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ORIGIN & DEVELOPMENT

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SHAFI’I &HIS RISALAH

AL-HUKM AL-SHARI’I

AL-HAKIM

AL-HUKM

MAHKUM FIHI

MAHKUM ‘ALAYHI

SOURCES OF SHARIAH

PRIMARY[TEXTUAL]

SECONDARY[NON-TEXTUAL]

IJTIHAD

HISTORICAL SKETCH

REFORM

Mohd affendi Awang Hamat

4321

1

THE APPROACHES O

F USU

L AL-FIQH [CO

NTEN

T]

B. THEORETICAL/DEDUCTIVE APPROACH

C. INDUCTIVE APPROACH

D. COMBINATION OF THE TWO APPROACHES

3

5

12

محمد افندي

A. INTRODUCTION 3

INTRODUCTION

INTRO

DUCTIO

NFollowing the establishment of schools of fiqh (mazahib):

AL-IMAM ABU HANIFAH

80 -150 AL-IMAM

MALIK IBN ANAS

93 - 179

AL-IMAM AL-TABARI

110 -188

AL-IMAM AL-SHAFI’I

150 - 204

AL-IMAM AHMAD IBN

HANBAL

164 -241

AL-IMAM AL-AUZAI’I

88 -157

The scholar of these schools adopted two different approaches to the study of usul al-fiqh:

1. Theoretical /Deductive 2. Inductive

Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific.

“Top-down" approach

Theory /Hypotheses → Observations → Testing the hypotheses with specific data [a confirmation (or not) of

the original theories]

DEDUCTIVE VS IN

DUCTIVE

DEDUCTIVE

ISSUES

ISSUES

ISSUES

ISSUES

ISSUESTHEOR

IES OF USUL AL-

FIQH

INDUCTIVE

Specific observations to broader generalizations and theories

"Bottom up" approach

Observations → Hypotheses → Conclusions/ Theories

محمد افندي

ISSUES

ISSUES

ISSUES

ISSUES

ISSUES

THEORIES OF USUL AL-

FIQH

CON

T’DDEDUCTIVE VS INDUCTIVE IN USUL FIQH

The main difference between these approaches is in the sense of orientation rather than substance:

INDUCTIVE APPROACH [pragmatic approach in the sense that theory is formulated in light of its application to relevant issues]

THEORITICAL /DEDUCTIVE APPROACH [the exposition of theoretical doctrines]

A. THEORETICAL/DEDUCTIVE APPROACH

وا

وان حسين

DEDUCTIVE APPRO

ACH

1

2

3

4

5

The deductive approach to the study of usul al-fiqh is adopted by the Shafiites and the Mutakallimun [the scholar of ‘ilm al-kalam and the Mu‘tazilah. Jurists from both Malikiyyah and Hanbaliyyah are also adopted this approach.

It is known as Tariqah al-Shafi‘iyyah or Tariqah al-Mutakallimin or tariqah jumhur

al-Shafi‘i was mainly concerned with articulating the theoretical principles of Usul al-fiqh without necessarily attempting to relate these to the fiqh itself

As a methodologist, he enacted a set of standard criteria which to be followed in the detailed formulation of the rules of fiqh.

His theoretical exposition of Usul al-fiqh, in other words, did not take into consideration their practical application in the area of the furu‘.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

SpecificRule

SpecificRule

SpecificRule

كاة وأقيموا الصالة وآتوا الز ]43[البقرة :

كاة وأقيموا الصالة وآتوا الز ]43[البقرة :

ذين آمنوا إذا قمتم إلى الصالة ها ال يا أي… فاغسلوا وجوهكم

)6(المائدة :

األمر يدل على الوجوب

al-Solah

al-Zakat

Wudhu’

هر فليصمه فمن شهد منكم الش]185[البقرة :

كاة وأقيموا الصالة وآتوا الز ]43البقرة : [

ذين آمنوا إذا قمتم إلى الصالة ها ال يا أي… فاغسلوا وجوهكم

]6المائدة : [

األمر يدل على الوجوب

Prayer

Fasting

Wudhu’

ي

ذين آمنوا إذا تداينتم بدين ها ال إلىا أي]282البقرة : أجل مسمى فاكتبوه …

)33فكاتبوهم إن علمتم فيهم خيرا-سورو النور اية

تكتبوها (البقرة )282فليس عليكم جناح أال

Debt

DEDUCTIVE APPROACH – CONT’D

A command is a form of request

The injunction of the law giver means binding

Any commands from the law giver renders obligation

THEORY

HYPOTHESIS

CONFIRMATION

al-Shafi’i have arrived at this principle by observing the following matters :

DEDUCTIVE APPRO

ACH - CON

T’D

1

2

In addition, the Shafiittes and the Mutakallimun are inclined to engage in complex theological and philosophical issues which may or may not contribute to the development of the practical rules of fiqh

Subjects of remote relevance to the practical rules of fiqh tend to feature more prominently in the works of the Shafi‘is and Mutakallimin than those of the Hanafis

Eg: a. The ‘ismah of the prophets prior to their prophetic mission.b. The status of the individual or his duties prior to the revelation of the

Shari‘ahc. Logical and linguistic matters.

CON

CLUSIO

N

PRINCIPLE

The principles or general rules determine the hukm of the branches of fiqh.

EXCEPTIONBy applying this method there are a lot of exceptions of the legal cases from the original principle

SCHOLAR

This method is widely used by the majority of the jurists because of it does not subject to any school of fiqh

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INDUCTIVE APPROACH

DEDUCTIVE APPRO

ACH

1

2

3

4

The inductive approach is mainly attributed to the Hanafi jurist

It is known as Usul al-Hanafiyyah, or Tariqah al-Fuqaha’

The Hanafites attempted to expound the principles of Usul al-fiqh in conjunction with the fiqh itself and tend to be more pragmatic in their approach to the subject

The inductive approach attempts to relate the Usul al-fiqh more closely to the detailed issues of the furu’ al-fiqh.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

SpecificRule

SpecificRule

SpecificRule

العبرة بعموم اللفظ ال بخصوص السبب

ذين يرمون المحصنات ثم لم يأتوا (والبأربعة شهداء فاجلدوهم ثمانين جلدة)

[4]النور :

ارقة فاقطعوا أيديهما) ارق والس (والس ]38[المائدة :

سائهم ثم ذين يظاهرون من ن (وال يعودون لما قالوا فتحرير رقبة من قبل

ا) أن يتماس[3]المجادلة :

Amputation

Li’an

KaffarahZihar

EXAMPLE 1 - AM

PUTATIO

N

EVIDENCE

The amputation of hand for the thief is derived from the verse:

ارقة فاقطعوا أيديهما) ارق والس (والسAnd as for the male thief and the female thief, cut off from their hands (wrist joint their right hands)

[38]المائدة :

SABAB NUZUL

This verse was revealed on a man who stole the garment of Sofwan which was located beneath his head while he was sleeping in the mosque. So the Prophet s.a.w. amputated the thief’s hand.

[Back]

AMPUTATION OF HAND

EXAMPLE 2 - LIAN

EVIDENCE

The hukm of al-lian (qazaf) between husband and wife is derived from the verse:

ذين يرمون المحصنات ثم لم يأتوا بأربع�ة شهداء ) وال (فاجلدوهم ثمانين جلدة

And those who accuse chaste women, and produce not four witnesses, flog them with eighty stripes, and reject their testimony forever. They indeed are the fasiqun (liars, rebellious, disobedient to Allah). [al-Nur: 4]SABAB NUZUL

This verse was revealed on Hilal bin Umayyah who accused his wife without producing the four witnesses.[Back]

AMPUTATION OF HAND

EXAMPLE 2 - LIAN

Later on Allah revealed another verse on Lian between Husband and wife:

أ�نفسهم إ�ال� د�اء شه� ل�هم ي�كن ل�م و� هم �زو�اج� أ ي�رمون� ال�ذ�ين� و�ين� ) اد�ق� الص� ل�م�ن� �ن�ه إ ب�الل�ه� اد�ات ه� ش� �رب�ع أ م د�ه� أ�ح� اد�ة ه� ( 6ف�ش�

�اذ�ب�ين� ) الك م�ن� ك�ان� إ�ن ع�ل�يه� الل�ه� ل�عن�ت� أ�ن� ة ام�س� الخ� ا( 7و� ع�نه� أ ي�در� و��اذ�ب�ين� ) الك ل�م�ن� �ن�ه إ ب�الل�ه� اد�ات ه� ش� �رب�ع� أ د� ت�شه� �ن أ ( 8الع�ذ�اب�

ين� ) اد�ق� الص� م�ن� ك�ان� إ�ن ا ع�ل�يه� الل�ه� غ�ض�ب� أ�ن� ة� ام�س� الخ� ل�وال�( 9و� و�ك�يم ) ح� اب �Lت�و الل�ه� أ�ن� و� ته حم� و�ر� ع�ل�يكم الل�ه� ضل (10ف�

AMPUTATION OF HAND

EXAMPLE 2 - LIAN

6 .And for those who accuse their wives, but have no witnesses except themselves, let the testimony of one of them be four

testimonies (i.e. testifies four times) by Allâh that he is one of those who speak the truth .

7 .And the fifth (testimony) (should be) the invoking of the Curse of Allâh on him if he be of those who tell a lie (against her) .

8 .But it shall avert the punishment (of stoning to death) from her, if she bears witness four times by Allâh, that he (her husband) is telling

a lie .9 .And the fifth (testimony) should be that the Wrath of Allâh be upon

her if he (her husband) speaks the truth .10 .And had it not been for the Grace of Allâh and His Mercy on you

(He would have hastened the punishment upon you)! And that Allâh is the One Who accepts repentance, the All-Wise .

AMPUTATION OF HAND

EXAMPLE 3 - KAFFARAH

EVIDENCE These rules were derived from the verse:

“and those who make unlawful to them (their wives) by zihar and wish to free themselves from what they uttered, the penalty in that case is the freeing of a slave before they touch each other. That is an admonition to you so that you may not repeat such an ill thing. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do. And he who finds not the money for freeing a slave must fast two successive months before they both touch each other. And he who is unable to do so, should feed sixty poor. [al-mujadilah:3]

SABAB NUZULThese verses were revealed on Khuwailah and her husband Aus ibn al-Samit.[Back]

MEANINGZihar is the saying of a husband to his wife: You are to me like the back of my mother (i.e. unlawful for me to approach)

PENALTYThe kaffarah/penalty of such deed is the freeing of a slave, and if he can’t find the money or a slave, he must fast two consecutive months and if he is unable to do so, he must feed sixty poor.

INDU

CTIVE APPROACH – CO

NT’D

1

2

3

All the rulings in these verses were expressed in general terms (not

specified on whom) even though they were revealed on specific occasions,

namely: the garment of Sofwan, Khuwailah and Hilal

Thus, although they were revealed on specific occasions, the companions

and the successors and those who came after them have applied these

ahkam to all muslims

Based on this phenomenon, the Hanafi jurists formulated a principle of :

العبرة بعموم اللفظ ال بخصوص السببWhat should be taken into account is the general term not the specific

occasion or the cause of revelation

العبرة بعموم اللفظ ال بخصوص السبب

ذين يرمون المحصنات ثم لم يأتوا (والبأربعة شهداء فاجلدوهم ثمانين جلدة)

[4]النور :

ارقة فاقطعوا أيديهما) ارق والس (والس ]38[المائدة :

سائهم ثم ذين يظاهرون من ن (وال يعودون لما قالوا فتحرير رقبة من قبل

ا) أن يتماس[3]المجادلة :

Amputation

Li’an

KaffarahZihar

DEDUCTIVE APPROACH - LITERATURE

DEDUCTIVE APPRO

ACH – LITERATURES

SUMMARIES

These three works were later summarized by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606) in his

work entitled Al-Mahsul.

Sayf al-Din al-Amidi’s larger work, Al-Ihkam fi usul al-Ahkam is an annotated

summary of the three pioneering works referred to above.

PIONEER WORKS

Three of the most important works which adopt the theoretical approach to Usul al-fiqh

are:

1. Al-Mu‘tamad fi Usul al-Fiqh by the Mu‘tazili scholar, Abu al-Husayn al-Basri (d. 436),

2. Kitab al-Burhan of the Shafi‘i scholar, Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni (d. 487)

3. Al-Mustasfa of Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 505)

DEDUCTIVE METHODLITERATURES

المعتمدأبي الحسن البصري

المراجع التي تدور حول هذه الكتب الثالثة: جمعا، تلخيصا، اختصارا

المحصول فخر الدين الرازي

اإلحكام في أصول األحكام سيف الدين اآلمدي

منهاج الوصول إلى علم األصولالبيضاوي

الحاصل تقي الدين األرموي

التحصيلسراج الدين األرموي

التنقيحاتمنهاج شهاب الدين القرافي

العقولمحمد الحسن البدخشي

نهاية السولجمال الدين اإلسنوي

منتهى الوصول واألمل في علمي األصول والجدلاإلمام أبي الحاجب

مختصر المنتهى

البرهاناإلمام الحرمين الجويني

المستصفىاإلمام أبي حامد الغزالي

INDUCTIVE APPROACH - LITERATURES

INDU

CTIVE APPROACH - LITERATU

RES

This was followed by an equally outstanding contribution by Shams al-Din al-

Sarakhsi (d. 490) bearing the title, Usul al-Sarakhsi

The earliest Hanafi work on Usul al-fiqh is Kitab fi al-Usul by Abu al-Hasan al-

Karkhi (d. 340) which was followed by Usul aI-Jassas of Abu Bakr al-Razi al-

Jassas(d. 370).

Fakhr al-Islam aI-Bazdawi’s (d. 483) well-known work, Usul al-Bazdawi, is also

written in conformity with the Hanafite approach to the study of this discipline.

أصول الكرخي أبي الحسن الكرخي

كنز الوصول إلى معرفة األصول ]أصول البزدوي[

لإلمام فخر اإلسالم البزدوي

الفصول في علم األصول ]أصول الجصاص[أبي بكر الجصاص

تأسيس النظرلقاضي أبو زيد الدبـوسيا

تمهيد الفصول في األصول]أصول السرخسي[

شمس األئمة السرخسي.

منار األنوارعبد الله أحمد النسفي.

INDUCTIVE METHODLITERATURES

]الشرح[كشف األسرارعالء الدين البخاري

]الشرح[كشف األسرار

COMBINATION OF THE TWO AAPPROACHES

COM

BINATIO

N O

F THE TWO

AAPPROACHES

Another equally significant work which combined the two approaches was

completed by Sadr al-Shari‘ah, ‘Abd Allah b. Mas‘ud al-Bukhari (d. 747) bearing

the title Al-Tawdih, which is, in turn, a summary of Usul a1-Bazdawi, Al-Mahsul,

and the Mukhtasar al-Muntaha of the Maliki jurist, Abu ‘Umar ‘Uthman b. al-

Hajib (d. 646)

The next phase in the development of literature on Usul al-fiqh is marked by the

attempt to combine the theoretical/deductive and inductive approaches into an

integrated whole which is reflected in the works of both the Shafi‘i and Hanafi

‘ulama’ of later periods.

One such work which attempted to combine al-Bazdawi’s Usul and al-Amidi’s Al-

Ihkam was completed by Muzaffar al-Din al-Sa‘ati (d. 694) whose title Badi‘ al-

Nizam al-Jami‘ Bayn Usul al-Bazdawi wa al-Ihkam is self-explanatory as to the

approach the author has taken to the writing of this work.

COM

BINATIO

N O

F THE TWO

APPROACHES

Three other well-known works which have combined the two approaches to Usul al-fiqh are:

1. Jam‘ al-Jawami‘ of the Shafi‘i jurist Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771)

2. al-Tahrir of Kamal al-Din b. al-Humam al-Hanafi (d. 860),

3. Musallam al-Thubut of the Hanafi jurist Muhibb al-Din b. ‘Abd al-Shukur (d. 1119).

4. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Shatibi’s a1-Muwafaqat, which is comprehensive and perhaps unique in its attention to the philosophy (hikmah) of tashri’ and the objectives that are pursued by the detailed rulings of the Shari‘ah