bioeroders, disease

• Presence of crustose coralline algae (CCA)

Photo: Rod Salm

Biological Resilience Factors• Genetic differences

• Species differences

Biological Resilience Factors: Genetic Differences

Coral differences:• Fluorescent tissue pigment

• Colony integration

• Tissue thickness

Zooxanthellae differences:• Heat tolerance*

*Clade D symbionts are more tolerant

Biological Resilience Factors: Species Differences

Likely to bleach (e.g., Acropora, Millepora): • Quick colonizers

• Fast growing

• Short-lived

Likely to survive (e.g., Porites, Diploastrea):• Massive growth forms

• Thick or less integrated tissues

• Slow growth rates

What I found in 2011at SE Misool:

• more complex• deep worse• selection for resilient corals?

Implications for management:• reinforce resilience principles• emphasize risk spreading • larger over smaller areas

Photo: Rod Salm

Photo: Rod Salm

Biological Resilience Factors: Species Differences

Physical Resilience Factors

• Cooling

• Shading

• Screening

• Stress Tolerance

Physical Resilience Factors: Cooling• Broad scale (1000’s of km)

• Regional scale (100’s of km)• Local scale (10’s of km)

Physical Resilience Factors: Shading

Photo: Rod Salm

Physical Resilience Factors: Screening

Photo: Rod Salm

Physical Resilience Factors: Stress Tolerance

Photo: Rod Salm

Summary of Factors

Ecological

Biological

Physical

Herbivory

Recruitment

Genetics

Species differences

Cooling

Shading

Screening

Stress Tolerance