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Social S
cience
RESOURCES
AND
DEVELOPMENT
MADE BY –MAHIP SINGHcLASS – 10 , B
RESOURCES AND
DEVELOPMENT
WHAT ARE RESOURCES?•A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are materials, money, services, staff, or other assets that produce benefit.
•From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants.
•From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism.
•Resources have three main characteristics: utility, limit, availability, and potential for depletion or consumption.
Resources
Natural
Renewable
Continuous or
flow e.g. wind,wa
ter
Biological
Natural vegetati
onWildlife
Non-Renewa
ble
Recyclable
eg.metals
Non recyclables e.g.. Fossil
fuels
Human
Structures and Instituti
on
Quantity &
Quality
On the basis of origin
Biotic
Abiotic
•Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.
•Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources include land, fresh water, air and heavy metals including ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.
On the basis of
exhaustibility
Renewable resources
Non-renewable resources
RENEWABLE RESOURCES•Renewable
resources are ones that can be replenished naturally. •Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption. •Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.
•A natural resource such as coal, gas, or oil that, once consumed, cannot be replaced. •Most energy resources currently in use are non-renewable.•A non-renewable resource is made up of mostly dead animal skin. The skin then turns into a resource such as oil.• Also considered non-renewable are resources that are consumed much faster than nature can create them.
On the basis of ownership
Individual resources
Community owned
resources
National resources
International resources
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES-Individual resources are those resources which are owned by an individual and can 't be accessed by someone else. These are also referred as private resource. These are indicators of a capitalist country and its influence. E.g.. Land , property, houses, cars etc.
COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES-Community resources are a group of assistance programs that are provided to the members of a community for free. Each resource is made available to community members to help them become self-reliant and maintain their human rights and well being. E.g.. Public parks, village commons etc.
NATIONAL RESOURCES-All the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land. E.g. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries are resources which belong to the nation.
INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES-All the resources lying beyond 200 kms of Exclusive Economic Zone in the oceans are called International Resources. No individual country can use it without the permission of International agencies.
On the basis of the status of
the development
Potential resource
Developed resource
Stock
Reserves
Potential Resources- These are known to exist and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India and Kuwait that have sedimentary rocks, but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.Developed Resources-Developed resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved
Stock Resources – Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology. For example: water is a compound of 2 inflammable gases: hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical know-how to use them for this purpose. Hence it can be considered as stock.Reserve Resources – The part of an actual resource which can be developed profitably in the future is called a reserve resource. The water in dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in future.
•With increasing population, the demand for resources is increasing. •There are marked differences in resource distribution and associated economic inequality between regions or countries, with developed countries using more natural resources than developing countries.
•Typically resources cannot be consumed in their original form, but rather through resource development they must be processed into more usable commodities.
•SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
•Sustainable development constantly seeks to achieve social and economic progress in ways that will not exhaust the earth’s finite natural resources.
•The needs of the world today are real and immediate, yet it’s necessary to develop ways to meet these needs that do not disregard the future, sustainable development practices can help us do this, and through education and building awareness, preserving the future is within everyone’s reach.
PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDISCRIMINATE USE OF RESOURCE BY MAN
a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest b. Resources got accumulated in the hands of few people. The society is
divided into rich and poor.
c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental degradation are other problems.
SOIL
SOIL
The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is loose , broken and useful for plants is called soil.
Soil consists of mineral matter such as sand and clay and Organic matter
such as humus, bacteria and earth worms.
Soil is formed mainly due to the process of weathering. As a result of weathering a layer of loose rock materials is formed on the land surface. If this layer remains undisturbed for a long period of time, chemical, physical and organic changes take place in it. These changes lead to the formation of soil.
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE (OR) GOVERN THE SOIL FORMATION PROCESS
1) Climate: Climate decides the rate of weathering and the type of vegetation. 2) Topography: Topography of the land decides the accumulation of soil. 3) Nature of parent rock: It decides compositions and texture of the soil. 4)Vegetation: Vegetation decides the amount of humus available in the
soil.
SOILS ARE OUR PRIME RESOURCES i). Man depends on the soil directly or
indirectly for his food. ii). Agriculture can be practiced only if
soils are available. iii). Man gets the materials needed for
shelter and clothing directly (or) indirectly from the soil.
iv). Soils are essential for the growth of forests.
ALLUVIAL SOILS
ALLUVIAL SOILS i). Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide spread soil found in India. ii). It is formed due to the deposition of fine silt called alluvium by the rivers. iii). It is found in the northern plains, Gujarat plains and the coastal plains. iv). It consists of sand, silt and clay. v). It is divided into khadar and Bangar [new alluvium and old alluvium] It
contains soil nutrients such as potash, phosphoric acid and lime. So, it is fertile and good for the growth of sugarcane, rice, wheat and pulses.
BLACK SOILS
RED SOILS
RES SOILS Red soils are formed due to the weathering of crystalline igneous rocks
under low rainfall conditions.
It is red in colour because of the presence of iron in it.
It is found in Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand.
LATERITE SOILS
LATERITE SOIL The word laterite originated from the Latin word later which means brick. Laterite soil is formed due to intense leaching caused by tropical rainfall. Humus content is less because the micro-organisms get destroyed due to
high temperature. This soil can be cultivated by using manure and fertilizers. It is good for
the cultivation of tea, coffee and cashew nut. It is found in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.
ARID (DESERT) SOILS
ARID SOILS Arid soils are red or brown in colour. They are sandy and saline.
Humus and moisture contents are very less. They can be cultivated after irrigation.
Kankar layer in the soil prevent the water from seeping under ground.
FOREST SOILS
FOREST SOILS Forest soils are found in hilly and mountainous regions. They are loamy and silty in valleys and coarse in the upper slopes. In Himalayas they suffer denudation and are acidic with low humus
content. The soils found in the lower slopes of the valley are fertile.
SOIL EROSION
Removal of top soil from one place to another by natural agencies is called soil erosion.
It is caused by running water and wind. Deforestation, over grazing and unscientific
agricultural practices are responsible for large scale soil erosion.
GULLY EROSION The rain water when moves down on an uneven land scoops away the soil
and form deep channels called gullies. This type of erosion is called gully erosion.
A land which is broken into many small parts by the gullies is called bad land. A bad land is unfit for cultivation and for other economic activities.
GULLY EROSION
SHEET EROSION
Some times water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The water takes away the top soil. This type of erosion is called sheet erosion.
SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES
i). Contour ploughing reduces the flow of water and prevent soil erosion.ii). In hilly areas terraced farming should be followed.iii). Strip farming helps to reduces the force of winds.iv). Shelter belts of plants around the fields reduce soil erosion. v). Afforestation should be practiced on a large scale and deforestation
should be stopped.vi).Over grazing by animals should be avoided.
