Sessi 7 sistem informasi manajemen

11/18/2008 PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG

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Sistem Informasi Manajemen

Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-7

Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi

Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)

Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP


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Topik Pembahasan

• Konsep, Trend dan Issue

• Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi

• Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi

• Strategi Sistem Informasi

• Aplikasi Sistem Informasi

• Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem Informasi


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Konsep, Trend dan Issue


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Mengapa Perlu Mempelajari SI?

• Getting the right information to the right people at the right time at the right

cost;

• Key to effective business processes;

• Business process change;

• The way organisations compete;

• Creation of new services, markets;

• Learning, Knowledge. E-commerce, E-Health, E-Government…

Why? How? Is it efficient? Effective?

What are the risks?

What are the skills?


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Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi

Perubahan dalam teknologi informasi :

• Tersedianya jaringan info global, untuk menyalurkan berbagai format info (multimedia)

• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat keras dan lunak untuk mengolah, menyimpan dan mengirim info.

• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat untuk melakukan transformasi media yang digunakan


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Orientasi Informasi

IT Practices

• IT for operational support

• IT for business process support

• IT for inovation support

• IT for management support

Information management practices

• Sensing information

• Collecting information

• Organizing information

• Processing information

• Maintaining information

Information behaviour and values

• Information integrity

• Information formality

• Information control

• Information sharing

• Information transparency

• Information proactiveness

Information orientation


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SI, CBIS, dan TI

Information Systems (IS)• involve more than just computers• an successful application of an IS requiring an understanding of the business

and its environment that is supported by the IS• in learning about IS, not sufficient just to learn about computers

Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)• an information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks

• may include hardware, software, database, network, procedures, or people

Information Technology (IT)• include the hardware, databases, software, networks, and other information

devices (in narrow definition)• usually interchangeably with information systems

• a collection of several information systems, users, and management for an entire organization (in broad sense)


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Isu di dalam SI

� Large variety of organisation and individual information

processing needs

� Fast evolving information technologies - languages

operating systems and the like

� Legacy investments

� Costs and resource management

� Complexity ? Where is the complexity coming from ?

� Maintenance, Support and Training - Leveraging systems

� Design and Analysis related issues


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Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi


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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -1

IS Role inthe enterprise

Relationship withother department

Managing the ISdepartment

Managing the IS/IT activities

InformationSystemManagement

ComputerManagement

Operations, programming,

data collection, etc.

Department is managed as co-ordinated

set of resources which are planned to

meet expected future requirements

Users’ awareness of the role of

computers determine effectiveness

of relationship

Review IS/IT roles, don’t focus

on particular issues only


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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -

2

• Delivery– Internal focus

– Improving the ability to deliver and support systems and technology

– Not necessarily providing users with what they need

• Re-orientation– Establishing good relationship with the main business functions,

– Supporting business demands through provision of variety of services

– Provide valued service to all business functional management

• Re-organisation– Need for redesign integration of IS investment with business strategy and across business

functions.

– Best way of satisfying each of differing business needs through coalition of responsibilities

for managing information and systems

Hirschheim Model (1988)


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Model-2 SI Dalam Organisasi

Sales forecasting, operating plans, capacity

planing, profit/earnings forecast, business mix

analysis, manpower planning, financial modelling

Planning Systems

Sales analysis, budgetary control, management accounting,

inventory management, quality analysis, expense reporting, market

research/analysis, WIP control, requirement planning, supplier analysis, etc.

Control Systems

Order entry/processing, tracking shipping documents, vehicle scheduling/loading

invoicing, sales and purchase ledgers, cost accounting, stock control, shop floor

scheduling, bill of materials, purchase orders, receiving, employee records, payroll,

word processing, etc.

OperationalSystems

Hirarki perencanaan, pengendalian, dan sistem operasional,

Model Anthony (1965)


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Perbedaan DP dan MIS

Local processing linked to

information resources

Mainframe/mini computersTechnology

Professionals & middle managersOperatorsUsers

Sometimes need human

intervention (esp. for decision

making)

Algorithmic (very

predefined)

Process

Historical data, current & futureRecent history, current &

near future

Information time

frame

Internal & external transaction +

research data

Internal & external

transaction

Information

sources

Effective problem resolution &

decision making support

Efficient transactionObjectives

MISTPS/DP


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Strategic Information Systems

Automatic basic

processes

(efficiency)

Satisfy

information needs

(effectiveness)

Affect business

strategy

(competitiveness)

Transaction and

exception

processing

DATA

PROCESSING

STRATEGIC

INFORMATION

SYSTEMSInformation

enquiry and

analysis

MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION

SYSTEMS

Use

(objective)

Function

Wiseman Model (1985)


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Trend evolusi SI/TI

AspectsDP MIS SIS

Nature of the technology

Computers’

fragmented

(hardware limitation

Distributed process’

interconnected

software limitation

‘networks’

integrated

people/vison limitation)

Nature of operations

Remote from users

controlled by DP

Regulated by

management

services

Available and

supportive

to users

Issues in systems

development

Technical issues

(programming/

project managemen)

Support business

users’needs

information management

Relate to

business

strategy

Reason for using

technology

Reducing costs

(especially

administrative) –

technology driven

Supporting the

business (manager)

- user driven

Enabling the business

- business driven

Characteristic of systems

Regimented/

operational

(internal)

Accommodating/

control

Flexibility/

strategic

(external)

Galliers & Somogyl, (1987)


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Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem

Informasi


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Lingkungan Informasi

Total lingkungan

informasi internal

Lingkungan yang

terotomatisasi

Lingkup memungkinkan

untuk informasi yang dapat

dikelola

Unrecorded

Paper records

Personal

database

Official

information

records

Operational

database

Management

information

Private

records

External

information

Paper records


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Nilai Informasi Bagi Bisnis

STRATEGIC HIGH POTENTIAL

Critical to business

and of greatest

potential value

Potential value to

business may be high,

but not confirmed

Essential for core

process and value enhaced

by horizontal integration

Needed for supporting

Business, but little

strategic value

KEY OPERATIONAL SUPPORT

LowHigh

Low

High

Value

of

information

to

future

strategy

Value of information to current strategy


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Pertanyaan Kunci Dalam Membangun

dan Mengelola SI

• People involved…

• Many technologies….

• How do we decide what to build..? – for one person..for a dept..for

the entire organization…

• How much is it going to cost..?

• How long is it going to take….?

• How do we consider all the systems we have so far..?

• How do we maintain and upgrade…?


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Hubungan Aplikasi SI dan Tingkatan

Manajemen

Sistem Manajemen Data base

P e

m a

s a

r a

n

P r

o d

u k

s i

L o

g i s

t i k

P e

r s

o n

a l i a

Keuangan &

Akunting

Pengola

han Info

rmasi

Manaje

men P

uncak

Data base

Perencanaan Strategis

Pengendalian Manajemen

Pengendalian Operasional

Pengolahan Transaksi


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Pemakai dan Penggunaan SI

Pemakai Pengunaan

Petugas Administrasi Mengerjakan transaksi, mengolah data, dan menjawab pertanyaan

Manajer Tingkat BawahMendapatkan data operasi. Membantu perencanaan, penjadualan,

mengetahui situasiyag tak terkendali, dan mengambil keputusan

Staf AhliInformasi untuk analisis. Membantu dalam analisis, perencanaan

dan pelaporan.

Manajemen

Laporan tetap, Permintaan informasi khusus, Analisa khusus,

Laporan khusus, membantu dalam mengenali persoalan dan

peluang. Membantu dalam analisis pengambilan keputusan.


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Segitiga Pengambilan Keputusan


Pengolahan transaksi

Pemberian informasi (tanggapan atas pertanyaan)

Informasi manajemen untuk

Perencanaan operasional, pengambilan

Keputusan dan pengendalian

Informasi manajemen

Untuk perencanaan taktis

Dan pengambilan keputusan

SIM

perencanaan

Strategis &

pengambilan kptsan

SIM: sistem manusia/mesin yang terpadu,

untuk menyajikan informsasi guna mendukung

fungsi operasi, manajemen, dan pengambilan

keputusan dalam sebuah organisasi.

Menggunakan hardware & software komputer,

prosedur, model manajemen dan keputusan,

data base.


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Tiga Tahapan Dalam Penggunaan

Sistem Informasi

• Productivity: a measure of the output achieved divided by the input requirement, something like (Output/Input) x 100%

• Competitive Advantage: a significant and (ideally) long-term benefit that enables company to perform better than its competitors

• Quality: the ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations


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Aplikasi



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Type Sistem InformasiType Sistem Informasi

DATA WORKERSDATA WORKERS

KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVEDKIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED

STRATEGIC LEVEL STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR SENIOR

MANAGERSMANAGERS

MANAGEMENT LEVEL MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MIDDLE

MANAGERSMANAGERS

OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL

LEVEL LEVEL MANAGERS MANAGERS

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE & KNOWLEDGE &

SALES & SALES & MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING FINANCE FINANCE ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING HUMANHUMAN

RESOURCESRESOURCESMARKETINGMARKETING


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• Executive Support Systems

• Management Information Systems

• Decision Support Systems

• Knowledge Work Systems

• Office Automation Systems

• Transaction Processing Systems

• Batch vs Online Processing

• Sistem Informasi Fungsional

• Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems

• Enterprise Resources Planning System

• Dukungan Pengambilan Keputusan

• Sistem Dukungan Inteligen


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Subsistem dari Sistem Informasi

• SI (dapat) terdiri atas

Subsistem:

– Penjualan dan pemasukan

pesanan

– Produksi

– Sediaan barang

– Personalia dan payroll

– Pembelian

– Perencanaan

– Kecerdasan lingkungan

• Subsistem dibagi atas subsistem, sebagai contoh Personalia dan Payroll:

– Penyiapan data masukan catatan personalia

– Penyesuaian daftar gaji

– Penyiapan data masukan daftar gaji

– Daftar gaji harian

– Daftar gaji bulanan

– Laporan dafatar gaji untuk manajemen

– Audit personalia dan dafatar gaji


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Data base

• Kumpulan data terdiri dari

– File

– Record

– Field

– Karakter

• Contoh

– Data base Pegawai

– File: Pegawai

– Record: Sukamto

– Field: Nama, Alamat, NIP

– Character: a, b,c 1,2, dll.


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Batch vs Realtime Processing

• Batch

– Pengolahan data secara tidak seketika

– Entry data dikumpulkan dalam satu file secara serial

– Ada perbedaan waktu yangcukup signifikan antara

entry dan eksekusi data

• Real Time Processing

– Entry dan eksekusi data dilakukan seketika


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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• Dimulai pada zaman “Data Processing”

• OPERATIONAL LEVEL

• INPUTS: TRANSACTIONS, EVENTS

• PROCESSING: UPDATING

• OUTPUTS: DETAILED REPORTS

• USERS: OPERATIONS PERSONNEL

EXAMPLE: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

TPSTPS


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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)


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Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems

• Distributed System

– Entry dan pengolahan data secara tersebar,

– Masing – masing komputer memiliki fasilitas jaringan dengan fasilitas yang sama

• Client/Server

– Sedikitnya satu komputer berfungsi sebagai server, sementara komputer lain yang terhubung menjadi client,

– Server menyediakan NOS,

– Aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di Server atau masing – masing nodes

– Nodes memilii kemampuan pengolahan lokal


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Management Information Systems -1

• MANAGEMENT LEVEL

• INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA

• PROCESSING: SIMPLE MODELS

• OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS

• USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS

EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING


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Management Information Systems -2

• STRUCTURED & SEMI-STRUCTURED

DECISIONS

• REPORT CONTROL ORIENTED

• PAST & PRESENT DATA

• INTERNAL ORIENTATION

• LENGTHY DESIGN PROCESS*


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TPS Data For MIS Applications

MISMIS

MIS FILESMIS FILES

SALES

DATA

UNIT

PRODUCT

COST

PRODUCT

CHANGE

DATA

EXPENSE

DATA

MISREPORTS

MANAGERSMANAGERS

TPS

Order Processing

System

Materials Resource

Planning System

General Ledger

System

ORDER FILE

PRODUCTION MASTER FILE

ACCOUNTING FILES


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Contoh Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Dalam

Fungsi Pemasaran

Sistem Deskripsi Level Organisasi

Order Processing Entry, proses, dan track order Operasional

Analisa Pasar

Identifikasi pelanggan dan

pasar menggunakan data

demografi, pasar, perilaku

konsumen, dan trend

Knowledge

Analisa HargaMenentukan harga produk dan

layananManajemen

Ramalan dan Tren

Penjualan

Penyiapan ramalan penjualan

5 tahunStratejik


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Pendekatan Tradisional


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Enterprise System


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Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem

Informasi


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Isu Di Dalam Pengelolaan TI

• Acquisition: pengadaan/penyediaan TI

– need (kebutuhan),

– resources (sumber-daya),

– time-frame (jangka waktu), dan

– design of IS (rancangan sistem informasi).

• Organization: prosedur pengelolaan,

• Motivation: sumberdaya manusia, serta

• Relationship: hubungan antara bagian Sistem

Informasi dengan bagian-bagian lain di dalam

organisasi


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Acquisition (pengadaan TI)

Need (kebutuhan) dari:

• Size of the organization: besar kecilnya organisasi/perusahaan yang memerlukan TI.

• Structure of the organization: struktur dari perusahaan.

• Nature of operational: sifat dari operasional perusahaan, misalnya organisasi pemerintah, bisnis, dll.

• Type of informationn needed (jenis informasi yang diperlukan),misalnya informasi mengenai keuangan, kepegawaian, dll.


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Strategi Sistem Informasi


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The Role of Information Technology

Gather Organize DistributeSelect Synthesize

Facts

Data

Information

Knowledge

Wisdom

Business

Value of

Information

Technology

Add Value

customers and markets

Reduce Costs

transactions and processes

Minimize Risks

market, financial, legal,

operational risks

Create New Realities

intelligence (social, political, technological, etc.)


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The Balanced of Resources has Changed

Four Four MsMs PlusPlus

Men

Machines

Materials

Money

Information


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Strategic Systems

• Connection to supplier & customer

• Effective use of information in the value adding

process

• Enable to deliver new product/service

• Provide executive with strategic information


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Business, IS & IT Relationship

• Business decisions

• Objectives and direction

• Change

Business Strategy

• Business based

• Demand orientation

• Application focused

IS Strategy

• Activity Based

• Supply oriented

• Technology focused

IT Strategy

Where is the business

going & why?

What is required?

How can it be

realized?

External &

Internal

Factors

External &

Internal

Factors

Direction for

business

Needs &

priorities

Supports

business

Infrastructure &

service

Economy

Society

Politics

Law

Ecology

Technology

Culture

Stakeholders


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IT Roles in Business Process Reengineering

ELIMINATE

SIMPLIFY

INTEGRATE

AUTOMATE


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MIT Theory of IT Evolution & Revolution

Localized ExploitationLocalized Exploitation

IntegrationIntegration

Business Process RedesignBusiness Process Redesign

Business Network RedesignBusiness Network Redesign

Business Scope RedefinitionBusiness Scope Redefinition

LOW Range of Potential Benefits HIGH

LOW

HIGH

Degree of Business

Transform

ation

Revolutionary

Evolutionary


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Internal Evolution of Information Technology

SAVE MONEY

2 Financial, Manufacturing, Services

1 Administrative

MAKE MONEY

4 Mega Decisions3 Marketing, Distribution,Customer Service

REMAIN IN BUSINESS

5 People Systems, HomeComputers

OPERATIONAL CONTROL

2 Asset Management1 Process Management

ORGANIZATIONALEFFECTIVENESS

5 Restructuring of the Industry

4 Restructuring of theOrganization

3 Growth and Increase inMarket Share

FUNCTIONAL USE MANAGEMENT FOCUS

Reducing Costs

Leveraging Investment

Enhancing Productsand Services

Enhancing ExecutiveDecision Making

Reaching theConsumer

Above the Line

Below the Line

1

2

3

4

5


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Nature of IT Center

Cost

Center

Profit

Center

Investment

Center

Service

Center

I/T


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IT Benefits Measurement

LOW HIGH

HIGH

LOWMarket Reaction

Access to New StaffFaster Information

Positive Staff Reaction

Better InformationImproved Security

Lower Risk

Staff ReductionLower AssetsMore Sales

M E A S U R A B L E

T A N G I B L E


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IT and Business Alignment

DAY-TO-DAY OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES

MissionVision Value

Objectives

Critical Success Factors

Key Performance Indicators

Business Strategy I/T Strategy

Business Process and Tactical Procedures


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Boeing Strategic Architecture

Delivery System ArchitectureHardware, Software, Communications

Data Architecture

Information SystemArchitecture

InformationArchitecture

Business ProcessArchitecture

drives

prescribes

identifies

support byFeedback

Standards

Product Groups

Information Services

Which hardware,

software, and

network are required?

How is the

data

managed?

How are the

processes and

information

related?

What

information is

needed to

accomplish

those processes?

What business

processes

should be used?


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Information System Strategic Planning

THREE DOMAINS

Information System Requirements

Information Technology Supply

Information Management Strategy

STRATEGIC PLANNING

List of Scenarios

Risk Management

Cost/Benefit Analysis

Technical Design

Project Management

Priorities Level and Schedule

Implementation Plan

Human Resource Skills and Competencies Requirements

Change Management

INTERNAL

Corporate History

Business Plan

Existing Information Technology

Constraints and Opportunities

Strength and Weakness

Approach and Methodology

EXTERNAL

Industry Trend

Information Technology Development

Competitor Analysis

Benchmarking

Best Practice

S

HA

RE

HO

LD

ER

S

N

E

T

W

OR

K& P

AR

T

N

E

R

S

BUSINESSPROCESS

PROCEDURES

STANDARD

PEOPLE

CULTURE

POLICIES

LEGALASPECT

TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE

COMPANYASSETS

FINANCIALRESOURCES

ORGANIZATION

STRUCTURE

COMPANYGEOGRAPHICAL

TOPOLOGY

BLUE PRINTINPUT

VALUE

VISIONMISSION

CSFsKPIs

STRATEGY

Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Social and Culture, International Relationship, National

Defense, Religion, Behaviors,

Macro Environment

ANALYSIS PROCESS


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New Type of Corporation

PHYSICAL COMPANY

KNOWLEDGE COMPANY

•Procure

•Inbound Logistics

•Manufacturing

•Transportation

•Distribute

•Delivery

•Customer

•Value-Added Networks

•Internet

•Extranet

•Web TV

•Wide Area Networks

•E-Marketplaces

•Intranet

•Private Network

•Market Strategy

•Product Design

•Marketing

•Customer Management

•Value Network Management

•E-Catalogues

•ERP

•Email

•E-Collaboration

•E-Forms

•WWW

•EDI

•Electronic Funds

•E-Bulleting Boards

•Chat Rooms

•Financial EDI

Supply-Chain

Components

Technology

Vehicles

Application

Enablers

Demand-Chain

Components


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Success Indicators

1. New Business (products/services)

2. New Market (customers)

3. New Revenue (business model)

4. New Company (business transformation)

5. New Image (business community)

6. New Wealth (paradigm shift)

Etc.

Key Points:

• From “nothing” to “existing”

• From “existing” to “creating”

• From “creating” to “improving”

• From “improving” to “growing”

• From “growing” to “performing”

Education

Sessi 7 sistem informasi manajemen