The Carbon Neutral Envelope

Professor Terri Meyer Boake

Associate Director | School of Architecture | University of Waterloo

Past President Society of Building Science Educators

President Elect Building Technology Educators’ Society

Member Ontario Association of Architects Committee for Sustainable Built Environment

TOWARDS A CARBON NEUTRAL BUILDING ENVELOPE打造零碳建筑围护结构

What is a Low Carbon Building Envelope?什么是低碳建筑围护结构？

A new skin on an old building?在旧建筑上的新表皮？

A skin that responds to the climate?适宜当地气候的外墙设计？

A skin on a LEEDTM building?LEEDTM 建筑？

The LEAP to Zero Carbon and beyond…走向零碳与超越… Energy Efficient (mid 1970s “Oil Crisis” reaction)

节能设计（对 70 年代石油危机的回应）Green (environmentally responsive)

绿色设计（对环境保护的响应）Sustainable (holistic and comparable – LEEDTM)

可持续发展设计（全面，有可比性的－ LEEDTM ）High Performance (accountable)

高效设计（可说明效果的）Carbon Neutral (Zero Fossil Fuel Energy)

零碳设计（零矿物燃料能源）… increase in expectations of performance

越来越高的性能要求促使了设计的改革与更新

A building envelope that addresses Global Warming and Sustainable Design! 针对全球变暖与可持续设计的围护设计

• To reduce GHG emissions 减少温室效应气体的排放• Buildings account for more than 40% of the GHG 40 ％以上的温室气体排放源于建筑物• Carbon Neutrality focuses on the relationship between all aspects of “buildings” and CO2 emissions

零碳设计理念将焦点放在建筑物与碳排放的关系• Carbon Neutral Design strives to reverse trends in Global Warming 零碳设计将尽全力扭转全球变暖的趋势

This is NOT a low carbon envelope because:这不是一个低碳围护结构，因为：- No consideration of orientation (shading missing)

欠缺朝向的考虑（缺少遮阳设备）- Ad hoc A/C units (waste heat causes warming)

外加的空调（排放的废气造成环境变暖）- Materials not DURABLE 材料并不耐用

This is NOT a high performance low carbon envelope BUT:这不是一个高效的低碳外墙，但是：- recessed windows can be shaded from sun

内缩窗可以起到遮阳的作用- overhangs allow windows to be open when it is rainy

挑檐：在下雨天也可以开窗- traditional clothes drying space preserved

保留了晾衣服的空间

Preserve the best of traditional buildings保留传统建筑中的精华

- Not ALL traditional buildings are BAD并非所有传统建筑都是坏的

- Not ALL Western buildings are GOOD并非所有西方建筑都是好的

Counting Carbon costs….

计算碳成本…

Operating Energy of Building

建筑运作能耗

Embodied Carbon in Building Materials

建筑材料中的隐含碳

People, “Use” + Transportation

人，功能，交通

Landscape + Site

景观＋场地

Renewables + Site

Generation

可再生资源

+ purchased offsets

＋换取补偿

Disturbance vs. sequestration

干扰 v.s. 隔离

80% of the problem!80 ％的问题

Counting Carbon costs….计算碳成本…

Operating Energy of Building

建筑运作能耗



80% of the problem!80 ％的问题

Building envelope performance directly impacts operating energy建筑围护的性能对运作能耗有着直接的影响

Building envelope material selection and sourcing directly impacts embodied energy建筑围护材料的选择和来源对自含能量有着直接的影响

The primary issues of concern for the envelope are:围护结构设计主要关心的问题：

OPERATING ENERGY 运作能耗 :Thermal Performance 保温性能

EMBODIED ENERGY 自含能量 :Materiality 材料Durability 耐久性Sourcing – travel distance 来源－运输距离Renewable? Recycled? Recyclable?可再生的？可回收的？可再循环利用的？

Low Carbon Envelope Concerns低碳围护结构设计的考虑

11www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca

Embodied Energy in Envelopes 围护结构中的自含能量



–Initial Embodied Energy: Non-renewable energy consumed in the

acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing,

transportation to site, and construction

初始自含能量：消耗在获得原材料，加工，生产制造，运输和建造中的不可再生能源

–Recurring Embodied Energy: Non-renewable energy consumed

to maintain, repair, restore, refurbish or replace materials, components,

or systems during life of building (DURABILITY)

续生自含能量：消耗在建筑使用寿命中用于保养，维修，修复，翻新或更新材料，构件和系统的不可再生能源（耐久性）

www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca

Aluminum (virgin)

Water Based Paint

Carpet Steel (general,

virgin)

Fibreglass Insulation

Float Glass

Cement Timber (softwood, kiln dried)

Concrete (ready mix,

30MPa)

020406080

100120140160180200 191.0

88.572.4

32.0 30.315.9 7.8 2.5 1.3

Steel with recycled content can vary from about 10.0 to 25.0 MJ/kg可回收钢材自含能量大约 10.0 至25.0 MJ/kg 不等

-Timber (air dried) 木材（风干） : 0.3 MJ/kg- Plywood 胶合板 : 10.4 MJ/kg

Em

bodi

ed E

nerg

y (M

J/kg

)自

含能

量

Source: University of Wellington, NZ, Center for Building Performance Research (2004)

Initial Embodied Energy of Building Materials Per Unit Mass建筑材料中的初始自含能量每单位质量



铝水性漆

地毯

钢玻璃纤维保

温材料

浮法玻璃水泥

木材（软木，窑烘干）

混凝土（预拌）

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

生命周期评估

–The main goal of a LCA is to quantify energy and material use as well as

other environmental parameters at various stages of a product’s life-cycle

including: resource extraction, manufacturing, construction, operation, and

post-use disposal

生命周期评估的主要目的是量化一个产品在其生命周期中各个阶段（包括原料提炼，制造，建造施工，运作和使用后的处理）所需的能源，材料以及其他的环保参数。

–Need to justify use of High Embodied Energy materials

调整高自含能量材料的运用–DURABILITY is important 耐久性很重要–Some materials need to be used for their Environmental benefit (like

concrete for its ability to act as thermal mass)

巧妙运用有些材料的环保优势（例：混凝土有蓄热的功效）13

The Life Cycle of a Material材料的生命周期



Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database

生命周期清单分析数据库

–A database that provides a cradle-to-grave accounting of

the energy and material flows into and out of the environment

that are associated with producing a material. This database is a

critical component of a Life-Cycle Assessment

一个全面描述材料从“摇篮到坟墓”过程中所需能量，资源，和对环境影响的数据库。这是生命周期评估中一个至关重要的组成部分。

14

The Life Cycle of a Material材料的生命周期



Initial Embodied Energy vs. Recurring Embodied Energy of a Typical Canadian Office Building Constructed from Wood

典型木结构加拿大办公楼初始自含能量与续生自含能量的对比

645%

286%

126%

Finishes, Envelope, & Services dominate the embodied energy over the building’s lifespan建筑饰面，围护结构，和建筑设备对整个建筑寿命的自含能量有着显著的影响

Source: Cole , R. & Kernan, P. (1996). Life-Cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings. Building and Environment, 31 (4), 307-317

Energy in Common Building Components

常见建筑构件中的能耗Embodied Carbon in Building Materials


建筑结构场地施工建造施工建筑饰面围护结构建筑设备

自含

能量

ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS

* GWP: Beams & Columns = 0.75%全球变暖潜能值：梁与柱

Total Energy Breakdown of Typical Hot-Rolled Steel Retail Building After 50 Years

(other building types are similar)典型热轧钢结构零售建筑 50 年后总能量统计分析

（其他建筑类型相似） Energy & GWP due to envelope is

a significant contributor to

embodied energy因围护结构而产生的能源与全球变暖潜能值是促成自含

能量的主要因素

Orders of Environmental Impact

对环境影响的顺序Embodied Carbon in Building Materials


总运作能量

总自含能量

围护（墙，屋顶）

门窗地基

梁柱

ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS

Primary Energy Consumption vs. Time for Hot-Rolled Steel Retail Building (other building types are similar)典型热轧钢结构零售建筑的原始能量与时间对比

（其他建筑类型相似）

Orders of Environmental Impact

对环境影响的顺序

Sou

rce

: K

evin

Van

Oo

teg

ham

总能量

运作能量

自含能量

寿命（年）

初始

能量

总自含能量总运作能量

结构的自含能量





The building envelope (walls and roof), building services, and building finishes contribute the most

towards the total embodied life-cycle energy.

建筑生命周期中的总自含能量主要决定于其围护结构（墙和屋顶），建筑设备和建筑饰面。

Embodied Energy Findings自含能量的调查结果



To lower GHG, choice of envelope materials needs to reflect:为减少温室气体排放，围护结构的选材需考虑到：

- issues of DURABILITY 耐久性的问题- ability of material to assist PASSIVE DESIGN 利用材料的性能促进被动式设计- local sourcing to reduce TRANSPORTATION 利用本地材料减少交通运输-ability of material to be 1st REUSED and 2nd RECYCLED 考虑可先再利用，然后再回收的材料

Embodied Energy Findings自含能量的调查结果



Four Key Steps – IN ORDER:四个关键步骤－按顺序#1 - Reduce loads/demand first (conservation, passive design, daylighting, shading, orientation, etc.)

减少负荷 / 需求（能量保存，被动式设计，天然采光，遮阳，朝向，等。）#2 - Meet loads efficiently and effectively (energy efficient lighting, high-efficiency MEP equipment, controls, etc.)有效的满足负荷（节能照明，高效水电风设备，控制管理，等。）#3 - Use renewables to meet energy needs (doing the above steps before will result in the need for much smaller renewable energy systems, making carbon neutrality achievable.)运用可再生资源来满足能量需求（做好上述步骤可减少对可再生能源系统的需求，以致实现碳中立。）#4 - Use purchased Offsets as a last resort when all other means have been looked at on site, or where the scope of building exceeds the site available resources. 当已审视了所有其他的手段，或建筑范围超过现场可用资源时，使用换取补偿为最后手段

Operating Energy

运作能耗

HE

AT

ING

取暖

CO

OLI

NG

制冷

Operating Energy

运作能耗

Begin with Passive Strategies for Climate Control to Reduce Energy Requirements 从被动式气候调节设计开始减少能量需求

夏控

制对策

热传导对流热辐射蒸发

促进增加

抑制消耗

抑制增加

促进消耗

热源

吸热／散热设备

地大气天空大气

减少传导热流

太阳

减少传导热流

促进地下冷却

减少透射

促进通风

减少太阳辐射

促进辐射冷却促进蒸发冷却

促进太阳辐射减少室外空气流动

减少透射

气候调节策略

冬

大气

www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca22Source: Natural Resources Canada, 2006

Total Commercial/Institutional Secondary Energy Use byEnd Use in Canada (2006) 加拿大商业 / 机构二次能源的终端使用

Operating Energy 运作能耗

Space Heating空间加热

49%

Space Cooling空间制冷

7%

Lighting照明11%

Auxiliary Motors辅助电动机

8%

Water Heating热水供暖

9%

Auxiliary Equipment辅助设备

16%

HEAT TRANSFER 传热

ELECTRICITY SAVINGS电能节约

Operating Energy

运作能耗

Reduce loads: Passive Strategies减少负荷 : 被动式设计对策

The tiered approach to reducing carbon for HEATING: 取暖减碳金字塔：

First reduce the overall energy required, then maximize the amount of energy required for mechanical heating that comes from renewable sources.优先减少总能量的需求，再利用可再生资源增大机械取暖的能量需求Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.

Maximize Heat Retention(insulation, tightness)增大保暖性能（保温，密封性）

Apply Passive Solar Heating使用被动式太阳能取暖

Smaller Mechanical Heating needed缩小机械加热的需求

Thermal Mass is Critical!蓄热体是关键！To ensure comfort to the

occupants….确保居住者的舒适…

People are 80% water so if they are the only thermal sink in the room, they will be the target.人是由 80 ％的水组成的，如果他们是唯一的热汇，他们将会吸收所有热能。

And to store the FREE energy for slow release distribution….储存为以后缓慢释放的天然能量…

Aldo Leopold Legacy Center: Concrete floors complement the insulating wood walls

Just like water, free solar energy needs to be stored somewhere to be useful!就像水一样，太阳能也需要有地方储存以便以后的有效利用！

If you “pour” the sun on wood, it is like having no container at all.如果把太阳光“倒”在木头上，就好比沒有用容器将其保存。

Thermal mass is the “container” for free heat…蓄热体是一个储存天然热量的“容器”…

Light Mass Building 轻质量房屋

Wide swings of temperature from day to night 早晚气温变化巨大

Excess heat absorbed by human occupants 多余的热能被居住者吸收

Uncomfortably cold at night 令人不适的寒冷夜晚

Heavy Mass Building 重质量房屋

Glass needs to permit entry of solar radiation 窗户需要允许太阳辐射进入室内

Also need insulating blinds to prevent heat loss at night. 在夜间需要保温帘阻止热量损失

Reduce loads: Passive Strategies减少负荷 : 被动式设计对策The tiered approach to reducing carbon for COOLING: 制冷减碳金字塔：

Maximize the amount of energy required for mechanical cooling that comes from renewable sources.利用可再生资源增大机械制冷的能量需求Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.

Heat Avoidance (shading, microclimate, materials)避热手段（遮阳，微气，材料）

Passive Cooling (natural ventilation)使用被动式降温（自然通风）

Smaller Mechanical Cooling required缩小机械制冷的需求

Passive Cooling Strategies: Heat Avoidance被动式制冷对策：避热手段1. shade windows from

the sun during hot months在炎热的月份遮阳

2. design materials and plantings to cool the local microclimate利用材料和植物给小气候降温

3. locate trees and trellis’ to shade east and west façades during morning and afternoon low sun利用树木和棚架遮挡东面的晨光和下午西晒的墙面

If you don’t invite the heat in, you don’t have to get rid of it…..

如果你没有特意吸收额外的热能，你并不需要想办法处理它们…

Shading Devices and the Envelope遮阳装置与围护结构 Can be an extension of the roof

可以是屋檐的延伸 On multi storey buildings

normally attached to the envelope 在多层建筑中，通常与围护结构相连

Can be incorporated into the curtain wall 可以是幕墙的一部分

Must contend with snow loading 必须能承受雪荷载

Must be durable and low maintenance 必须是持久耐用和低维修保养的

Internal blinds are good for glare, but not preventing solar gain.室内窗帘可以减少眩光，但不能阻止太阳能获得量。

BEST最佳的

BAD不好的

Once the heat is IN, it is IN!当热能进入室内，不管怎样遮挡热能还是在室内！

无太阳直射

阳光射入室内空间，热能积聚在窗帘和窗户之间

热空气积聚在窗户夹层之间，随之排除至室外

室外遮阳装置：挑檐室内遮阳装置：窗帘双层玻璃中的遮阳装置

Interior vs Exterior Shades室内与室外遮阳

BEST最佳的

固体水平挑檐条板式水平挑檐

热空气聚集在房屋旁

雪荷载

使热空气得以流通，并减轻了雪荷载

The above two use louvres or grates that will let snow, rain and wind through.上述图片使用了遮阳格栅，可防止雨雪的堆积，和风对隔板的损害。

This one uses ceramic fritted glass that is sloped, to allow some light but shed rain and wet snow.运用倾斜的彩釉玻璃遮阳板可使一些阳光射入，同时也可以防止雨水和雪的堆积。

1. design for maximum ventilation最大限度的通风设计

2. keep plans as open as possible for unrestricted air flow尽量保障无限制空气流动的开敞布局

Passive Cooling Strategies - Ventilation:被动式制冷对策－通风：

3. use easily operable windows at low levels with high level clerestory windows to induce stack effect cooling结合利用底层容易开启的活动窗与高层的天窗引起烟囱效应降温

4. Use trickle ventilation for winter fresh air运用冬季新鲜空气细流通风设备

Passive Cooling Strategies - Ventilation:被动式制冷对策－通风：

Reduce loads: Daylighting减少负荷 : 采光The tiered approach to reducing carbon with DAYLIGHTING: 采光减碳金字塔：

Use energy efficient fixtures! 使用节能装置！Maximize the amount of energy/electricity required for artificial lighting that comes from renewable sources.利用可再生资源增大机械照明的能量／电力需求Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.

Orientation and planning of building to allow light to reach maximum no. of spaces利用朝向和房屋布局使最大数量的空间得到日照

Glare, color, reflectivity and material concerns眩光，颜色，反射和材料考虑

Efficient artificial Lighting w/ sensors装有传感器的高效人工照明

ENVELOPES FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES ARE DIFFERENT!

针对不同气候，围护设计是不同的

COLD寒冷气候

HOT-ARID炎热干燥气候

HOT-HUMID 炎热潮湿气候

TEMPERATE温带气候

Global Bio-climatic Design:

Envelope design must first acknowledge regional, local and microclimate impacts on the building and site.

COLD (very cold)

TEMPERATE (warm)

HOT-ARID

HOT-HUMID

Operating Energy

运作能耗

Different regions of China require very different envelope designs针对中国不同区域的气候特征需要，围护设计也大有不同。

Bio-climatic Design: HOT-ARID生物气候设计 : 炎热干燥气候Where very high summer temperatures with great fluctuation predominate with dry conditions throughout the year. Cooling degrees days greatly exceed heating degree days.全年夏季气温居高且波动巨大，并非常干燥的地区。冷度日大多于热度日。

RULES 规则 :- SOLAR AVOIDANCE: keep DIRECT SOLAR GAIN out of the building 回避太阳能：避免太阳直射入室内

Traditional House in Egypt 埃及传统房屋

- avoid daytime ventilation 避免白天通风- promote nighttime flushing with cool evening air 利用夜间凉风冷却蓄热体- achieve daylighting by reflectance and use of LIGHT non-heat absorbing colours 利用光反射和不吸热颜色实现采光- create a cooler MICROCLIMATE by using light / lightweight materials 采用淡色／轻质材料创造一个凉爽的微气候- respect the DIURNAL CYCLE 遵守昼夜循环- use heavy mass for walls and DO NOT INSULATE 采用厚重的墙壁，而不需要隔热

温度范围

记录最高值

2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月年度

设计最高值平均最高值

平均值平均最低值

设计最低值

记录最低值

舒适范围

1月

阿斯旺，埃及

HE

AT

ING

取暖

CO

OLI

NG

制冷

2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月1月

逐月气温日较差

温度（摄氏度）干球温度平均值湿球温度平均值

干球温度（每小时）舒适范围

辐射全球水平

每小时平均值

直射漫射

辐射

温度

阿斯旺，埃及

阿斯旺，埃及湿度图适应性舒适

干球温度（摄氏度）

湿度

比

舒适度设计策略： 1月至 12月

相对湿度

舒适

不舒适

湿球温度（摄氏度）

20 ％舒适的小时（ 1754小时）

Bio-climatic Design: HOT-HUMID生物气候设计 : 炎热潮湿气候Where warm to hot stable conditions predominate with high humidity throughout the year. Cooling degrees days greatly exceed heating degree days.全年温暖至炎热，气温稳定，并且非常潮湿的地区。冷度日大多于热度日。

RULES 规则 :- SOLAR AVOIDANCE : large roofs with overhangs that shade walls and to allow windows open at all times 回避太阳能：大屋顶加挑檐可以遮荫，窗户也可一直敞开通风

House in Seaside, Florida

- PROMOTE VENTILATION 促进通风- USE LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS that do not hold heat and that will not promote condensation and dampness (mold/mildew) 采用不蓄热，不会聚集湿气和结露（滋生霉菌）的轻质材料- eliminate basements and concrete 消除地下室和混凝土材料- use STACK EFFECT to ventilate through high spaces 利用烟囱效应从高空间通风- use of COURTYARDS and semi-enclosed outside spaces 采用庭院和半封闭式室外空间- use WATER FEATURES for cooling 利用水景降温

温度范围

记录最高值

2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月年度



设计最低值

记录最低值

舒适范围

1月

广州，广东省，中国

HE

AT

ING

取暖

CO

OLI

NG

制冷

2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月1月

广州，广东省，中国逐月气温日较差



辐射全球水平

每小时平均值

直射漫射

辐射

温度

湿度图适应性舒适


湿度

比


相对湿度

舒适

不舒适


38.3 ％舒适的小时（ 3352小时）

广州，广东省，中国

Bio-climatic Design: TEMPERATE生物气候设计 : 温带气候The summers are hot and humid, and the winters are cold. In much of the region the topography is generally flat, allowing cold winter winds to come in from the northwest and cool summer breezes to flow in from the southwest. The four seasons are almost equally long.夏季炎热潮湿，冬季寒冷的地区。大部分地区的地形是平坦的，形成冬季寒冷的西北风和夏季凉爽的西南风。四个季节几乎一样长。

RULES 规则 :

IslandWood Residence, Seattle, WA

- BALANCE strategies between COLD and HOT-HUMID 综合平衡寒冷气候和炎热潮湿气候的设计对策- maximize flexibility in order to be able to modify the envelope for varying climatic conditions 加大围护结构的灵活性，使得可以适应不同的气候变化- understand the natural benefits of SOLAR ANGLES that shade during the warm months and allow for heating during the cool months 了解太阳高度角带来的自然优势：在温暖的季节遮挡阳光，在寒冷的季节利用阳光取暖

温度范围

记录最高值

2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月年度



设计最低值

记录最低值

舒适范围

1月

上海，中国

HE

AT

ING

取暖

CO

OLI

NG

制冷

2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月1月




辐射全球水平

每小时平均值

直射漫射

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上海，中国

上海，中国湿度图适应性舒适


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比


相对湿度

舒适

不舒适


21.7 ％舒适的小时（ 4899小时）

Bio-climatic Design: COLD生物气候设计 : 寒冷气候Where winter is the dominant season and concerns for conserving heat predominate all other concerns. Heating degree days greatly exceed cooling degree days.以冬季为主要季节，保暖为最优先与主导考虑的地区。热度日大多于冷度日。

RULES 规则 :- First INSULATE 首先隔热- exceed CODE requirements (DOUBLE??) 超过规范要求（双倍？？）- minimize infiltration (build tight to reduce air changes)

YMCA Environmental Learning Centre, Paradise Lake, Ontario

- 减少空气渗透（密封建筑减少气流变化）- Then INSOLATE 充足日照- ORIENT AND SITE THE BUILDING PROPERLY FOR THE SUN 根据太阳高度和角度来确定房屋方位与朝向- maximize south facing windows for easier control 最大限度的增加朝南窗户使其容易控制- fenestrate for DIRECT GAIN 直接获取阳光的窗- apply THERMAL MASS inside the building envelope to store the FREE SOLAR HEAT 利用围护结构在室内的蓄热体来储存天然的太阳热能 - create a sheltered MICROCLIMATE to make it LESS cold 创造一个遮蔽的微气候，使周围环境不那么冷

温度范围

记录最高值

2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月年度

设计最高值

平均最高值平均值

平均最低值设计最低值

记录最低值

舒适范围

1月

哈尔滨，黑龙江，中国

HE

AT

ING

取暖

CO

OLI

NG

制冷


2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月1月




辐射全球水平

每小时平均值

直射漫射

辐射

温度

湿度图适应性舒适


湿度

比


相对湿度

舒适

不舒适


10.1 ％舒适的小时（ 887小时）


Cold Climate Opaque Envelope Requirements寒冷气候不透明围护结构要求- Very tight construction 非常密封的结构- Thermal mass on the INSIDE 蓄热体应放在室内

-Gypsum board is not of sufficient thickness to store heat

石膏板的厚度远远不够储存热量-Thickness of 50 to 100mm preferred

50 至 100 毫米为比较好的厚度- Increased insulation levels 增加保温值

-Choose insulation that is more “sustainable”

选择更“环保”的保温材料-Insulation with low embodied energy

低自含能量的保温材料-Insulation from renewable sources 利用可再生资源的保温材料

Question: What does a building envelope with 2X insulation look like?问题：保温层为两倍的围护结构是什么样？

Sustainable Insulation 环保保温材料

Fibreglass is out!玻璃纤维要被淘汰！

Sustainable Insulation 环保保温材料

Alternates are in... – including, recycled paper, recycled denim, soya based hemp, icynene...可代替的材料有…再生环保纸，回收粗棉布，大豆为基础的大麻纤维，安健能…

Super-Insulation 超级保温材料

And when relying on renewable energy to supplement, often electricity based, the requirements are even higher.当依靠可再生能源（电）的补充，要求更高。

最低保温要求

保温层

墙

天花板

地库

燃气／气油电力燃气／气油电力

安大略省南部安大略省北部

Super-Insulation 超级保温材料

Cold climates in particular are looking at double code insulation levels to reduce heat loss 在寒冷气候中保温层通常需要规范要求的两倍来减少热量损失

This implies choosing either more effective insulation or 这意味着选择更有效的保温层，或

Accommodating thicker insulation in the wall, or a combination of the two strategies 采用更厚的保温层，或，结合以上两种对策

Double stud, increases insulation, high cost, thermal bridges.双立柱，增加保温层，高成本，热桥效应

Layered approach, increases insulation, lower cost, eliminates thermal bridges.分层方式，增加保温层，低成本，消除热桥效应

Different R-values require differentiated approach to accommodating higher insulation values in walls.不同的保暖系数需要不同的方法适应墙壁更高的保温值

聚氨酯保暖系数与其他保暖材料的对比

1/2磅聚氨酯 2磅聚氨酯泡沫聚苯乙烯聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料

玻璃纤维

For more information! 详细信息请到以下网站http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-1005-building-america-high-r-value-high-performance-residential-buildings-all-climate-zones

建造北美特别研究计划：在不同气候地域中高效住宅的高保温系数围护结构设计大全

http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-1005-building-america-high-r-value-high-performance-residential-buildings-all-climate-zones

http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-1005-building-america-high-r-value-high-performance-residential-buildings-all-climate-zones

Low Carbon Building Envelopes are all different

Some are very High Tech and expensive

Others are less expensive but still work

所有低碳围护结构都各有不同。有非常先进与昂贵的，也有便宜实惠但也运作有效的

Contact Information 联系方式

Terri Meyer Boake, BES, BArch, MArch, LEED APAssociate Director, School of Architecture, University of Waterloo

Past President Society of Building Science Educators

President-Elect Building Technology Educators’ Society

Member OAA Committee on Sustainable Built Environment

[email protected]

A pdf of this presentation will be found at:此演讲可在以下网址查看 :

www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/faculty_projects/terri/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/faculty_projects/terri/

Education

The Carbon Neutral Envelope