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(Importance of Public Softwares)
Ubuntu (operating system)
Features:-
Adefaultinstallation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software
that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission, and
several lightweight games such asSudokuandchess.Many additional
software packages, including titles no longer in the default
installation such asEvolution,GIMP,Pidgin, andSynaptic, are
accessible from the built inUbuntu Software Centeras well as any
otherAPTbasedpackage managementtool. Execution ofMicrosoft
Officeand otherMicrosoft Windowsapplications can be facilitated via
theWine compatibility packageor through the use of a virtual
machine such asVirtualBoxorVMware Workstation.
Security :-
Ubuntu's goal is to be secure "out-of-the box". By default, the
user's programs run withlow privilegesand cannot corrupt the
operating system or other user's files. For increased security,
thesudotool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing
administrative tasks, which allows theroot accountto remain locked
and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making
catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.Policy Kitis
also being widely implemented into the desktop to furtherhardenthe
system. Most network ports are closed by default to prevent
hacking. A built-in firewall allows end-users who install network
servers to control access. AGUI(GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) is
available to configure it. Ubuntu compiles its packages
usingGCCfeatures such asPIE andbuffer overflow
protectiontohardenits software. These extra features greatly
increase security at the performance expense of 1% in32 bitand
0.01% in64 bit .The home and Private directories can be
encrypted.
History and development process
Ubuntu is built onDebian's architecture and infrastructure, to
provide Linux server, desktop, phone, tablet and TV operating
systems.Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six
monthsand each release receives free support for nine months
(eighteen months prior to 13.04) with security fixes, high-impact
bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug
fixes.The first release was in October 2004.
It was decided that every fourth release, issued on a two-year
basis, would receivelong-term support(LTS).Long-term support
includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to
the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure).The first LTS
releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five
years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for
LTS releases was increased to five years as well.LTS releases get
regular point releases with support for new hardware and
integration of all the updates published in that series to
date
Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable
branch. Both distributions use Debian'sdebpackageformat andpackage
managementtools (APTandUbuntu Software Center). Debian and Ubuntu
packages are not necessarilybinary compatiblewith each other,
however; packages may need to be rebuilt fromsourceto be used in
Ubuntu. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages
within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes
back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this does
not happen often enough.Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, has
expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too
far from Debian to remain compatible.Before release, packages are
imported fromDebian Unstablecontinuously and merged with
Ubuntu-specific modifications. One month before release, imports
arefrozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen
features interoperate well together.
Ubuntu is currently funded byCanonical Ltd.On 8 July 2005,Mark
Shuttle worthand Canonical Ltd., announced the creation of
theUbuntu Foundationand provided an initial funding of US
$10million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support
anddevelopmentfor all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth
describes the foundation as an "emergency fund"; which in such a
case, Canonical's involvement ends.
On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for
3rd-partycloudmanagement platforms, such as those used atAmazon
EC2.
Unity has become the default GUI for Ubuntu Desktop (not included
in 10.10 which uses Gnome 2).
Installation :-
The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu
desktop release 14.04, a PC with at least 768MBofRAMand 5GBof disk
space is recommended.For less powerful computers, there are other
Ubuntu distributions such asLubuntuandXubuntu. As of version 12.04,
Ubuntu supports theARM architecture.Ubuntu is also available
onPowerPC,andSPARCplatforms,[citation needed]although these
platforms are not officially supported.
Live imagesare the typical way for users to assess and subsequently
install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image (.iso) and
subsequently burnt to a DVD and booted, or run
viaUNetbootindirectly from a USB drive (making, respectively, alive
DVDorlive USBmedium). Running Ubuntu in this way is typically
slower than running it from ahard drive, but does not alter the
computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user
chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at
boot time, there is still the option to then use an installer
calledUbiquityto install Ubuntu once booted into the live
environment.
Disk imagesof all current and past versions are available for
download at the Ubuntu web site. Various third-party programs such
asremastersysandReconstructorare available to create customized
copies of the Ubuntu Live DVDs (or CDs). "Minimal CDs" are
available (for server use) that fit on a CD.
Additionally,USB flash driveinstallations can be used to boot
Ubuntu and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user
settings and portability of the USB-installed system between
physical machines (however, the computers'BIOSmust support booting
from USB).In newer versions of Ubuntu, theUbuntu Live USB
creatorcan be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or
without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive
withpersistenceis as simple as dragging a slider to determine how
much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu
employscasper
The desktop edition can also be installed using theNetboot
image(aka netbook tarball) which uses thedebian-installerand allows
certain specialist installations of Ubuntu: setting up automated
deployments, upgrading from older installations without network
access,LVMand/orRAIDpartitioning, installs on systems with less
than about 256MB of RAM (although low-memory systems may not be
able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).
Ubuntu works on the newerRaspberry Pi 2,but not the original.
VersionCode nameRelease dateSupported until
Precise Pangolin26/04/201230/04/2017
Quantal Quetzal18/10/201216/05/2014
Raring Ringtail25/04/201327/01/2014
Saucy Salamander17/10/201317/07/2014
Trusty Tahr17/04/201430/04/2019
Utopic Unicorn23/10/201431/07/2015
Vivid Vervet23/04/201531/01/2016
Wily Werewolf22/10/201531/07/2016
Releases :-
Each Ubuntu release has aversion numberthat consists of the year
and month number of the release.For example, the first release was
Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004. Version numbers
for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed the
version number changes accordingly.
Ubuntu releases are also givenalliterativecode names, using an
adjective and an animal (e.g., "Trusty Tahr" and "Precise
Pangolin"). With the exception of the first two releases, code
names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of
which release is newer. "We might skip a few letters, and we'll
have to wrap eventually." says Mark Shuttleworth while describing
the naming scheme.Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using
only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 14.04
LTS release is commonly known as "Trusty".
Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME
releases (which in turn are about one month after releases
ofX.org). As a result, every Ubuntu release was introduced with an
updated version of both GNOME and X. After each release, the Ubuntu
Developer Summit (UDS) is held, at which the Ubuntu community sets
the development direction for the next cycle.
Upgrades between releases have to be done from one release to the
next release (e.g. Ubuntu 13.10 to Ubuntu 14.04) or from
oneLTSrelease to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 12.04 LTS to
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS).
Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010
(101010). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing
at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10",and makes a
playful reference toThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxybooks,
since, inbinary, 101010 equalsdecimal 42, the "Answer to the
Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the
series.
A DVD or bootable flash drive of 1GB or more is required for Ubuntu
12.10 and later.Server releases still fit on CDs.
