1. Chapter 7 Saving the Planet

2. Objectives

Understand the main ideas

Reading 1: Concerns global warming, a topic debated for many years

Reading 2: Concerns the importance of rain forests as potential resources

Appreciate the various techniques employed by the writer

Master key language points and grammatical structure in the text

Develop writing skills through reading

3. Reading 1

Global Warming: Is There Still Room for Doubt ?

4.

What do you already know about global warming?

Warm-up questions El Nino Flood Typhoon and Hurricane Polar bear 5.

The more pictures:

Carbon dioxide and Methane Emissions Drought 6.

Try to match the word with its meaning and then check the answers.

1. consensusa. person who has done wrong; offender

2. meteorologicalb. (of levels, or prices) move up and down; be

irregular

3. culpritc. urge sb. or to do sth. on

4. feasibled. resist openly

5. discerne. inclined not to believe

6. fluctuatef. general agreement; collective opinion

7. skepticalg. those which are sent out or given off

8. emissionsh. of meteorology (science of the weather)

9. spur (verb)i. see clearly (with the eyes or with the mind)

10. defyj. that which can be done

Vocabulary Check 7. Learning strategy

1.Using graphic organizer to discriminate two different assertions on global warming, for example,you can organize them in the following graphs:

Lee R. Raymonds Assertions The world isnt warming If it were, oil and gas wouldnt be the cause No one can predict the future temperature 8. IPCC Assertions Temperatures are rising Carbon dioxide is the main causeof greenhouse effect by human activity IPCC predicts temperature couldrise 2 to 6 F by 2100 9.

2. Using pictures to illustrate global warming phenomena like: greenhouse effect; El Nino; Typhoon; Hurricane; flood; drought; temperature rising.

10. Task 1 Step a:The class is to be divided into 4 groups. Each group will be reading one part of the passage.

Group 1: Part IPara. 1-4

Group 2: Part IIPara. 5-8

Group 3: Part III Para.9-14

Group 4: Part IV Para. 15-23

11.

Summarize the main idea of the part your group read, using your own words.

Use graphic organizer techniques to tell your group mates the assertions about the global warming (skeptics and/or IPCC), and try to find out the possible reason why each of them would say so.

Step B: Finish the subtasks below through cooperating with your group mates. 12. Task 2:The class is regrouped. One student from each group will form a new group. (Jigsaw activity). With you new group mates, everyone is expected to:

Share the main idea of the part you read.

Show the graphic organizer youve made to your new group mates to exchange the information you get from the part you have read.

Group discussion: Each student has to give an oral presentation to the group; the group leader has to record and report the group summary to the whole class (the leader of each group will be changed in turn in order that everyone can get a chance to speak in the class).

13. Language study 1. Manyothers in industry and government areskepticalofthreats posed by global warming, (Para. 2, Reading 1) skeptical (sceptical)given to doubt; questioning e.g. He listened to me with askepticalexpression. 2. Japan and Europe arepushing foreven steeper cuts. (Para. 4, Reading 1) push sb. for sth. ( ) e.g. We arepushingthemforan answer to our request. 14. 3.Its a look at thestate of the art . (Para. 7, Reading 1) state of the artadvance or progress e.g.Everybody seems to have experienced thestate of the artofforecasting weather. 4.Literally thousands of peoplewind upreading these things (Para.7, Reading 1) wind upfinish , e.g. Its time for him towind uphis speech. 15. 5.thats what the IPCCwas charged withstudying (Para. 8, Reading 1) be charged with e.g. Hewas charged withan important mission. 6.Leaping to cutthis tiny sliver of the greenhouse pie defies common sense, (Para. 10, Reading 1) , leap to do e.g.Dontleap to leaveyour seats before I wind up what I am saying. 16. 7. Thebalanceof evidence suggests a discernible humaninfluence on global climate, (Para. 11, Reading 1) , , balance e.g. Thebalanceof opinion is on my side. 8. But initial screening can now be done ina matter of days without using animals. (Para. 13, Reading 1) , a matter of days / minutes etc. / e.g.When someone dialed 110, the police arrived on thecriminal spots justin a matter of minutes . 17. Comprehension of the text 1. What position does Exxons CEO take in this article? The CEO of Exxon is skeptical that the world is warming or that oil and gas consumption is to blame if it is.2. What position does the articles author take? His position can be inferred as supporting the data that suggests human activity is warming the planet. He emphasizes that the consensus supports the role of industrial pollution in global warming. 18. 3. What is IPCC? Who belongs to it? The IPCC is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It was formed by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program. 4. How do greenhouse gases affect the planet? Greenhouse gases trap the sun's heat resulting in higher average temperatures around the globe. 5. What do skeptics say causes global warming? Why does the IPCC disagree? Skeptics blame the greenhouse effect on carbon dioxide released from water vapor. The IPCC disagrees, having gathered evidence that suggests that human activity accounts for the 30% of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. 19. 6. By how much have temperatures risen since the 19th Century, according to the IPCC? Since the 19th century, temperatures at the earths surface have risen about half a degree to1 degree F. 7. What a re the consequences of global warming? Consequences of global warming including an additional temperature increase of 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100, accompanied by a sea-level rise of 6 to 38 inches, an increase in extreme weather, and changes in frequency of flooding and drought. 20. Summary of Reading 1 Global warming has become one of the most exhaustivelydebated subjects in science. The result is a solid consensuson the scientific facts. In December, 1997, 160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan, to consider a treaty designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The scientific consensus on global warming comes from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The basics of global warming are simple. So-called greenhouse gases--including carbon dioxide and methane--build up in the atmosphere. The implication is that temperatures are rising.The IPCC concluded that by 2100, temperatures could rise 2 to 6 degrees F; the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate; overall global agricultural production probably won't change; a possible increase in extreme weather could batter coastlines and cost lives. 21. CNN: Medicine Hunters Watch the CNN video about the medicine hunters, answer the questions in your textbooks, and then try to retell the general meaning of the reportwith your group mates. 22.

Who are the medicine hunters?

The medicine hunters are shamen natives who use thousands of plants from the forest to treat illness.

2.What is this pharmaceutical company doing?

The pharmaceuticals company is looking to nature to find new drugs. They are sending ethnobotanists into the rainforest with the medicine hunters to bring back plants that might be helpful.

23. . 3. Why are the rainforests so important? The rainforests are so important because they contain many plants whose seeds, leaves, and barks can be used to make effective medicines 4. What kinds of medicine are made from rainforest resources? Medicines made from rainforest resources include a treatment for respiratory infections and one for herpes. Mainly the treatments are anti-viral, anti-fungal, and pain medications. 24. Guided Retelling A pharmaceutical company is looking to nature in order to find out some new drugs. They are sending ethnobotanists into the rainforest with the medicine hunters, the local people in the rainforest area, to bring back plants, including the seeds, leaves, and barks, that can be used as effective medicines. The rainforests are so important because they are abundant in medicine resources which could cure the patients of their respiratory infections, herpes with the function of anti-virus, anti-fungus, and even the pain. 25. Reading 2

Rain Forest Remedies

26. Language study 1. proceedings:a sequence of events occurring at a particular place or occasion; e.g. They watched theproceedingsfrom a ringside seat. 2. paramount:of chief concern or importance; e.g. This duty isparamountto all the others. 3. exotic: unusual or different; excitingly strange; e.g. The actors wear theexoticcostumes from the Far East. 4. obscure:to make dim or indistinct; e.g. Smogobscuredour view. 27. 5. smear:to spread on something; e.g.Shesmearedsuntan lotion on my faceand arms. 6. concoct:to prepare by mixing ingredients, as in cooking;concocta splendid meal;concoctan excuse for being late 7. recipe: a medical prescription; art of cook; e.g. In therecipe , it says that I must use two eggs. 8. forgo: to give up; e.g. The little girl isunwilling toforgodessert. 9. filial: befitting a son or daughter ( ); e.g. He isfilialto his parents. 28. 10. myriad: constituting a very large,indefinite number; innumerable: themyriadlife of the metropolis; themyriadfish in the ocean 11. combat: to oppose in battle; fightagainst; e.g. The police are now usingcomputers to helpcombatcrime. 12. impetus: an impulse; e.g. The treaty will give animpetusto trade betweenthe two countries. 13. stint: a fixed amount or share of work allotted. e.g.A teacher has to finish his dailystint . , (of)SEE: task 29.

(1) Skimming, (2) Reading (own pace), (3) Reading for detail

2.Look at Rainforest Remedies. You are going to read the following passage three times. Refer to the board. The first time students are going to skim the passage. Read the first paragraph, the first sentences of the other paragraphs, and the last paragraph, look for names, dates, and numbers. Give the students one minute to skim the passage.

3.This time, read the entire passage at your own pace, paying attention to main points. Give the students sufficient time to read the passage.

4.This time, read the passage and try to notice as many details as possible. Give the students sufficient time to read the passage.

Getting Ready to Read Procedures 30. Comprehension of the text

1. Who is Salome Isofea? What does she do?

Salo me Isofea is a native healer. She uses centuries' worth of knowledge about healing powers of plants in the rainforest to treat people. 2. Who is Paul Alan Cox? What does he do?Paul Cox is an ethnobotanist, or someone who studies the relationship between plants and people. He is trying to learn about the remedies of native healers and categorize plants in the rainforest. He is also a botany professor and dean at the Brigham Young University in Utah and a world specialist in medicinal plants. 31.

3. Why is Professor Cox called Nafanua?

Professor Cox, like the legendary goddess, is working to save the village from oppression and protect its forests. 4. What is pterygium? What is Isofeas cure? Ms. Isofea treats Pterygium an eye affliction common to the tropics, in which vision gradually become obscured as a layer of tissue encroaches over the cornea by chewing leaves ofCentella asiatica , a ground-hugging vine, into a poultice that is then smeared onto a cloth and applied to the afflicted eye for three consecutive nights. In addition, she flicks ashes at the patient to enhance spiritual transmission. 32.

6. How do most traditional healers learn their skills?

5.What is Coxs opinion of her healing methods? Cox is skeptical but keeps an open mind aboutIsofea's healing methods belief in the ashes Isofea uses is comparable to Western faith in doctor's uniforms. The skills for traditional healers are passed down from one generation to the next. 33. 7. Why are traditional healing arts important? 8. What do pharmacologists do? Traditional healing arts are of great importance to modern medicine because of the plants used Myriad chemical compounds contained in rainforest flora might help combat incurable diseases such as cancer, AIDS, and Alzheimer's. Pharmacologists study drugs, including their composition, uses and effects. 34. Summary of Reading 2 Cox, a botany professor, scours the world's flora in searchofplant s that will benefit Western medicine. He spent years in Samoainterv iewing or apprenticing himself to traditional healers. If the knowledge of the recipes can be carried to the developed world in the form of plants whose chemical compounds might help combat incurable diseases--notably cancer, AIDS, and Alzheimer's. The drive is intensifying to collect and screen more natural products for their medicinal effects. Major technological advances in screening processes have helped Cox and other ethnobotanists immensely Pharmacologists must analyze a lot of chemical compounds before finding one with the potential to be tested for efficacy in humans. As a result of these advances, drug companies and scientific institutions are collaborating on field research all over the globe, racing to study as many natural substances as possible. Cox holds that it is very necessary to help native people understand the wealth of their heritage so that they will want to preserve it. 35. Although classroom activities are very importantforteacher-students FTF pedagogic process, still, social practice should be encouraged to adopt for students extracurricular activities, say, to find service learning opportunities. Service learning refers to opportunities to volunteer in the nearby communities. These are not just volunteer jobs, but positions that allow students to teach and learn. For example, a local coachingcenter might need English tutors, or a travel agency might be looking for bilingual tour guides. By teaching and participating in a new learning environment, students will improve their language and academic skills.Academic power strategy 36. Writing Skills

Develop a clear point of view in your research writing to make it more logic and interesting

2.Learn to write effective conclusions in order to make your writing more effective

37. Model writing: The sentences in most well written paragraphs may be analyzed into three general functions.First, there are paragraph introducers, which are sentences that establish the topic focus of the paragraph as a whole. Second, there are paragraph developers, which present examples or details of various kinds that support the ideas set forth by the paragraph introducers. Third, there are paragraph terminators, which logically conclude the ideas discussed in the paragraph in a psychologically satisfying manner.Not all pieces of writing will conform to this analysis; however, most successful paragraphs usually contain some combination of these three sentence types.Youll find basic structures on the next slide 38. Topic:The sentences in most well written paragraphs may be analyzed into three generalfunctions. Development: a. paragraph introducers b. paragraph developers c. paragraph terminators Conclusion: Most successful paragraphs usually contain some combination of these three sentence types. 39. Coherence of writing Gold, a precious metal, is popular for two important characteristics.First of all , gold has a shiny beauty that is resistant to rust.Therefore,it is suitable for jewelry, coins and decorations. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.For example , a Greek coin remains unchanged in color although it was minted twenty-three centuries ago.Anotherimportant characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.For many years , it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The mostrecent use of gold is as heat shields in astronauts' suits.In conclusion,gold is treasurednot onlyfor its beauty,but alsofor its utility. 40. Transition Words for Conclusion consequentlyaccordinglyeventuallyas a consequencefinallyas a resultabove allat lastat lengthby and largebrieflyhencein briefthereforein conclusionthusin shorton the wholein sumto speak frankly in summaryto sum upIn a wordto summarize 41. Academic Power Strategy for Writing (Avoid Plagiarism) The fittest of survival is a famous doctrine from Darwin. When quoted, you neednt state a specific source. What Is Common Knowledge? Give students more example of plagiarism to avoid the use of it. Teaching Tip Turn to page 139. How you can avoid plagiarism. Read aloud the paragraph. Teaching Procedure To appropriate for use as one's own passages or ideas from (another) Definition of Plagiarism 42. Grammar You Can Use In writing, students should pay a close attention to the making of the sentences, i.e. to make sentences precisely and concisely and avoid repetition. There are eight principles for improving the conciseness of your writing. Here are 4 of them you will learn. 43. He is very tall, or he is six feet tall. 3. He is really a very tall man. (Weak modifiers) now 2. at this point of time (Empty words) She seemed upset while trying to find her new book, as she had just bought it. 4. When she was trying to find her new book, she seemed quite upset. She had bought it recently. (Wordy phrase) Its a new plan. 1. Its a novel new plan. (Redundant words) Concise Wordy 44. Lets Write Do you think the ecology of the earth is improving or getting worse? State your opinion and write an outline for your argument. I. Ecology is getting worse on the global level A. Greenhouse effects 1. increased number of private cars 2. Diminishing forests B. Exhaustion of natural resources 1. Over-fishing 2. Increasing demand of fuels C. Expansion of human habitats 1. Population explosion 2. Growing of big cities 45. II. Ecology is improving in certain areas A. Natural reserves B. Laws for protecting environment C. Economic use or substitute of natural resources III. Conclusion (omitted) Assignment and Comment Ask students to write an essay on the outline they made about the ecology problem. They should write no less than 200 words of it as an assignment. Give comments to both strongpoint and shortcoming of their essays at the next lecture in class. 46. Translation: The Art of Cross-culture Comprehension Translation involves two basic skills: ability to read the source language and ability to write in the target language. How to bridge the inter-culture gap between the two languages is a touchy problem for most Chinese students, esp. in this cyberspace time. Only with the proficiency of the both can you be eligible to work them well. 47. Lets translate!E to C Let's not be too quick to canonize Nike. Philip Knight, Nikes multibillionaire chairman and chief executive, managed to generate a lot of positive press recently when he announced that independent organizations would be allowed to inspect the overseas factories that make his company's products, that he would toughen the health and safety standards in the factories, and that he would crack down on the use of child labor. There is both merit and a lot of smoke in Knight's initiative. The admission into the plants of truly independent observers from local non-governmental organizations would be a great advance. If Knight follows through in good faith on this promise, the working conditions in the factories are likely to improve. And it will be substantially more difficult for other large apparel companies to resist similar pledges. 48. 49. ? C to E Dr. GaoEver since my youngest sister came down with hyperthyroidism her eyes have been bulging outward. She had always been the most beautiful of all my sisters, but now her eye-bulging problem has distressed her to no end. What I want to know is: if her hyperthyroidism is successfully treated, will her eyes go back to normal size? Will she come back to her beautiful self again? 50. C to E Thank You for Your Attention! Good Luck!