Urban Mobility

䇰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䐰䐐䐠䏠䎐䑰䎀䌠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠

1

䈐䒠䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䏐䎀䍐:

䇀䌀䐀䑰䍐䎰䏠䅀䏠䎠䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀, 䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䌀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰 “䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠”, 䉠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䏰䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠 – 䄐䒠䍀䍐䒐䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰........................ 䐐䐠䐀.2

䇰䐀䏠䑀. 䅀䎀䐀䎠䆰䌀䐰䍐䐀䐐, 䈰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䐠䍐䐠䏐䌀䄰䍐䏐䐠 – 䇰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䐰䐐䐠䏠䎐䑰䎀䌠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠, 䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䌀䌰䎰䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䏠䑰䎠䌀.(䏐䌀䌀䏐䌰䎰䎀䎐䐐䎠䎀䍐䍰䎀䎠)................. 䐐䐠䐀.10.

䅀䏠䑠. 䍀-䐀䅐䎰䍐䏐䌀䅀䎀䏀䎀䐠䐀䏠䌠䌀, 䈰䄀䈐䄰 – 䅀䏐䍐䒀䏐䎀䐠䍐䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐: 䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䎀䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䌀䍰䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀...........................................................䐐䐠䐀. 25

䅐䏀䎀䎰䇰䍐䐠䐀䏠䌠, 䉠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䏰䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠 – 䄠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䎀䏰䏠䐠䍐䏐䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䌀䄰䆀䈐䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀䌠䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰....................................................䐐䐠䐀.41

䅀䏠䏀䎀䏐䎀䎠䄰䎀䎰䎀䐐, 䈰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䐠䍐䐠䏐䌀䄰䍐䏐䐠 – 䈠䍐䑐䏐䎀䎠䎀䍰䌀䏠䌐䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䍰䌀䑀䏠䐀䏀䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䎀.(䏐䌀䌀䏐䌰䎰䎀䎐䐐䎠䎀䍐䍰䎀䎠)....................................................................... 䐐䐠䐀.55

䇐䎀䎠䏠䎰䌀䎐䇐䌀䎐䍀䍐䏐䏠䌠, 䈰䄀䈐䄰 – 䆀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䌰䐀.䄠䍐䎰䎀䎠䏠䈠䒠䐀䏐䏠䌠䏠......................................................... 䐐䐠䐀.63

䅐䐀䎀䎠䅀䓠䌐䏠䌀, 䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䍀䎀䐀䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䐐䎰䐰䍠䌐䌀䏰䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐, 䌰䐀. 䄀䏐䐠䌠䍐䐀䏰䍐䏐 – 䈰䐐䐠䏠䎐䑰䎀䌠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䄀䏐䐠䌠䍐䐀䏰䍐䏐. (䏐䌀䌀䏐䌰䎰䎀䎐䐐䎠䎀䍐䍰䎀䎠).................................. 䐐䐠䐀.87

䅐䏐䍀䐀䓠䈰䏠䎰䒀, 䄀䐐䏠䑠䎀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍀䎀䐀䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀䏐䌀 Mott MacDonald Ltd -䆀䏐䐠䍐䎰䎀䌰䍐䏐䐠䏐䎀 T䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䈐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀 (ITS) 䎀䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䎠䏠䏐䐠䐀䏠䎰, 䐰䐐䏰䍐䒀䏐䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠 – 䏠䏰䎀䐠䌀䏐䌀䇠䌐䍐䍀䎀䏐䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䆠䐀䌀䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠. (䏐䌀䌀䏐䌰䎰䎀䎐䐐䎠䎀䍐䍰䎀䎠)................. 䐐䐠䐀.107


2

䇀䄀䈀䉰䅐䆰䇠䅀䇠䆠䇠䄠䈐䆠䆀䈰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰

“䉠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䍰䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠” 䅐䇠䇠䅀䇰䏠䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐“䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠”

䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰05.10.2009䌰.

䄐䒠䍀䍐䒐䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠

䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰

䄰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠

䄰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏠䌐䑐䌠䌀䒐䌀䍀䌠䎀䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䑐䏠䐀䌀, 䐐䐠䏠䎠䎀䎀䐰䐐䎰䐰䌰䎀䏰䏠

䏰䒠䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀, 䎠䌀䎠䐠䏠䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䍰䎀䑠䎀䏠䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐, 䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䎀

䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐.


3

䈀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䌀䈀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䌀䐐䒠䐐䍰䌀䍀䐀䒠䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀䐐䍐䐐䒠䐐䐠䏠䎀䌠

䏰䐀䏠䑀䍐䐐䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䎀䑠䍐䎰䍐䏐䌀䐐䏠䑰䍐䏐䌀䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䍰䌀䏰䐀䍐䏠䍀䏠䎰䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍀䎀䐐䏰䐀䏠䏰䏠䐀䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏰䏠䐠䏠䑠䎀䎀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀. 䈀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䍐

䌠 3 䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䎀䏐䌀䐐䏠䎠䎀:

䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠

䇠䑰䍐䐀䐠䌀䌠䌀䐐䍐䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䌀䐀䏠䎰䓰䏐䌀䌠䐀䒠䍰䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀

䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠, 䎀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䎀䍰䌀䏐䌀䐐䒠䐀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀

䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠.


4


§ 䄐䒠䐀䍰䎀䏐䌀

§䇐䌀䍀䍐䍠䍀䏐䏠䐐䐠

§䄠䐀䍐䏀䍐䍰䌀䏰䒠䐠䐰䌠䌀䏐䍐

§䉠䍐䏐䌀

§䆠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠

§䈐䎀䌰䐰䐀䏐䏠䐐䐠

䆀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䐐䍐䌠䎰䎀䓰䍐䏠䐠䐀䍐䍀䎀䑠䌀䑀䌀䎠䐠䏠䐀䎀:

n 䇰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䒐䍐䎀䏀䌀䐠䐐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐, 䌀䎠䏠䐐䍐䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䌠䌀䐠䏠䐠䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䎀䏐䎀䑠䎀䌀䐠䎀䌠䎀䍰䌀䏰䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䑠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐, 䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䐐䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍀䏠䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑰䌀䐐䐠䎀䎀䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䑰䎀䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏠䎠䏠䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀

䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀.



5

n 䅐䍀䎀䏐䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䍰䌀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠

n 䈐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䏠䐠䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎰䎀䌠䎀䏰䒠䐠䏐䎀䍰䏐䌀䑠䎀

n 䆀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䎀䍰䌀䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀 „䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀” 䌠䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䐐䌀䎐䐠䏐䌀䅀䐀䐰䍠䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠–

www.sumc.bg


n 䇰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䐐䏰䐀䎀䍀䌠䎀䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䐐䍐䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䐀䓰䐠䍀䏠䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䏰䏠䌠䎰䎀䑰䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀

䐐䍐䌐䍐䐐䎀䌠䐐䍐䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䍐䏐䎀䓰䎀䏐䍐䎀䍰䌐䍐䍠䏐䏠䌀䎠䐠䎀䌠䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀

䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䌀䍀䏀䎀䏐䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰.



6

䈰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀䌠䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰

n 䈰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏀䐰䍐䌠䐐䎰䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䎀䍐䏐䌀䐀䍐䍀䎀䑠䌀䑀䌀䎠䐠䏠䐀䎀:

§䆀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䏰䏠䍀䍐䏀

§䇐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐀䍐䌀䎰䏐䎀䓰䍀䏠䑐䏠䍀

§䇰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀

§䆰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀䌀䎰䐠䍐䐀䏐䌀䐠䎀䌠䌀

n 䇐䌀䎐-䏠䌐䒐䏠, 䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䏰䏠䐐䌠䍐䐠䌀䍰䌀䐐䏰䐀䌀䌠䓰䏐䍐䐐䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䌀, 䐐䌀䍀䌠䌀䌠䎀䍀䌀:

䈀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䌀

§ 䆠䌠䏠䐠䎀

§ 䉠䍐䏐䏠䌠䎀䏀䍐䑐䌀䏐䎀䍰䏀䎀


7

n 䈰䐐䒠䌠䒠䐀䒀䍐䏐䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐠䍐䑐䏐䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰䐠䌀 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”

䈐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐

§ 䈀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䌠䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐰䐐䎰䐰䌰䎀

§ 䇰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐

§ 䇠䏰䐠䎀䏀䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䏐䎀䓰䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐

§ 䇰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐

§ 䅀䍐䑀䎀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䎀䐠䓰䑐䏐䏠䐠䏠䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐

n 䄠䒠䌠䍐䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䍀䌠䎀䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䎀䏠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䌠䍰䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䎠䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䏠䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐

n 䇠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䑀䍐䐀䍐䏐䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎰䎀䑠䌀䐐䐰䌠䐀䍐䍠䍀䌀䏐䎀䓰

n 䈀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䎠䏠䏐䐠䐀䏠䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐀䍐䍀䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍀䏠䏀䐰䌠䌀䒐䎀䐠䍐䌠䍰䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀

n 䇠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䍐䒀䍐䑐䏠䍀䑠䎀䐠䍐

䇰䐀䍐䍀䎀䏀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䌀“䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”


8

n 䅰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐀䍐䍀䐰䑠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐

n 䇠䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐

n 䈠䌀䎠䐐䐰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏰䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐

n 䅰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䎀䏐䌠䍐䐐䐠䎀䑠䎀䎀䏰䏠䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀

䐀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍰䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀

䇐䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䌀䐠䒠䑠䎀䏐䌀“䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”

n 䈀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀” 䎀䍰䌠䒠䏐䍰䏠䏐䌀䉠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀

n 䅀䎀䑀䍐䐀䍐䏐䑠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䑠䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䌠䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀

n 䆀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎀䎀䌰䌀䐀䌀䍠䎀䌠䐠.䑰. 䏐䌀䌐䌀䍰䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䏠-䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䎀䏰䌀䐀䐠䏐䓀䏠䐀䐐䐠䌠䌀䎀䏰䐀䎀䏐䏠䌠䏠䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠

n 䆀䏐䐠䍐䌰䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀䏠䐠䐠䎀䏰䌀 “Park & ride”(“䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎐䎀䐐䍐䌠䏠䍰䎀”)

䇰䐀䎀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐠䏐䎀䏀䍐䐀䎠䎀䍰䌀䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰


9

䄐䎰䌀䌰䏠䍀䌀䐀䓰䍰䌀䄠䌀䒀䍐䐠䏠䌠䏐䎀䏀䌀䏐䎀䍐!

䇀䄀䈀䉰䅐䆰䇠䅀䇠䆠䇠䄠䈐䆠䆀e-mail: [email protected]


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Parking policy and sustainable urban

mobility management A European point of view

Prof. Dirk LauwersDepartment of Mobility and Spatial Planning

Faculty of EngineeringGhent University

IntroductionLimitation of car traffic in towns needed:

--- Buchanan (1963): ‘Traffic in towns’:Traffic concepts such as ‘environmental capacity’ - ‘environmental areas’ – ‘loop model’--- D. Appleyard (1981): ‘Liveable streets’‘ecology of the street’ – ‘street battle’---practice: in many European cities new traffic schemes are

implemented, tram and bus lanes are introduced, car free trafficzones are installed

What makes that -after half a century insight and practice to master car traffic in towns- the search for new concepts and strategies

remains high on the research and policy agenda ?


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IntroductionTowards a new urban mobility culture

‘Cities all over Europe face similar problems (congestion, road safety, security, pollution, climate change due to CO2

emissions) and these problems are increasing constantly’

IntroductionTowards a new urban mobility culture

Parking policy as a leverage instrument? See ‘City Parking in Europe’ (Interreg IIIC)


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Increasing mobility pressureMobility in Europe has been increasing in logarithmic way for two

centuries

Source: Bleijenberg, A., 2002

Mobility growth is a strong a longstanding trend (like a naturalforce?)

Evolution of daily travelled distance per person between 1800-2000, except for walking (France)

Increasing mobility pressureTechnological improvements lead to higher speed


During the past two centuries we gained distance (and space) butno time (time budgets spent for travel remain constant = ‘first

mobility law’)

Evolution of travel speed (door to door) for the different modes between 1900-2000 (the Netherlands)


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Increasing mobility pressureTechnological improvements lead to lower costs

Evolution of average travel cost for passenger transport (in


Thanks to mass production of transport means + infrastructure more and more people can travel at lower and lower cost

Evolution of average travel cost for passenger transport (in euro)

Increasing mobility pressureSupporting factors of mobility increase

- Economic evolutions- Demographic factors- Socio-cultural factors- New spatial patterns- ‘Demand following’ government policy

Demand following policies of governments and cities are one of the causes of increasing urban mobility pressure


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Increasing mobility pressureDemand following policies as a supporting factor

Government policies have lead to dense networks and growing car traffic and car dependence

Increasing mobility pressureA century car ownership in Belgium – evolution of the car fleet

Source: FOD Econ (DIV), 2008

Quasi linear increase of car ownership over the past fifty years: the max. limit of S-curve fails to come


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Increasing mobility pressureIncreasing number of cars per household and per dwelling

Brussels 2008 Sofia 2009

Increasing pressure of parking of inhabitants on the public domain in urban areas (in Bulgaria but also in Belgium)

Evolution of parking policyEvolution urban parking policy related to car ownership evolution

Evolution scheme is useable as a benchmark instrument between cities

no specific policy

parking organizationlimitation parking timeparking for permit holdersdifferentiation of parkingtariffs

distant parking capacitymobility management

source: COST action 342 source: CROW

INTEGRATED

STEERING

DEMAND FOLLOWING


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Evolution of parking policyDifferences in urban parking policies : context and culture

Dialectics of progress

Evolution of parking policyIntegrated parking policy

Bron Lauwers, City Parking in Europe (2007) gebaseerd op COST

Parking policy in the frame of mobility policy and urban development policy

PARKING EVOLUTION

NO PARKING MEASURES TAKEN

PARKING REGULATION AND CONTROL

PAID PARKING TIME RESTRICTIONS

free of charge

RESIDENTs PARKINGSCHEMES

P + R

MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

URBAN PLANNING & MANAGEMENT


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Evolution of parking policyDevelopment of a ‘good practice’ of integrated parking policy

Parking projects : multimodal projects (Antwerp)– urban projects(Leuven)

Evolution of parking policyParking policy as a leverage instrument for sustainable modal split

Source City Parking in Europe Congress Santa Cruz 2005

Mobility management on the scale of an urban region require parking policy on the same policy level


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Products for integrated parking policy

Parking issues have to appear on different levels (planning,

Policy areas Urban development Parking

Planning Master plan, Mobility plan Parking plan

Management Management of urban development projects

Parking management

Design Quality of public domain Parking service for the user

Evolution of parking policy

Towards a new mobility culture

The European Green Paper on urban mobility identifies five challenges for the urban mobility policy

1 Towards free-flowing towns and cities2 Towards greener towns and cities3 Towards smarter urban transport4 Towards accessible urban transport5 Towards safe and secure urban transportSource : DG TREN Green paper on urban mobility (2007)

A new perspective on urban mobility means to develop "co-modality" between the different kinds of collective transport (train, metro, tram, bus, taxi) and individual transport (car,

motor, bike, walking)


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Towards free-flowing towns and cities

– Lack of policy leads to cars searching for a parkingplace causing traffic congestion (1/3 of traffic

in downtown Brussels)– More and more cities in Belgium have introducedparking routing systems (dynamic guidance)

– Co-modality requires facilitating measuresfor free flowing public transport and biking routes andmeasures to manage (i.e. in most areas limiting ) the accessibility by car (= number of parking places, tariff and parking duration)The ‘City parking in Europe project’ shows that parking policy can

be a leverage instrument for a new mobility culture that is in the hands of the cities themselves


Towards greener towns and cities

– Greening of the car fleet will lead to drastic decrease of emissions

– Growing understanding on the impact of traffic on health leads tointroduction of LEZs in several EU countries (e.g. 34 in Germany)

– Limiting of car traffic in urbanised areas is not only preliminary in expectation of cleaner cars: noise hindrance and occupation of space constitute structural problem for quality of city life

The ‘City parking in Europe project’ shows that parking policy can be a leverage instrument for a new mobility culture that is in the

hands of the cities themselves


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Towards greener towns and cities

– Bologna is a best practice example of implementation of a restricted accessibility area in combination with parkingrestrictions (introduction in 1989, since 2005 with tele-monitoring)

– Good practice in European cities (Wien, Amsterdam, ….)shows the effectiveness of parking policy ‘an sich’ reductionof car traffic with 20% à 30% is feasible in downtown areas

The ‘City parking in Europe project’ shows that parking policy can be a leverage instrument for a new mobility culture that is in the

hands of the cities themselves


Towards smarter urban transport

– Parking is a trendsetter for the introduction of innovative technologies (e.g. SMS payment has been successfully introduced for parking in Antwerp, the public transport company followedwith a pilot project for SMS payment of tram tickets)– Dialectics of progress: SMS payment in Sofia was introduced one

year later than Antwerp but it has a larger market share and Sofia could skip the investment in P&D machines

The ‘City parking in Europe project’ shows that parking policy can be a leverage instrument for a new mobility culture that is in

the hands of the cities themselves


21


Towards accessible urban transport

– Parking policy is a key element for implementationtarget groups oriented = selective access of cities and

neighbourhoods

The ‘City parking in Europe project’ shows that parking policy can be a leverage instrument for a new mobility culture that is in

the hands of the cities themselves

Towards new mobility principles

Sustainable mobility requires targeted implementation of four policy principles

1. Making the best use of technology ( including investmentin technology in transport modes, information systems and in the

transportsystem itself)2. Regulation and pricing (means that the external costs oftransport should be reflected in the actual costs of travel)3 Land-use development, including planning and regulations (needs

to be integrated with mobility policy to support shorter travel distances)4 Clearly targeted personal information ( including socialpressure and awareness raising)Source : Banister, D., 2009.

Fundamental reflection is necessary regarding the dilemmas to obtain sustainable urban mobility


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Parking policy as a linking pin between transport modes but also between mobility and urban development

Parking policy is an essential part of sustainable mobility policy and can a leverage instrument for it

shopping

living

leisure

working

parking A

parking Bparking

&mobility

shopping

working

living leisure

parking C

parking D

FROM TO

car traffic

publictransport

biking

walking

parking

parking&

intermodality

car traffic

publictransport

walking biking

FROM T O


Integrated parking policy requires a area based balance regarding quantity and type of parking facilities

1. Balance for different uses/functions in the city and for the public domain (urban master planning and management)

2. Balance for different transport modes respecting the co-modality principle (mobility planning and management)

3.Demand –supply ratio for parking(=main issue for parking planning and management)



23


Different approaches to find demand-supply balance are related to policy approach:

1.Demand following policy: surveys and /or fixed parking standards

---static deterministic balance2.Steering policy approach: differentiated parking standards related to public transport service and/or+

frozen number of parking places (e.g. stand still principle in FlandersRegion in

Belgium)---static voluntaristicbalance

3. Integrated policy--- dynamic balance


demand

activ

ityfig

ure

parking supp ly

garag

estr

eets

place

s

parkingbalance


Parking policy and social acceptance development

- Key success factor for urban parking policy is starting a mentality change -of a changing attitude towards mobility (‘a new mobility culture’)

- Desired changed attitude of the user is therefore more than avoid parking offenses

- Combination of control – enforcement and communication appears to be most effective

- Step by step (i.e. area by area) introduction of (new) parking policy appears to be successful in a lot of cities



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ConclusionsGood practice of parking policy in European cities shows that parking policy is the largest single management tool in modern urban mobility management that cities have in their own hands.

Cities can use parking policy as a leverage instrument to fostersustainable urban mobility development. Further development of the concept of urban sustainable mobility by research and practice will allow to clarify the adapted policy contents and instruments.

[email protected] 475 6565 20


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䅀䇐䅐䊀䇐䆀䈠䅐䄐䊠䆰䄰䄀䈀䈐䆠䆀䄰䈀䄀䅀䇠䄠䅐: 䇰䈀䇠䈐䈠䈀䄀䇐䈐䈠䄠䅐䇐䆀䈠䈀䄀䇐䈐䉀䇠䈀䇀䄀䉠䆀䆀䆀䇰䈀䅐䅀䆀䅰䄠䆀䆠䄀䈠䅐䆰䈐䈠䄠䄀䇐䄀

䇀䇠䄐䆀䆰䇐䇠䈐䈠䈠䄀䅐.䅀䎀䏀䎀䐠䐀䏠䌠䌀1

䄠䒠䌠䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䍐䈐䒠䌰䎰䌀䐐䏐䏠䇐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䓰䍰䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䈀

䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䍰䌀䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀 2007-2013 䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䒠䐠䏐䌀䐰䐐䐠䏠䎐䑰䎀䌠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏐䏠䏠䌐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䎀䐠䍐, 䏐䌀䐐䏠䑰䍐䏐䎀䎠䒠䏀䍰䌀䐐䎀䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䐀䌀䍰䑠䌠䍐䐠䎀䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀; 䏰䏠䍀䎠䐀䍐䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䌀䌠䏐䏠䏰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀, 䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏰䐀䎀䏠䌐䒐䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䏠䌐䏐䏠䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀; 䍰䌀䒐䎀䐠䌀䎀䏰䏠䍀䏠䌐䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀; 䏰䏠䍀䏠䌐䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䑰䐀䍐䍰䎀䍰䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䏰䎰䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐. 䇠䐠䑰䍐䐠䍐䏐䏠䍐, 䑰䍐䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䌠䒠䌠䎀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䐠䍐䌰䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀 (䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䍀䌀䏰䏠䍀䏰䏠䏀䏠䌰䏐䌀䐠䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䌀䍀䏠䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䐀䐰䍀䌀䎀䍀䌀䍰䌀䐐䎀䎰䓰䐠䍀䎀䏐䌀䏀䎀䎠䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀䓰䎀䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䏐䎀䓰䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠); 䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠; 䐀䍐䌰䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀; 䏠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐.

䇀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍐䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䌀䏠䐠䎰䎀䎠䌀䏐䌀䐐䒠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䌀. 䈠䓰䎀䏀䌀䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䏐䎀䎀䍰䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀䓰 - 䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀, 䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀, 䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䎀䍐䎠䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䎀, 䎀䍐䍠䎀䍰䏐䍐䏐䏠䌠䌀䍠䍐䏐䑀䌀䎠䐠䏠䐀䍰䌀䐰䐐䐠䏠䎐䑰䎀䌠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐 - 䑰䐀䍐䍰䐰䏰䐀䌀䍠䏐䓰䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䐠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䏠䎠䏠䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀䏐䌀䐠䎀䐐䎠, 䏐䏠䎀䑰䐀䍐䍰䐐䒠䍰䍀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䍰䌀䏰䏠-䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䏠䏐䌀䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䏐䌀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䌀. 䆀䏀䌀䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䏐䎀䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀, 䑰䍐䐰䐐䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐐䏠䌐䒐䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䌠䐐䒠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐, 䌠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䎀䏀䌀䎀䐐䌠䏠䎀䐠䍐䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䑀䎀䑰䏐䎀䏠䐐䏠䌐䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䌀. 䄠䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䏐䏰䎰䌀䏐䐠䐀䎀䌀䐐䏰䍐䎠䐠䌀䐐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䎠䎀䍰䌀䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䎀䓰: (1) 䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䎀䐐䐠䎀䎠䎀䐠䍐䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐䌠䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀; (2) 䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䏠䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䏐䎀䎀䍰䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀; (3) 䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐐䏰䐀䓰䏀䏠䑠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䐰䐐䐠䏠䎐䑰䎀䌠䏠䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐.

䄰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䎀䌠䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䅀䏐䍐䐐䏠䎠䏠䎰䏠 76% 䏠䐠䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䈀䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䍠䎀䌠䍐䍐䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐 – 䌠䐐䐠䏠䎰䎀䑠䌀䐠䌀䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䐐䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䍀 1 䏀䎀䎰䎀䏠䏐䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀; 6 䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀䐐䏰䏠䏐䌀䍀 100 000 䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀 (䇰䎰䏠䌠䍀䎀䌠, 䄠䌀䐀䏐䌀, 䄐䐰䐀䌰䌀䐐, 䈀䐰䐐䍐, 䇰䎰䍐䌠䍐䏐, 䈐䐠䌀䐀䌀䅰䌀䌰䏠䐀䌀); 27 䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀䐐䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏠䐠 30 䑐䎀䎰䓰䍀䎀䍀䏠 100 䑐䎀䎰䓰䍀䎀䍀䐰䒀䎀䎀 174 䏀䌀䎰䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀䐐䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏠䐠 10 䑐䎀䎰䓰䍀䎀䍀䏠 30 䑐䎀䎰䓰䍀䎀䍀䐰䒀䎀 (䑀䎀䌰.1). 䄠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䌀䎀䍀䍐䏐䐠䎀䑀䎀䑠䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀 36 䌀䌰䎰䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䌀䐀䍐䌀䎰䌀 (䎠䏠䏐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀

1 䅀䏠䑠. 䍀-䐀䌀䐀䑐. 䅐䎰䍐䏐䌀䅀䎀䏀䎀䐠䐀䏠䌠䌀, 䎠䌀䐠䍐䍀䐀䌀 “䄰䐀䌀䍀䏠䐰䐐䐠䐀䏠䎐䐐䐠䌠䏠”, 䄀䐀䑐䎀䐠䍐䎠䐠䐰䐀䍐䏐䑀䌀䎠䐰䎰䐠䍐䐠䏰䐀䎀䈰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀䏰䏠䌀䐀䑐䎀䐠䍐䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀, 䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䎀䌰䍐䏠䍀䍐䍰䎀䓰, 䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰, 䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䐠䌀䎠䐠: [email protected]


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䏠䎠䏠䎰䏠䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䎀䎰䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐) 䐐䏠䌐䒐䌀䏰䎰䏠䒐 47 457.3 䎠䌠. 䎠䏀 (43.29% 䏠䐠䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀) 䎀䏠䎠䏠䎰䏠5.8 䏀䎀䎰䎀䏠䏐䌀䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀 (75.91% 䏠䐠䏠䌐䒐䎀䓰䌐䐀䏠䎐䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠).

䉀䎀䌰. 1. 䈀䌀䍰䏰䏠䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䈀䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰 (䎀䍰䐠䏠䑰䏐䎀䎠: 䇐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀䍰䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠

䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐 2007-2013)

䅀䍐䏀䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠䏠䌐䒐䏠䏐䌀䏀䌀䎰䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䌠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀 - 䏰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䏠䍰䌀䐐䐠䌀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎀䏰䏠-䌐䒠䐀䍰䏠䏐䌀䏀䌀䎰䓰䌠䌀䒐䌐䐀䏠䎐䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䌠䏀䌀䎰䎠䎀䐠䍐䐐䍐䎰䎀䒐䌀䎀䐰䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐐䌀䏀䏠䌠䏐䌀䎐-䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐 (䐠䌀䌐䎰. 1).

䈠䌀䌐䎰䎀䑠䌀. 1. 䅀䆀䇐䄀䇀䆀䆠䄀䇐䄀䇐䄀䈐䅐䆰䅐䇐䆀䅐䈠䇠䄠䈀䄐䊠䆰䄰䄀䈀䆀䋰䄠䇰䅐䈀䆀䇠䅀䄀 2001-2005 (䎀䍰䐠䏠䑰䏐䎀䎠: 䇐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀䍰䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐 2007-2013)

䈰䐐䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐐䐠䏠䌠䌀䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠-䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䎀䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐰䐐䎰䏠䌠䎀䓰䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䐠䏰䐀䎀䑰䎀䏐䌀䍰䌀䏀䌀䒐䌀䌐䏐䏠䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䎀䏠䎠䏠䎰䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠, 䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䏠䐐䏠䐠䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍐䍀䏐䎀䎀䌠䒠䍰䏐䎀䎠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏐䏠䌠䎀䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀. 䈠䌀䎠䌀, 䌠䒠䏰䐀䍐䎠䎀䏠䌐䒐䏠䏐䌀䏀䌀䎰䓰䌠䌀䒐䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐, 䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䐐䍐䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䐠䍰䌀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐐䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐


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䏐䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠. 䈰䐐䌠䏠䓰䌠䌀䐠䐐䍐䎠䐀䌀䎐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀䍰䌀䏐䏠䌠䎀䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䌀, 䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䎀䌐䎀䍰䏐䍐䐐䏰䎰䏠䒐䎀, 䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀

䇠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌀䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䎀䐐䐠䎀䎠䌀䏐䌀䏀䏐䏠䍰䎀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䍀䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀 20 䌠䍐䎠䍐䎠䏠䏀䏰䌀䎠䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐀䌀䍀䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠-䎠䐀䒠䌰䏠䌠䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䐐䎀䍰䓰䌠䍐䏐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀, 䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䎀䎰䏰䐀䎀䐠䍐䌰䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䎀䎰䌀䍰䌀䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰. 䈠䏠䌠䌀䍐䏠䐠䎰䎀䎠䌀䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䍀䎀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䓰䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀, 䑰䎀䓰䐠䏠䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䌠䎰䍐䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐐䍐䎠䏠䐀䍐䏐䎀䌠䌐䎰䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䐰䐐䎰䐰䌰䎀䎀䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䌠䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀, 䏰䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䎀䐐䏀䍐䐐䍐䏐䌀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䐰䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䌀䏐䌀䍰䍐䏀䓰䐠䌀䎀䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䐠䌀䏀䐀䍐䍠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠 – 䏠䐠䐀䌀䍀䎀䌀䎰䏐䌀 (䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䍐䏐䌀䏠䐠䏰䐀䍐䍀-䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䎀䓰䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀) 䍀䏠䐀䌀䍀䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠-䎠䐀䒠䌰䏠䌠䌀 (䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍰䌠䐠䏠䐀䌀䐠䌀䏰䏠䎰䏠䌠䎀䏐䌀䏐䌀 20䐠䎀䌠䍐䎠).

䇰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䒠䐠䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰 (1945-1989) 䍐䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䌀䐀䌀䍀䎀䎠䌀䎰䏐䌀䎀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䌀䏐䌀䏀䍐䐐䌀, 䏠䐐䏠䌐䍐䏐䏠䌠䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐, 䏠䐠䎠䎰䎀䎠䌠䌀䒐䌀䏐䌀䏐䐰䍠䍀䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䌐䐰䐀䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䍀䐰䐐䐠䐀䎀䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀, 䏐䌀䎠䏠䏐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䌠䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐䎀䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䏐䑠䎀䏰䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䍰䏠䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䇀䏠䍀䍐䐀䏐䎀䍰䏀䌀. 䋰䐐䏐䏠䌠䎀䍀䎀䏀䎀䐐䌀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䎠䒠䏀䏐䍐䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䏐䏠䎀䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䌀䏐䌀䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䌠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䐠䏠䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀 1939-1985 䌰䏠䍀䎀䏐䌀 (䑀䎀䌰.2).

䈀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䌠䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䌐䍐䎰䍐䍠䎀䏰䏠䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐䏐䏠䏰䐀䍐䏀䎀䏐䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏠䐠䑠䓰䎰䏠䐐䐠䏐䏠䏰䏠䍀䏀䍐䏐䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䐰䌠䌀䒐䌀䐠䌀䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䒠䎠䌀䏐䌠䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䎠䒠䏀䑀䏠䎠䐰䐐䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏠䌐䏠䌰䌀䐠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䏰䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䌀䏐䏠䌠䎀䎀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䐐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䐰䌠䌀䒐䎀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䎀䐐䌀䎠䑠䍐䏐䐠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䏠䐠䏠䎀䏀䏠䌐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䎠䒠䏀䏰䐀䍐䏠䐠䎠䐀䎀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠䍰䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䍀䍐䏐䐠䎀䑰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐. 䄠䎠䐀䌀䓰䏐䌀䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀 (䏰䐀䍐䍰 1980䐠䍐) 䐐䌀䏰䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䏐䌀䐠䎀䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐰䐐䏰䍐䑐䎀䌠䌀䍀䌀䏰䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䐐䍐䏠䒐䍐䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑰䌀䐐䐠䎀䎠䒠䏀䐀䎀䐠䒠䏀䌀䏐䌀䐐䒠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䎀䓰䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠, 䐀䍐䌀䌐䎀䎰䎀䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐰䎰䎀䑰䏐䏠-䎠䌠䌀䐀䐠䌀䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀, 䌠䐠䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䍐䏐䌀䑰䏠䌠䍐䒀䎠䎀䓰䏀䌀䒐䌀䌐䎀䏠䌐䏠䐐䏠䌐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌀䐠䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀䏰䍐䒀䍐䑐䏠䍀䏐䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐..


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1939 1954

1965 1985

1939 1954

1965 1985

䉀䎀䌰.2. 䉐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰 1939-1985 (䌀䍀䌀䏰䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠,䄰䍐䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䎀䌀䐠䎰䌀䐐䏐䌀䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䎀䈐䏠䑀䎀䎐䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䌀䌰䎰䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰, 1993)

䆀䍀䏠䍀䏐䍐䐐䌠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐐䌀䌠䎀䍀䎀䏀䎀䎀䏐䍐䏰䐀䍐䏠䍀䏠䎰䍐䏐䎀䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䏠䐠䏐䍐䌰䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䎀䐐䐠䎀䎠䎀䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀: (䌀) 䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䏰䏠䐀䌀䍰䏀䍐䐀䎀䎀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏠䌐䎀䐠䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏰䌀䏐䍐䎰䏐䎀䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䏐䎀䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䎀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰 (䐐䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䑐䏐䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䎀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌠䐐䍐䏰䏠-䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䐐䌰䐀䌀䍀䎀 , 䐠.䍐. 䏰䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䐐䍐䏰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏠䌐䎀䐠䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䌠䐐䍐䏰䏠-䏐䌀䌠䒠䏐䏠䐠䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀); (䌐) 䏐䍐䏐䏠䐀䏀䌀䎰䏐䏠䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䏰䏠䐀䌀䍰䏀䍐䐀䎀 (䍀䏐䍐䐐䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀) 䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䒀䎰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䌠䌐䎰䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䍀䏠䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀; (䌠) 䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀/ 䏐䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䏐䌀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䎀䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䒐䎀䏰䎰䏠䒐䎀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀; (䌰) 䐐䎰䌀䌐䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䌀䎀䏐䍐䍀䏠䌐䐀䍐䏰䏠䍀䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䏐䌀䐠䍐䑐䏐䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䏐䍐䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䓰䏐䌀䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䐠䍐䏐䎀䌠䌀䏐䌀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䐠䌀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀.

䇠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠-䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎀䌠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍰䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠䍀䍐䐐䍐䐠䎀䎰䍐䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀 20 䌠䍐䎠䐐䌀䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌀䏐䎀䏠䐠䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䎀䍀䍐䏀䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䌀䎠䐀䎀䍰䌀, 䏐䏠䎀䏠䐠䍀䒠䎰䌐䏠䎠䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀䎀䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䏐䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䎀, 䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䓰䐠䐐䍐䑠䍐䏐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐, 䏐䌀䑰䎀䏐䒠䐠䏐䌀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䎀䏐䌀䑰䎀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䍀䌠䎀䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐䌠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐 (䐠䌀䌐䎰. 2), 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䎠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍰䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䎀䐠䍐䍀䌠䍐䍀䍐䐐䍐䐠䎀䎰䍐䐠䎀䓰䏰䐀䏠䐠䎀䑰䌀䐠䍀䌠䍐䐰䐐䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䎀䍀䒠䎰䌐䏠䎠䎀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䏐䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䎀: (䌀) 䏠䐠䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䎠䒠䏀䍀䍐䏀䏠䎠䐀䌀䐠䎀䑰䏐䌀䎀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䏠-䏠䐀䎀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀; (䌐) 䏠䐠䍰䌀䐠䌠䏠䐀䍐䏐䌀䎠䒠䏀䏠䐠䌠䏠䐀䍐䏐䌀䍰䌀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䌰䎰䏠䌐䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀.

䈠䌀䌐䎰䎀䑠䌀 1: 䈠䅐䇐䅀䅐䇐䉠䆀䆀䄠䄰䈀䄀䅀䈐䆠䇠䈠䇠䈀䄀䅰䄠䆀䈠䆀䅐䄠䇰䇠䈐䈠-


29

䈐䇠䉠䆀䄀䆰䆀䈐䈠䆀䉰䅐䈐䆠䆀䋰䇰䅐䈀䆀䇠䅀䈐䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀䇰䏠䍰䎀䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐䑠䎀䎀䇐䍐䌰䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐䑠䎀䎀

䄰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐-䏐䎀䍐

䌠䒠䍰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䏠䌐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䏐䌀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䌀䏐䌀䍰䍐䏀䓰䐠䌀;䍀䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䌠䎰䌀䐐䐠䐠䌀;䍰䌀䐐䎀䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠;䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䒐䌀䐀䏠䎰䓰䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䐐䎠䎀䓰䎀䏐䍐䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐐䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀;

䏠䐠䐠䍐䌰䎰䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀䎀䏐䐐䐠䎀䐠䐰䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䎠䏠䏠䐀䍀䎀䏐䌀䑠䎀䓰, 䏐䌀䏀䌀䎰䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䏠䌐䎰䌀䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䐐䐠䌠䏰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䌠䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䏠䐀䏀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䌐䌀䍰䌀

䄰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀

䐀䌀䍰䑰䐰䏰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䏠䏐䏠䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䏀䏠䍀䍐䎰䎀䍀䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䑀䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䏀䏠䏐䏠䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀;䐐䒠䍠䎀䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䎀䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䎠䌠䌀䐀䐠䌀䎰䎀;䏰䏠䍀䏠䌐䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䐠䌀䏐䍀䌀䐀䐠䎀.

䑐䌀䏠䐠䎀䑰䏐䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐;䐀䌀䍰䐐䐠䎀䎰䌀䏐䍐䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐;䏠䌐䍐䍰䎰䓠䍀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐, 䏰䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䒀䎰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀, 䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏐䍐䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠;

䇰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐

䍰䌀䐐䎀䎰䌠䌀䒐䏠䐐䍐䌠䏐䎀䏀䌀䏐䎀䍐䎠䒠䏀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐;䏐䌀䌠䎰䎀䍰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䎀䎀䏰䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䏠䏰䎀䐠.

䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀䏠䏰䎀䐠䌠䏠䌐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䎀䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀䏠䏰䎀䐠䌠䎠䏠䏠䐀䍀䎀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䌀䐐䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䏠䑀䎀䏐䌀䏐䐐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐.

䄰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䏐䌀䑰䎀䏐䏐䌀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠

䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䍀䎀䌠䎀䍀䐰䌀䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䐠䌀䏐䍀䌀䐀䐠䎀䏐䌀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䏐䌀䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀䌰䐀䐰䏰䎀;䐀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䎀䍰䌐䏠䐀;䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䍀䍐䎰䌀䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䏠䌐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䌀䐠䌀;䐀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䏠䐠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䎀䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䎀䍰䌐䏠䐀;䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠.

䏰䏠䏐䎀䍠䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䎀䓰䐐䐠䌀䏐䍀䌀䐀䐠䏐䌀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䌠䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䏐䎀䐠䍐䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䎀;䍰䌀䌰䐰䌐䌀䏐䌀䏠䐠䎠䐀䎀䐠䎀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䌀;䏰䏠䏐䎀䍠䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐;䏰䐀䎀䌠䌀䐠䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䐐䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀;䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍰䌀䍀䐀䒠䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䒀䐰䏀䏠䌠䏠䍰䌀䏀䒠䐀䐐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐;䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䎀䑀䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䓰䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌀䐐䍐䌰䐀䍐䌰䌀䑠䎀䓰;


30

䈐䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠䎠䌀䐠䏠䏠䐐䏠䌐䍐䏐䏠䌠䌀䍠䏐䎀䐐䏠䌰䎰䍐䍀䏐䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䐐䍐䏠䐠䎠䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䐠䏐䓰䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䌀:

Ø 䅰䌀䌠䐀䒠䒐䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䎠䒠䏀 ‘䏰䐀䍐䍀-䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰’ 䏀䐰䌠䎀䍀 - 䐀䌀䍰䏰䏠䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䑀䎀䐐䎀, 䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䏠䌐䍐䎠䐠䎀, 䑐䏠䐠䍐䎰䎀䎀䐠.䏐., 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䐐䌀䌠䐐䍐䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䏐䌀䐐䏠䑰䍐䏐䎀䎠䒠䏀䐠䐰䐀䎀䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐, 䌀䏐䍐䎠䒠䏀䏐䐰䍠䍀䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏀䍐䐐䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀;

Ø 䇰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䌀䌠䌀䒐䌀䐠䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀 – 䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䏰䏠䎠䐀䌀䎐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䌀䐀䐠䍐䐀䎀䎀; 䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䏠䑀䎀䐐䎀䌐䌀䏐䎠䏠䌠䎀䐐䌰䐀䌀䍀䎀䎀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䎀, 䏐䏠䐐䒠䒐䏠䎀䏐䏠䌠䎀䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䏐䎀䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䎀 (䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䌀䐀䓰䒐䎀䏐䌀䍐䍀䏐䎀䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䍰䌀䌠䎀䒀䍐䏐䎀䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䎠䒠䏀䐐䐠䌀䏐䍀䌀䐀䐠䌀䏐䌀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䎀䎠䒠䏀䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䓰䏰䐀䏠䍀䐰䎠䐠);

Ø 䈀䍐䌠䎀䐠䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑰䌀䐐䐠䎀 – 䏐䍐䐀䌀䌠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐, 䏐䏠䏠䐐䍐䍰䌀䍐䏀䏠䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䌀䐀䓰䒐䏐䌀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䒠䏠䌐䐀䌀䍠䍐䏐䎀䓰; 䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎐-䌠䍐䑰䍐䐐䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䎀䐐䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍰䌀䌐䒠䐀䍰䏠䎀䐰䍀䏠䌐䏐䏠䏰䐀䎀䍀䌠䎀䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐䎠䒠䏀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀;

䅀䍐-䎀䏐䍀䐰䐐䐠䐀䎀䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䏰䏠䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀 ‘䌠䒠䐠䐀䍐䒀䏐䎀䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䎀’ 䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䐠䒠䎠䌀䏐; 䏐䌀䌐䎰䓠䍀䌀䌠䌀䐐䍐䎀䏠䌐䒐䏠䐠䏠䍰䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䌐䒠䐀䍰䏠䍰䌀䏰䌀䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䅠䇰䌀䐀䍐䌀䎰䎀䐠䍐 (䍰䌀䍐䏀䌀䒐䎀䏠䌐䒀䎀䐀䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䌠䌐䎰䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䍀䏠䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀).

䇰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䅰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌐䐀䏠䓰䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䐠䍐䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䍐䐠䐀䌀䎐䏐䌀

䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐䑠䎀䓰䌠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐 (䑀䎀䌰.3). 䄐䐀䏠䓰䐠䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䐠䍐䍠䌀䌠䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䎀䐠䍐䏀䏰䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䏐䌀䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏀䐰䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀 2006-2008 䐐䌀䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䏠䏰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䌠䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䍀䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䌀䐠䌠䏐䐰䒀䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐐䐠䏠䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䌠䐐䐠䏠䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀. – 䍐䍀䏐䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐. 䈠䏠䌠䌀䏠䐠䐀䌀䍰䓰䌠䌀䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䐐䐠䌀䏐䍀䌀䐀䐠䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䎀䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䒐䎀䐠䍐䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䍐䏐䎀䍰䌐䏠䐀䌠䏐䌀䑰䎀䏐䌀䏐䌀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䎀䏰䐀䎀䍀䌠䎀䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐. 䇰䏠䌠䎀䒀䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠 (䏰䐀䎀䌐䐰䐀䏐䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䒐䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䎀䏐䍀䎀䌠䎀䍀䐰䌀䎰䏐䎀䓰䏀䏠䐠䏠䐀䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠) 䍐䐐䐀䍐䍀䌠䌀䍠䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䏠䐠䎰䎀䎠䎀䏐䌀䏰䏠䐐䐠-䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐, 䏐䏠䐠䏠䎀䍰䏰䐀䌀䌠䓰䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䓰䌠䌀䒐䎀, 䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䎀䍐䎠䐐䏰䍐䐀䐠䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䎀䑠䌀䏠䐠䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏠䏠䌐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䌀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䍐䍠䍐䍀䏐䍐䌠䎀䍐.


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䉀䎀䌰.3. 䈠䍐䏀䏰䏠䌠䍐䏐䌀䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌐䐀䏠䓰䏐䌀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䐠䍐䌠䈀䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䏰䏠䏠䌐䎰䌀䐐䐠䎀䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀 2006-2008 (䏰䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䏠䐠䇐䈐䆀)

䈰䐐䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䏰䐀䏠䐠䎀䑰䌀䒐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䌠䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䌀䎀䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䏠䐐䍐䏠䎠䌀䍰䌠䌀䐠䏰䌀䐀䌀䍀䏠䎠䐐䌀䎰䏐䏠䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䌠䌀䒐䎀䐐䍐䍐䍀䎀䏐䍀䐀䐰䌰䏰䐀䎀䑀䏠䐀䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䐰䍀䏐䎀䍰䌀䐀䍐䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䍀䎀䎰䍐䏀䎀. 䇐䍐䍰䌀䍀䏠䌠䏠䎰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䏐䌀䍰䌀䍀䒠䑐䌠䌀䒐䎀䓰䐐䍐䏀䌀䐐䏠䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䍐䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䑰䎀䏐䌀䍰䌀䒀䎀䐀䏠䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䐠䍐䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䏰䐀䎀䍐䍠䍐䍀䏐䍐䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䐀䐰䍀䏠䌠䎀䏰䒠䐠䐰䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䐐䏠䑀䎀䓰䏐䑠䎀 (䐐䏐.1), 䏐䏠䌠䏠䍀䎀䍀䏠䏠䐠䏐䍐䏀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䌀䏠䐠䏰䍐䒀䍐䑐䏠䍀䑠䎀䐠䍐 (䐐䏐.2) 䎀䏰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䓰䏰䏠䍀䌠䒠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐐䏰䏠䐐䏠䌐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䎀䍀䌀䏠䏰䌀䍰䎀䏀䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠䌠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䎠䌀䐠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䍰䌀䏠䐠䍀䎀䑐䎀䎠䏠䏐䐠䌀䎠䐠 (䐐䏐.3). 䌀䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䎀䍠䌀䍰䌀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䌀䌠䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䏐䎀䐠䍐䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䎀䏐䍐䐐䌀䏀䏠䐐䍐䏠䎠䌀䍰䌠䌀䐠䏐䍐䐰䍀䏠䌐䏐䎀䎀䍰䌀䏰䍐䒀䍐䑐䏠䍀䍐䑠䌀, 䎀䍰䌀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䌀, 䏐䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䐠䑰䌀䐐䐠䏠䐠䍐䍠䍐䍀䏐䍐䌠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䎀, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䏀䍐䍰䌀䏐䍐䎀䍰䌐䍐䍠䏐䌀䎀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䏀䍐䍀䌀䍰䌀䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌠䌀䏀䍐. 䄠䏐䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䍐䎠䌠䌀䒐䎀䐠䍐䌀䌰䐀䍐䐐䎀䌠䏐䎀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䐀䍐䎠䎰䌀䏀䎀䏐䌀䌠䐐䍐䏰䏠-䏀䏠䒐䏐䎀䏐䏠䌠䎀䏀䏠䍀䍐䎰䎀䌠䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䏠䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠䌠䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䌀䏐䌀䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䏀䏠䍠䍐䏀䍀䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䎀䏀䏐䌀䐠䎀䐐䎠䌀䍰䌀䑀䏠䐀䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䑠䍐䏐䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䐐䎠䌀䎰䌀, 䌠䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䏰䐀䎀䐠䍐䍠䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䍐䏐䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䍐䌠䌀䍠䍐䏐䍰䏐䌀䎠䍰䌀䍠䎀䐠䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䐰䐐䏰䍐䑐䎀䌰䌀䐀䌀䏐䑠䎀䓰䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䎀䍠 (䈐䏐.4).


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䈐䏐. 1. 䄀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䍐䏐䏰䏠䐠䏠䎠, 䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰, 䌐䐰䎰. 䉠䌀䐀䇠䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䎀䐠䍐䎰, 䑰䌀䐐-䏰䎀䎠

䈐䏐. 2 䅀䏠䌐䐀䎀䑰, 䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䌀䏰䍐䒀䍐䑐䏠䍀䏐䌀䍰䏠䏐䌀, 䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䑰䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐, 2004

䈐䏐.3. 䇐䍐䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀 - 䅠䆠

“䇀䎰䌀䍀䏠䐐䐠”

䈐䏐. 4. . 䄀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䒠䐠䎠䌀䐠䏠䑠䍐䏐䏐䏠䐐䐠 - 䐀䍐䎠䎰䌀䏀䌀, 䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰, 䏰䎰䏠䒐䌀䍀䈐䌠. 䇐䍐䍀䍐䎰䓰

䇐䌀䌠䎰䎀䍰䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䌀䌠䍐䍠䍐䍀䏐䍐䌠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䍠䎀䌠䏠䐠䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䐐䒠䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䏐䌀䏰䍐䒀䍐䑐䏠䍀䑠䎀䎀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀 (䐐䏐. 5), 䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䏐䌀䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏠䏠䐠䏐䏠䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀 (䐐䏐.6), 䏐䏠䎀䎀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏐䏠䌠䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䌀䐰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䎀, 䍐䎠䐐䏰䍐䐀䐠䎀, 䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䓰䌠䌀䒐䎀 (䐐䏐.7 䎀 8).

䇠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎀䎀䏀䌀䐠䌠䎀䍀䎀䏀䏠䐠䏰䍐䑰䌀䐠䒠䎠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䌀䎀䏰䐀䏠䐠䎀䑰䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䐠䏠䑠䎀, 䏐䏠䐠䍐䏐䌀䏀䎀䐀䌀䐠䐐䌠䏠䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䏠䏠䐠䐀䌀䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䎀䌠䒠䌠䑀䎀䎰䏠䐐䏠䑀䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀䐠䍐䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䍀䐰䐀䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐. 䄠䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀 ‘䏰䐀䍐䑐䏠䍀䌀’ 䏰䐀䍐䍰 1990-䐠䍐䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䏀䌀䏐䎀䐐䒠䎠䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏰䐀䎀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐠 (䌠䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䌀䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䐐䏐䌀䐠䐀䐰䏰䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏐䍐䌰䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䎀䏰䐀䏠䑀䍐䐐䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䏐䌀䌰䎰䌀䐐䎀䐐䏰䐀䓰䏀䏠䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐), 䏐䌀䌐䎰䓠䍀䌀䌠䌀䐐䍐䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀


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䈐䏐5. 䄀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䎀䑐䏠䐀䌀 -䐐䏰䏠䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠, 䇐䍐䐐䍐䌐䒠䐀,

2007

䈐䏐. 6. 䄀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䎀䑐䏠䐀䌀 - 䐐䏰䏠䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠, 䌐䐰䎰䈀䐰䐐䎠䎀, 䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰

䈐䏐. 7. 䄀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䎀䑐䏠䐀䌀 –䐐䒠䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䌀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠

䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠

䈐䏐. 8. 䄀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䎀䑐䏠䐀䌀 - 䑰䎀䍐䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠?

䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䌠䎀䍰䎀䓰䍰䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䎀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠 – 䏐䏠䎀䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䏐䌀䌰䎰䌀䐐䌀䎀䏀䏠䐠䎀䌠䌀䑠䎀䓰䍰䌀䏰䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎐; 䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䐠䐐䍐䑐䌀䏠䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䓰䎀䏐䍐䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䍐䏐䎠䏠䏐䐠䐀䏠䎰䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䎀䏐䌠䍐䐐䐠䎀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䓰䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐; 䏐䌀䏰䐀䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䌀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䏠䏰䎀䐠䎀䍰䌀䌀䎠䐠䐰䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䏠䐀䌀䎰䏐䏠䏠䐐䐠䌀䐀䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䏠䌠䌀䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐. 䈐䐀䍐䍀䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀 1990-䐠䍐䌰䏠䍀䎀䏐䎀䌐䍐䎰䍐䍠䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䒠䐀䌠䎀䐐䐠䒠䏰䎠䎀䎠䒠䏀䐀䍐䑀䏠䐀䏀䎀䌠䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䍰䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䎀䍰䏀䍐䏐䍐䏐䎀䓰䌠䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䌠䌀䐠䌀䌐䌀䍰䌀; 䏐䌀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䐐䎠䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠䍰䌀䏰䒠䐀䌠䎀䏰䒠䐠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䍐䏰䏠䓰䌠䓰䌠䌀䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䍐䐐䎠䒠䏀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐. 䆀䍰䐀䌀䍰䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䎀䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐䑠䎀䓰䍐䏠䌐䓰䌠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䎠䏠䏐䎠䐰䐀䐐䏐䌀䐠䍐䏀䌀 “䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䎀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰”, 䌠䑰䎀䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀䍀䌀䏐䎀䍐䏰䐀䎀䐐䒠䐐䐠䌠䌀䐠䎀䐐䒠䏠䌐䐀䌀䍠䍐䏐䎀䓰, 䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䐐䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀.


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䇰䏠䎰䏠䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䌀䎠䒠䏀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䏀䎀䐐䎰䍐䏐䍐䌠䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䒐䏠䐠䏠䍀䍐䐐䍐䐠䎀䎰䍐䐠䎀䍐䐠䏠 (䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䇠䈰䇰䏐䌀䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䎀䈐䏠䑀䎀䎐䐐䎠䌀䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䌀) 䍐䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䏠䐐䑠䓰䎰䏠䐐䐠䏐䎀䓰䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠-䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䎠䏠䏐䐠䍐䎠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐰䐐䎀䎰䎀䓰䌠䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䓰䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䐐䒠䍐䍀䎀䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐐䏐䌀䌠䎰䎀䍰䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䎀䎀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䐐䎠䎀䏠䏰䎀䐠.

䈐䒠䒐䍐䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䐀䎀䍰䏐䌀䍐, 䑰䍐䌠䒠䏰䐀䍐䎠䎀䏠䐠䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌀䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䒠䎠, 䍀䏐䍐䐐䌠䐐䍐䏠䒐䍐䌠䏰䏠䎰䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䌀䎀䏰䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䎠䌀䒀䎀䐀䏠䎠䏠䐐䍐䏰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䐠䐠䍐䑐䏐䏠䎠䐀䌀䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀. 䇰䐀䌀䌠䓰䐠䐐䍐䏠䏰䎀䐠䎀䍰䌀䏀䍐䑐䌀䏐䎀䑰䏐䏠䏰䐀䍐䏐䌀䐐䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䐐䑐䍐䏀䎀䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䍀䐰䐀䎀䌐䍐䍰䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䑀䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䍐䏐䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䍐䏐䎀䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䍐䏐䎠䏠䏐䐠䍐䎠䐐䐠; 䏐䍐䐐䍐䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏠䐠䍰䌀䍀䒠䎰䌐䏠䑰䍐䏐䎀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䎀䏐䍐䐐䍐䏠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䐠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䍰䌀䐠䓰䑐; 䎰䎀䏰䐐䌠䌀䏰䐀䏠䍰䐀䌀䑰䏐䏠䐐䐠䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐; 䏐䍐䍀䏠䎠䌀䍰䌀䏐䎀 (䏐䏠䎀䏐䍐䏠䌐䏠䐀䍐䏐䎀) 䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䐠䏰䏠䍀䏠䍰䐀䍐䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀䎠䏠䐀䐰䏰䑠䎀䓰䎀䏐䍐䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏐䎀䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䓰, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏰䏠䍀䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䐠䌀䐠䏀䏠䐐䑀䍐䐀䌀䏐䌀䏐䍐䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䏐䏠䐐䐠䍰䌀䎀䏐䌠䍐䐐䐠䎀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀䓰; 䑀䌀䎠䐠䍐䎀䏐䍐䍀䏠䌐䐀䏠䐠䏠䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䏠-䏠䐀䎀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏰䐀䎀䌠䍰䎀䏀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰. 䇐䌀䍀䍐䍠䍀䌀䍰䌀䏰䐀䏠䏀䓰䏐䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䏀䍀䌀䏠䐠䎠䐀䎀䍐䏀䌠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏐䏠䌠䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀䏰䏠 “䈰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䒠䏀” (䌐䌀䎠䌀䎰䌀䌠䒠䐀䐐䎠䌀䎀䏀䌀䌰䎀䐐䐠䒠䐀䐐䎠䌀䏠䌐䐀䌀䍰䏠䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠-䎠䌠䌀䎰䎀䑀䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䌀䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐) 䌠䈰䄀䈐䄰, 䐰䐐䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐐䍀䏠䌐䌀䌠䓰䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䌠䇐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䎠䎰䌀䐐䎀䑀䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䍀䎰䒠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐; 䌠䌰䎰䌀䐐䐰䌠䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎀䌠䅰䌀䎠䏠䏐䌀䍰䌀䆠䌀䏀䌀䐀䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䌀䐀䑐䎀䐠䍐䎠䐠䎀䐠䍐, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠䏐䌀䍰䐀䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎠䐀䒠䌰䌀䏠䐠䏰䐀䏠䑀䍐䐐䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䎠䏠䏀䏰䍐䐠䍐䏐䐠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䏐䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䎀䏠䐠䑠䓰䎰䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䏀䓰䏐䌀䌠䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀䐠䍐䎠䒠䏀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐, 䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐.

䄀䐰䐠䐀䍐䏐䌀䎠䒠䍀䍐?䅀䏐䍐䐐䌠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐐䌀䏰䏠䌠䐐䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䏐䏠䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䐀䐰䍀䏐䎀䍰䌀

䏰䐀䍐䏠䍀䏠䎰䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀, 䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䐐䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀, 䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䌀. 䄠䒠䍰䏐䎀䎠䌠䌀䌠䒠䏰䐀䏠䐐䒠䐠䍀䏠䎠䌀䎠䌠䌀䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐䐐䎰䐰䑰䌠䌀䒐䏠䐠䏠䐐䍐䌠䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䍀䏐䍐䐐䍐䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䏠䏰䐀䏠䓰䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠-䏠䌐䒐䎀䐐䌠䍐䐠䏠䌠䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䌠䐐䒠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䏠䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐, 䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䏰䏠䌰䐀䍐䒀䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀䏠䐠䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䒀䏐䎀䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䎀, 䏐䌀䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀䌀䍀䍐䎠䌠䌀䐠䏐䎀䑀䎀䏐䌀䏐䐐䏠䌠䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䍰䌀䏠䐐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䌀䎀䎰䎀䏐䌀䏰䏠䌰䐀䍐䒀䏐䎀䏐䌀䐐䏠䎠䎀䌠䎰䏠䎠䌀䎰䏐䌀䎀䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䌀.

䇠䌐䏀䍐䏐䒠䐠䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䌠䐀䌀䏀䎠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀 PlanetCense (䇀䐀䍐䍠䌀䏐䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䌀䎀䓠䌰䏠䎀䍰䐠䏠䑰䏐䌀䅐䌠䐀䏠䏰䌀, www.planet-cense.net) 䍀䌀䌠䌀䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀䎀䍰䌠䏠䍀䌀, 䑰䍐䉠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䌀䎀䋠䌰䏠䎀䍰䐠䏠䑰䏐䌀䅐䌠䐀䏠䏰䌀 (䉠䆀䅐)“䍀䍐䏀䏠䏐䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䏰䏠-䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䎀䑰䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䌠䐐䐀䌀䌠䏐䍐䏐䎀䍐䐐䒠䐐䐐䐠䌀䐀䎀䐠䍐䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䎀-䑰䎰䍐䏐䎠䎀䏐䌀䈐䒠䓠䍰䌀, 䏰䏠䏐䍐䒐䏠䐐䍐䏠䐠䏐䌀䐐䓰䍀䏠䏀䏠䐀䑀䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀”. 䇰䐀䏠䍐䎠䐠䒠䐠 RIMED(INTERREG III-CADSES) 䍀䏠䎠䎰䌀䍀䌠䌀䍰䌀䐠䐀䎀䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏐䏠䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䌀䏐䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀: 䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䒐䏠䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠䏐䍐䐀䌀䌠䍐䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠, 䌰䍐䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䌀䎀䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䑀䐀䌀䌰䏀䍐䏐䐠䌀䑠䎀䓰, 䏐䍐䌐䌀䎰䌀䏐䐐䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䏐䌀䐀䑐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䏐䐀䌀䐐䐠䍐䍠, 䌠䏠䍀䍐䒐䍀䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌀䎠䏠䏐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀, 䐀䌀䍰䐀䐰䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䎠䏠䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀


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䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䌀䐐䍐䌰䐀䍐䌰䌀䑠䎀䓰. 䄠䒠䏰䐀䍐䎠䎀䑰䍐䍐䐐䌀䏀䏠䑰䌀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䏠䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䏠䌠䐀䌀䏀䎠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䋠䌰䏠䎀䍰䐠䏠䑰䏐䌀䅐䌠䐀䏠䏰䌀, 䏠䒐䍐䏰䐀䍐䍰 2003 䓰䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐 / 䐀䌀䍰䐐䐠䎀䎰䌀䏐䍐 (urban sprawl) 䌠䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䐐䍐䎠䏠䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䎠䌀䐠䏠䎠䐀䎀䍐䒐䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐀䎀䐐䎠䏠䌠䍐 – 䎠䌀䎠䐠䏠䏰䏠䐀䌀䍀䎀䏰䐀䏠䐠䎀䑰䌀䒐䎀䐠䍐䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀, 䐠䌀䎠䌀䎀䌠䒠䌠䌠䐀䒠䍰䎠䌀䐐䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀䏐䏠䐠䏠䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䌠䍐䐐䐠䎀䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐䎀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䑀䏠䏐䍀䏠䌠䍐 (Nuisl, 2003). 䇠䐠䏰䐀䌀䌠䓰䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䍐䏰䏠䐀䒠䎠䎀䍰䌀䏰䐀䍐䏠䍀䏠䎰䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䏀䏠䍀䍐䎰䏰䐀䎀䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䓰䍀䐰䑐䏐䌀䆀䅐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀䐠䐠䐀䎀䏰䐀䎀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀: (1) 䏰䏠䍀䎠䐀䍐䏰䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䑐䌀䏐䎀䍰䏀䎀䏰䐀䎀䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐䎀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䐠䌀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀; (2) 䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䍀䍐䏐䐠䎀䑰䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䍰䌀䐐䎀䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐䍠䎀䍰䏐䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䌀䑰䐀䍐䍰䐀䌀䍰䏰䏠䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䎀䍠䏐䎀䐰䐐䎰䐰䌰䎀䎀䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䍀䌀䏠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䐠䍀䏠䏀䎀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䏠䏐䏠䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䎀䑰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀; 䍀䏠䏰䐰䐐䎠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䎀, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䌐䎀䌰䌀䐀䌀䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䎰䏠䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䎀䏐䌀䏀䌀䎰䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䌠䍐䐐䐠䎀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䐠䎀䐐䎠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀, (3) 䏰䏠䌠䐠䏠䐀䏐䏠䐰䐐䌠䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐/ 䐐䒠䍠䎀䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䒀䎰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䌐䎰䎀䍰䏠䍀䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐 - 䏰䐀䍐䏀䌀䑐䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍰䌀䏀䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䑰䌠䍐䏐䎀䐐䎰䏠䍐䌠䍐䎀䎀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䒠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䌀䐠䍐䑐䏐䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀.

䇠䐐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䍰䌀䑠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䇠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀 “䈀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐 2007-2013” SWOT 䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䏐䌀䐐䒠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䒠䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䎀䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䎀䏐䌀䐐䎀䐠䐰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䌠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䏐䓰䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䏀䏠䏀䍐䏐䐠䌀: (䌀)䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䍀䍐䏀䏠䏐䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䐠䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䎀䏰䏠䐠䍐䏐䑠䎀䌀䎰䍀䌀䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䌀䐠䎠䌀䐠䏠䍀䌠䎀䌰䌀䐠䍐䎰䎀䏐䌀䐐䐠䌀䌐䎀䎰䍐䏐䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐀䌀䐐䐠䍐䍠; (䌐)䐀䌀䍰䏰䏠䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䐐䌀䐐䐀䌀䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐀䌀䌠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䏠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀; (䌠) 䏐䌀䎰䎀䑠䍐䍐䐐䎀䎰䏐䏠䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䍐䏐䏠䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䌠䌀䌰䎰䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐. 䈐䐀䍐䍀䐐䎰䌀䌐䎀䐠䍐䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䎀䐐䌀䎀䍰䐠䒠䎠䏐䌀䐠䎀䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䍐䎠䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䎀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀 – 䎰䏠䒀䏠䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䍀䐰䑐䌀, 䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䏐䎀䌠䌀䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐠䏠䌠䌀䐀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䍀䐀䒠䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰, 䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠䏐䌀䒀䐰䏀䏠䌠䏠䐠䏠䍰䌀䏀䒠䐀䐐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䏐䎀䐐䎠䏠䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䏐䌀䍰䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀; 䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀, 䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䐐䐠䎀䎰䌀䏐䍐, 䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䌰䍐䏐䍐䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌐䎀䐠䏠䌠䎀䏠䐠䏰䌀䍀䒠䑠䎀䎀䏠䐠䏰䌀䍀䏐䎀䌠䏠䍀䎀; 䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䌠䎰䍐䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠, 䏠䐐䐠䌀䐀䓰䎰䎀䏐䍐䐰䐐䐠䏠䎐䑰䎀䌠䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏰䏠䏠䐠䏐䏠䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏐䍐䏰䏠䍀䌠䎀䍠䏐䎀䓰䎀䏰䏠䍀䌠䎀䍠䏐䎀䓰䐐䒠䐐䐠䌀䌠; 䏐䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䌀䐠䒠䑰䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䐠䏐䓀䏠䐀䐐䐠䌠䏠䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䐐䒠䌠䏀䍐䐐䐠䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䍐䎠䐠䎀.

䈐䏠䌰䎰䍐䍀䏐䌀䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐䑠䎀䎀, 䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䍐䐐䏰䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌀䌠䎰䓰䌠䌀䐠䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䏰䐀䏠䌠䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䐐䐀䌀䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀䏠䐠䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䎀䏐䌀䐐䌠䍐䐠䌀, 䌠䒠䍰䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䏐䌀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䏠䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠, 䑰䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䏐䌀䉠䆀䅐䐐䌀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䑰䏐䏠䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䏰䏠䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䎀䏰䏠䍀䍐䎠䎰䌀䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䑠䍐䎰䎀䏐䌀䏐䏠䌠䎀䐠䍐䐐䎀䏰䎰䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐, 䏀䌀䎠䌀䐀䎀䍀䌀䐐䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䑠䍐䏠䐐䐠䌀䐠䒠䑠䎀䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀 (Bertaud, 2004). 䈀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䎀䐠䍐䎀䏰䐀䎀䎰䎀䎠䎀䐠䍐䌠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䏐䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐, 䐐䐀䌀䌠䏐䍐䏐䎀䏰䏠䑰䍐䐠䎀䐀䎀䎀䏐䍀䎀䎠䌀䐠䏠䐀䌀 (䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠, 䏰䐀䏠䑀䎀䎰䏐䌀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䐠䌀; 䏰䐀䏠䑀䎀䎰䏐䌀䑠䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䍰䍐䏀䓰䐠䌀; 䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䒀䎰䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䏠䐠䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰) 䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䓰䌠䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䎀䓰, 䎠䌀䎠䐠䏠䎀


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䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䑀䎀䎠䎀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏐䍐䐐䍐䌠䎰䎀䓰䓰䐠䏠䐠䐠䎀䏰䌀䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠. 䈐䎰䍐䍀䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䍐䏐䌀䌐䎰䓠䍀䌀䌠䌀䏰䏠䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐䏐䏠䏐䏠䐀䏀䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐠䍐 –䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䏐䌀䍐䏀䎀䌠䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐, 䏰䏠-䏐䎀䐐䎠䎀䏐䌀䍐䏀䎀䌠䏰䌀䏐䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䎀, 䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䍀䍐䎰䌀䏐䌀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䎀䏠䑀䎀䐐䏰䎰䏠䒐䎀䌠䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䌀䍰䌀䐐䏀䍐䐠䎠䌀䏐䌀䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䎰䏠䒐䎀. 䄠䐐䒠䒐䏠䐠䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䏐䍐䍰䌀䏰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌐䐀䏠䓰䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䏰䐀䎀䑰䎀䏐䌀䍰䌀䏠䌰䐀䏠䏀䏐䏠䍰䌀䏀䒠䐀䐐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䍰䌀䍀䐀䒠䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰. 䄠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䓰䐠䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䒀䎰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䍐䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䏐䌀䑰䍐䐀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䏠䐐䐠-䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐 (䆰䏠䏐䍀䏠䏐 – 4.7%, 䇰䌀䐀䎀䍠 – 5.2%, 䇰䐀䌀䌰䌀 – 13.4%, 䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰 - 27.1%, 䆰䓠䌐䎰䓰䏐䌀 – 27.4%). 䈠䏠䌠䌀䍀䏠䎠䌀䍰䌠䌀䎀䐐䏰䍐䒀䏐䌀䐠䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠䎠䏠䏐䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䓰䏐䌀䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䒀䎰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀 - 䍰䌀䌐䌀䌠䓰䏐䍐䐠䏠䎐䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌠䌀䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏠䐠䐠䎀䏰䌀 ‘leap frog’ (‘䏰䐀䍐䐐䎠䌀䑰䌀䏐䍐’ 䏐䌀䏐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀), 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䐀䌀䍰䑐䏠䍀䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䎀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䏐䏠䎀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐.

䆀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䍀䏐䍐䐐䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䉠䆀䅐䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䓰䌠䌀, 䑰䍐䏠䌐䒐䌀䍐䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䐀䍐䏀䎀䏐䌀䌠䌀䏠䐠䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䐰䐐䐠䐀䏠䎐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䏰䎰䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐 (master plans) 䎠䒠䏀䌰䍐䏐䍐䐀䌀䎰䏐䎀䏰䎰䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐 (general development plans). 䇐䌀䏰䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䎠䌀, 䏠䌐䌀䑰䍐, 䑰䍐䐐䐠䏠䐐䍐䌠䒠䍰䏰䐀䏠䎀䍰䌠䍐䍠䍀䌀䐠䐐䐠䌀䐀䎀䌰䐀䍐䒀䎠䎀, 䍰䌀䒐䏠䐠䏠䏐䏠䌠䎀䐠䍐䏰䎰䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐䐐䍐䏰䐀䎀䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䐠䎠䒠䏀䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䐠䍐, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏐䍐䐐䍐䍀䒠䎰䍠䌀䐠䏐䌀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䏠䐠䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䍐, 䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䎀䍰䌠䒠䐀䒀䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠 ‘䏠䐠䐀䍐䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐’ 䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀 (Musil, 2005). 䈀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䌠䏰䏠䐐䐠䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䄠䌀䐀䒀䌀䌠䌀䍀䍐䏀䏠䏐䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䍰䌀䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐰䎰䍐䐐䏐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐. 䈠䌀䏀䐐䌀䍀䍐䑀䎀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䐀䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀:(1) 䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䏠䏠䐀䎀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀 (48% 䏠䐠䏠䌐䒐䌀䐠䌀䏰䎰䏠䒐䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䌀䐠䌀), 䐐䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䎀䏐䌀䎀䏀䏠䐠䎀䐠䍐䎀䏐䌀䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䎀䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䎀䌰䒠䐐䐠䏠䐠䎀, 䎀䍀䏠䏰䐰䐐䐠䎀䏀䎀䌠䐐䓰䎠䌀䎠䌠䎀䎠䏠䏀䌐䎀䏐䌀䑠䎀䎀䏐䌀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䎀䏰䐀䎀䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䏐䏠䐠䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䍐; (2) 䍰䌀䏐䍐䍰䍀䐀䌀䌠䏠䐐䎰䏠䌠䏐䎀/ 䌠䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀 (14%); (3) 䍰䌀䒐䎀䐠䍐䏐䎀 (37%) –䎀䐐䐠䏠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀, 䐰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䐠䍐䐠䐐䎠䎀, 䍰䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䏰䎰䏠䒐䎀.

䆀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐰䐐䏰䍐䒀䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䎀䌠䏰䏠䎰䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀 (䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䏠䐐䐠) 䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䏠䌐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐐䑰䍐䐠䎀䐀䎀䐠䍐䏀䎀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐: 䍀䌠䎀䍠䍐䒐䎀䐐䎀䎰䎀; 䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀; 䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐䌠䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀䎀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䎠䌀; 䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䎠䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䐀䍐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐.

䇰䐀䍐䌰䎰䍐䍀䒠䐠䏐䌀䌐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䌠䌀䎀䏐䏠䐀䏀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䐀䌀䏀䎠䌀䌠䏠䌐䎰䌀䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䌀䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䎀䍐䏐䌀䏀䏐䏠䍠䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䎀䎀䏰䏠䍀䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䌠䎀䌀䎠䐠䏠䌠䍐, 䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䒐䎀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䌀䐐䏰䍐䎠䐠䎀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䎀䐠䍐䎐䍐䎰䍐䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀 (䈠䌀䌐䎰.2).

䈠䌀䌐䎰䎀䑠䌀 2: 䅰䄀䆠䇠䇐䇠䄠䄀䆀䇐䇠䈀䇀䄀䈠䆀䄠䇐䄀䄐䄀䅰䄀䄠䈀䄐䊠䆰䄰䄀䈀䆀䋰䈐䇠䈠䇐䇠䊀䅐䇐䆀䅐䆠䊠䇀䄰䈀䄀䅀䈐䆠䄀䈠䄀䇀䇠䄐䆀䆰䇐䇠䈐䈠

䅰䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䌀䎀䍀䌠䎀䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䌠䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䌠䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䍐䏐䏀䌀䒐䌀䌐


37

䅰䌀䎠䏠䏐䍰䌀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䎀䓰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠

䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䍰䌀䍀䒠䎰䍠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䎀䐠䍐䍀䌀䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䓰䐠䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䐐䑐䍐䏀䎀

䅰䌀䎠䏠䏐䍰䌀䏰䒠䐠䎀䒐䌀䐠䌀䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䎀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䏰䏠䍀䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䒠䐠䎀䒐䌀䐠䌀

䅰䌀䎠䏠䏐䍰䌀䍀䌠䎀䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䏰䏠䏰䒠䐠䎀䒐䌀䐠䌀

䅰䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䎀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䌠䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䅰䌀䎠䏠䏐䍰䌀䐰䐐䐠䐀䏠䎐䐐䐠䌠䏠䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀

‘䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䍐䏐䍐䐀䌀䍰䍀䍐䎰䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠䏠䐠䐰䐐䐠䐀䏠䎐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䎀䐠䓰䑐䏐䏠䐠䏠䍰䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐.’

䅰䌀䎠䏠䏐䍰䌀䐐䏠䌐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䅰䌀䎠䏠䏐䍰䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐

䇰䏠䍀䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䌠䎀䌀䎠䐠䏠䌠䍐䇐䌀䐀䍐䍀䌐䌀 2/15.03.2002 䍰䌀䐰䐐䎰䏠䌠䎀䓰䐠䌀䎀䐀䍐䍀䌀䍰䌀䐰䐠䌠䒠䐀䍠䍀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀

䐐䑐䍐䏀䎀䎀䍰䌀䏠䐐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䎀䏐䌀䏰䒠䐠䏐䎀䑠䎀䐐䌀䌠䐠䏠䌐䐰䐐䎀䎀䎰䍐䎠䎀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀.

䇐䌀䐀䍐䍀䌐䌀 2/29.06.2004 䍰䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏰䐀䏠䍐䎠䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎠䏠䏀䐰䏐䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䏠-䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀䏐䌀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀 -䐀䍐䌰䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䎀䓰䌐䐀䏠䎐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䌰䌀䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䇀䇰䈐䌠䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏠䌐䍐䎠䐠䎀䐠䍐

䄠䒠䏰䐀䍐䎠䎀䍀䍐䎠䎰䌀䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䐠䏠䐠䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䍐䏐䌀䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䌀䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䎠䌀䐠䏠䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䎀䏐䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䌀䐠䒠䑠䎀䐐䍐䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䐠䎀䏀䐰䎰䎀䍰䌀䐠䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䒠䌠䎠䌀䌠䎀䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䏰䏠䏠䐠䏐䏠䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䑀䏠䐀䏀䎀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䐠䏐䓀䏠䐀䐐䐠䌠䏠. 䇠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐐䍐䎀䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䎀䍐䏐䌀䐐䍐䐀䎀䏠䍰䏐䎀䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏠䌠䎀䌐䌀䐀䎀䍐䐀䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䎀䏐䏠䌠䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀, 䍀䏠䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䍐䌰䐰䎰䌀䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐, 䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䐐䒠䐐䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠 (䌐䐀䏠䓰䐠䍰䌀䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䏠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䏰䐀䎀䏰䏠䎰䐰䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐀䌀䍰䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䍰䌀䏐䏠䌠䏠䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠) 䎀䍰䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䎀䏐䍐䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䏠䎰䌀䌰䌀䐐䒠䍰䍀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎀/ 䌰䌀䐀䌀䍠䎀䍰䌀䌠䍐䎰䏠䐐䎀䏰䍐䍀䎀. 䈐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏰䐀䏠䏰䐰䐐䎠䍐䎀䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠, 䎠䏠䎐䐠䏠䍀䌀䏐䏠䌠䏠䐠䏠䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䐐䏠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠. (䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䏰䐀䏠䍐䎠䐠 ADD HOME – “䈰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䌠䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䏐䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀”, 䐰䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䎀䑠䎀䏠䐠䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰, 䄰䍐䐀䏀䌀䏐䎀䓰, 䆀䐠䌀䎰䎀䓰, 䄀䌠䐐䐠䐀䎀䓰䎀䈐䎰䏠䌠䍐䏐䎀䓰).

䅐䍀䎀䏐䏠䐠䐐䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐐䌐䐰䐀䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䌠䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰䏰䐀䍐䍰䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠䍀䍐䐐䍐䐠䎀䎰䍐䐠䎀䍐, 䎠䏠䎐䐠䏠䍀䏠䌐䐀䍐䎀䎰䓠䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䑀䎀䎠䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䌠䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀, 䏐䏠䎀䐐䎰䏠䍠䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䏀䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏠䏠䌐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䏠䐐䐠䐐䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐠䍐䌠䅰䌀䏰䌀䍀䏐䌀䅐䌠䐀䏠䏰䌀, 䍐䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䎀䓰䐠䌀. 䅀䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐰䐐䎰䐰䌰䎀䍐䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䏐䌀䍰䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䎀, 䏐䏠䌠䉠䆀䅐䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䒠䐠䐐䍐䑐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䐐䎀䍰䎠䎰䓠䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䌀䍀䎀䏐䌀䏀䎀䎠䌀. 䇠䐐䌠䍐䏐䑰䍐䎀䏀䌀䍀䒠䎰䌐䏠䎠䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䎀䎀䎠䏠䏐䏠䏀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䎀䑠䎀, 䐠䏠䎐䏠䎠䌀䍰䌠䌀䌠䎰䎀䓰䏐䎀䍐䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䏀䏠䍀䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䍀䌠䎀䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐䌠䒠䌠䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䎀䍰䐠䏠䑰䏐䏠䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐.


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䇰䐀䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䍰䏀䌀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䓰䐠䐐䍐䎠䐠䏠䐀䍐䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䌠䏐䌀䐐䏠䌐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠; 䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐 (䉠䈰䇀, 䄰䈰䇀, 䈀䈰䇀) 䐐䍐䐀䌀䍰䏰䏠䎰䌀䌰䌀䐠䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䎀䎰䎀䌠䐀䌀䎐䏠䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䏠䌠䍐, 䍀䏠䌐䐀䍐䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䍐䏐䎀䏠䐠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䌀䐠䌀䏀䐀䍐䍠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠. 䇰䐀䎀䌠䌀䐠䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䎀䍀䍐-䎠䏠䏐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䏠䌐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䌠䉠䆀䅐䏰䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䌀 ‘䏰䐀䍐䑐䏠䍀䌀’ 䎀䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䏠䎠䐰䏰䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䌀䐐䏰䏠䐐䏠䌐䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䎀䌰䐀䐰䏰䎀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䐐䒠䌠䏰䌀䍀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䍀䍐䏐䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䏐䌀䅰䌀䏰䌀䍀, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䏐䌀䐠䌀䐠䏠䑰䎠䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䎀䒐䌀䏐䍐, 䌀䎀䏀䌀䎀䐀䍐䌰䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䌀䌠䌀䏐䎀䏐䌀䍀䏠䏰䐰䐐䐠䎀䏀䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐. 䈠䌀䎠䌀, 䏠䐠䎠䐀䌀䓰䏐䌀 1990䐠䍐䐐䍐䏐䌀䌐䎰䓠䍀䌀䌠䌀䌐䒠䐀䍰䏠䏐䌀䌠䎰䎀䍰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䑰䐰䍠䍀䎀䎠䌀䏰䎀䐠䌀䎰䎀, 䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䎠䏠䏀䏰䌀䏐䎀䎀䎀䏠䌐䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䍰䍐䏀䍐䍀䍐䎰䐐䎠䌀䍰䍐䏀䓰䏰䏠䎠䐀䌀䎐䏀䌀䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䎰䎀䐠䍐. 䈐䐀䍐䍀䑀䌀䎠䐠䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐, 䐰䎰䍐䐐䏐䓰䌠䌀䒐䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䌀䌠䉠䆀䅐, 䐐䌀䐐䎰䌀䌐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䍰䌀䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏰䐀䍐䏀䌀䑐䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠䏐䌀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐 (䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䍐䍐䐐䐠䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀䎠䏠䌠䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐); 䐠䐀䐰䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠䐀䍐䌰䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍰䍐䏀䓰䐠䌀䎀䒀䎀䐀䏠䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎠䏠䐀䐰䏰䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䐐䑐䍐䏀䎀; 䐐䎀䏀䌠䏠䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏐䏠䌠䎀䐠䍐䏀䏠䍀䍐䐀䏐䎀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䏠䌐䍐䎠䐠䎀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䐠䐐䎀䏐䏠䏐䎀䏀䎀䏐䌀䎀䍰䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䍐䎀䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䌐䏠䐀䌀. 䇠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䎀䐐䒠䐐䅰䌀䏰䌀䍀䏐䌀䅐䌠䐀䏠䏰䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䓰䌠䌀䐠䌠䐠䏠䌠䌀, 䑰䍐䍀䍐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐰䐐䎰䐰䌰䎀 (䌀) 䐐䍐䐐䎰䐰䑰䌠䌀䌐䒠䐀䍰䏠, 䌠䐀䌀䏀䎠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䍐䍀䏐䏠䍀䍐䐐䍐䐠䎀䎰䍐䐠䎀䍐 (䏰䐀䍐䍰 1995 䌠䉠䆀䅐䎀䏀䌀䏐䓰䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䏀䏠䎰䌀, 䏰䐀䍐䍰 2005 䐠䍐䐐䌀 500); (䌐) 䐐䎰䐰䑰䌠䌀䐐䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䍀䎀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䏠䎠䏠䏀䏰䌀䎠䐠䏐䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐, 䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏐䎀䏠䐠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠; (䌠) 䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌠䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䍀䍐䎠䏠䏐䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰, 䌀䏐䍐䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䌠䍐䑰䍐䐐䒠䍰䍀䌀䍀䍐䏐䎀䐐䒠䐐䐀䍐䍀䏠䐠䏠䑰䎀䓰䏐䌀䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䌀䎀䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䐠.䍐. 䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䎠䎰䎀䍐䏐䐠䎀, 䎀䍀䌠䌀䒐䎀䏠䐠䍀䌀䎰䍐䑰䍐䎀䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䎀䓰䏰䏠䐠䏠䎠; (䍀) 䏠䌐䍐䎠䐠䎀䐠䍐䐐䌀䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䏠䐐䏠䌐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䎀䌰䎀䐐䏠䌰䐀䏠䏀䏐䎀䌰䏠䍀䎀䒀䏐䎀䏰䍐䑰䌀䎰䌐䎀, 䌐䎰䎀䍰䎠䎀䍀䏠䎀䎰䎀䍀䏠䐀䎀䏐䌀䍀䑐䌠䒠䐀䎰䓰䒐䎀䌐䐀䐰䐠䏐䎀䓰䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䍐䏐䏰䐀䏠䍀䐰䎠䐠䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐 ‘䌠䏰䐀䍐䑐䏠䍀’2. 䄠䒠䌠䄠䍐䎰䎀䎠䏠䌐䐀䎀䐠䌀䏐䎀䓰䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䒠䐠䍐䍰䌀䏰䏠䑰䏐䌀䎰䏠䐠 1970-䐠䍐䎀䎀䏀䌀䌠䎀䍀䎀䏀䎀䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䎀䑠䎀䏰䐀䍐䍰 1980-䐠䍐, 䌀䏰䐀䍐䍰 1990䐠䍐䍐䏰䏠䍀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䏐䌀䐀䍐䌰䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏰䏠䐀䌀䍀䎀䏠䐠䑰䍐䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䏐䎀䌠䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䎀䑠䎀 (䍰䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀; 䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏐䍐䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䍐䏀䎀; 䍀䎀䐐䎠䐀䎀䏀䎀䏐䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏐䍐䏀䏠䐠䏠䐀䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐; 䍰䌀䏀䒠䐀䐐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䏰䐀䎀䑰䎀䏐䍐䏐䏠䏠䐠䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䒠䐠䐰䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰. 䄠䇰䐀䌀䌰䌀䎀䄠䌀䐀䒀䌀䌠䌀䍐䍀䌠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍰 2001 䐐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌠䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䏠䐠䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䎀䑀䎀䐀䏀䎀䑰䌀䐐䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䐰䑰䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䏰䐀䎀䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䐰䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䐠.䏐. 䄠䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䐐䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䎀䍰䌠䏠䍀䎀䍰䌀䏐䌀䐠䎀䐐䎠䌀䍰䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䏐䍐䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䌠䏰䍐䐀䎀䑀䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䐰䐐䌠䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎀䍰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䒀䎰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀䎀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏠䐠䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䎀䏠䑠䍐䏐䎠䎀䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䎀䓰䐠䌀 (retail impact assessment) 䈠䏠䌠䌀䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䏰䏠䌠䏠䍀䍀䌀䌐䒠䍀䍐䏰䏠䌠䍀䎀䌰䏐䌀䐠䎀䌠䒠䏰䐀䏠䐐䒠䐠䍰䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏠䐠 ‘䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏐䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䌰䐀䐰䏰䎀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠’,

2 䐐䒠䌰䎰䌀䐐䏐䏠䑠䎀䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䉐䌀䐀䌠䌀䐀䍀䍰䌀 2000䌰. (Musil, 2005) 䌠䍐䐀䎀䌰䌀䐠䌀 Carrefour 䎀䏀䌀䏰䐀䎀䑐䏠䍀 52 䏀䎰䐀䍀. $, 䍀䏠䎠䌀䐠䏠䍰䌀䐐䒠䒐䎀䓰䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䄐䇐䇰䏐䌀䉰䍐䑐䎀䓰䍐 56.4, 䈰䏐䌰䌀䐀䎀䓰 - 48.4; 䈀䐰䏀䒠䏐䎀䓰 – 33.7; 䈐䎰䏠䌠䌀䎠䎀䓰 – 19.3 䏀䎰䐀䍀. $.


39

䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䍀䌀䏠䐠䐐䐠䏠䓰䌠䌀䐠䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䐐䏰䌀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍐䍀䎀䏐䍐䏐䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䍰䌀䍰䌀䒐䎀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䐀䏠䍀䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䌀䑰䏠䌠䍐䒀䎠䎀䐠䍐䏠䌐䒐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䌠䒠䌠䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䍐䌠䐀䏠䏰䍐䎐䐐䎠䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐 (Garb&Dybicz, 2006).

䅰䌀䐐䒠䍠䌀䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐰䏐䌀䐐䐠䌀䎠䎀䌠䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䌠䐐䍐䏠䒐䍐䎰䎀䏰䐐䌠䌀䐠. 䈀䌀䍰䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䏰䒠䐀䌠䎀䏰䐀䏠䍐䎠䐠䏐䌀䈀䌀䏀䎠䏠䌠䌀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀䍰䌀䏰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䇠䈰䇰䏐䌀䈐䐠䏠䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䏰䐰䐐䏐䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀䐀䌀䑠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䏀䐰䏰䏠䏠䐠䏐䏠䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䓰䑐䏐䌀䐠䌀䏠䌐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐐䒠䏠䐠䏐䏠䐐䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠; 䍀䌀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏰䐀䎀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐠䎀䐠䍐, 䌀䎠䐠䓀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䎀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䐀䍐䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䌠䒠䌠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䐠䏠䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠䎀䍀䌀䏠䐠䎠䐀䏠䎀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䎀䐠䍐䑐䏠䐀䎀䍰䏠䏐䐠䌀䎰䏐䎀䎀䌠䍐䐀䐠䎀䎠䌀䎰䏐䎀䌠䐀䒠䍰䎠䎀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䍐䎰䍐䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀/ 䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䏰䏠䐀䍐䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀 –䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䎀䐠䍐䌐䌀䐀䎀䍐䐀䎀/ 䎠䏠䏐䑀䎰䎀䎠䐠䎀䎀䏐䍐䐐䒠䏠䐠䌠䍐䐠䐐䐠䌠䎀䓰䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䏰䐀䎀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐠䎀, 䏐䏠䎀䏰䏠䐠䍐䏐䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀/ 䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䌠䌀䒐䎀䐐䍐䐐䒠䐠䐀䐰䍀䏐䎀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䌀/ 䏰䌀䐀䐠䏐䓀䏠䐀䐐䐠䌠䌀. 䄀䏠䒐䍐䏐䍐䏐䌀䐰䑰䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䍀䏠䍀䏐䍐䐐䐰䐀䏠䑠䎀䏐䌀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀䎀䐐䏠䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䐰䐐䐠䐀䏠䎐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐐䌀䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䐐䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䐐䐀䌀䌠䏐䓰䐠䏰䐀䏠䎠䎰䌀䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏐䏠䐀䏀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䎀䎠䏠䏐䑠䍐䏰䑠䎀䎀䐐䏠䐐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䐀䍐䌀䎰䏐䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䎀䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䐠䑀䌀䎠䐠䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐, 䏰䐀䎀䑰䎀䏐䎀䎰䎀䐠䏠䌠䌀䐀䌀䍰䏀䎀䏐䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐.

䅰䌀䎠䎰䓠䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䄐䒠䎰䌰䌀䐀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䎀䍀䏐䍐䐐䐐䌀䏠䑰䍐䌠䎀䍀䏐䏠䎀䍰䏰䐀䌀䌠䍐䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䍰䏐䌀䑰䎀䏀䎀䎀

䏐䍐䏠䐠䎰䏠䍠䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䍰䌠䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐. 䈐䐀䍐䍀䐠䓰䑐䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䏀䌀䐠䏰䐀䎀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐠䏐䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䎀䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀䐠䌰䒠䌠䎠䌀䌠䎀䏰䐀䏠䑀䍐䐐䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰, 䑰䐰䌠䐐䐠䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䎠䒠䏀䎀䍰䏀䍐䏐䓰䒐䎀䐐䍐䐰䐐䎰䏠䌠䎀䓰䎀䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀, 䏐䏠䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䎀䐐䏰䐀䓰䏀䏠䍀䒠䎰䌰䏠䐐䐀䏠䑰䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䎀䑠䎀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䐐䎠䎀䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀. 䄠䏰䐀䏠䐠䎀䌠䍐䏐䐐䎰䐰䑰䌀䎐䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䌀䌠䌀䒐䏠䍰䌀䐐䎀䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䏠䐠䏠䐀䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䒐䍐䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䍀䌀䐐䐠䎀䏀䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䐐䐰䌐䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰, 䍀䌀䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䑐䏠䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䎀, 䏀䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䌀䎰䍐䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䐀䍐䐐䐰䐀䐐, 䍀䌀䏀䌀䐀䌰䎀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䓰䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䎀䍀䌀䐀䌀䍰䐀䐰䒀䌀䌠䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䐠䒠䎠䌀䏐䎀䎠䐰䎰䐠䐰䐀䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䍀䍐䏐䐠䎀䑰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐. 䅰䌀䍀䒠䎰䌐䏠䑰䍐䏐䏠䏠䐐䏀䎀䐐䎰䓰䏐䍐䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏠䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䎀䍀䍐䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䎀䏰䐀䌀䌰䏀䌀䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀䌠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠; 䍰䌀䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰䌠䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐 –䏠䐐䒠䍰䏐䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䑰䍐䐐䏰䏠䏐䐠䌀䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䌠䎀䏐䌀䌰䎀䏰䐀䏠䏀䍐䏐䓰䐠䏐䌀䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䎀䐠䎀䑠䎀䐠䍐䎀䍐䎠䐐䏰䍐䐀䐠䎀䐠䍐-䐰䐀䌐䌀䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀, 䏐䏠䎀䏠䐐䒠䍰䏐䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏠䐠䎀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍐䍀䎀䏐䏐䌀䌠䎀䍰䎀䓰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䓰䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䎀䏠䐠䎀䏐䐠䍐䌰䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䎀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䍀䌀䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏠䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䑠䓰䎰䏠䐐䐠䏐䏠䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐.

䆰䎀䐠䍐䐀䌀䐠䐰䐀䌀:Bertaud, A. (2004) The Spatial Structures of Central and Eastern European cities: more

European than Socialist? International symposium on post-communist cities, The Russian and East European Center (REEC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, June 17-19,


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Garb, Y., T. Dybicz (2006). The retail revolution in post-socialist Central Europe and its lessons. In Tsenkova, S. & Z. Nedovic-Budic (eds) The Urban Mosaic of Post-socialist Europe. Space, Institutions and Policy.

EEA (2002). Towards an urban atlas. Assessment of spatial data on 25 European cities and urban areas, Environmental issue report No 30, Copenhagen

Nuissl, H., D.Rink (2003). Urban Sprawl and Post-socialist Transformation. The Case of Leipzig(Germany), UFZ-Bericht 4/2003, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Economics, Sociology and Law.

Musil, J. (2005). Why socialist and post-socialist cities are important for forward-looking urban studies. Paper presented at Forward look on urban Science conference, Helsinki, 26-28 May.

UITP (International Association of Public Transport) (2005) Mobility in Cities. www.uitp.com䇀䈀䈀䄐 (2007) 䇠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀 “䈀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐” 2007-2013. 䄰䎰䌀䌠䏐䌀

䍀䎀䐀䍐䎠䑠䎀䓰 “䇰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐”, 䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰. http://www.europa.bg


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䅐䇀䆀䆰䇰䅐䈠䈀䇠䄠䈀䒠䎠䏠䌠䏠䍀䎀䐠䍐䎰䅐䎰䍐䎠䐠䐀䏠䏐䏐䎀䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䎠䎀

“䉠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䍰䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠” 䅐䇠䇠䅀䇰䏠䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐“䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠”

䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰05.10.2009䌰.

䄠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䎀䏰䏠䐠䍐䏐䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䌀䄰䆀䈐䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䏐䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀

䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀䌠䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰

䄰䍐䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䆀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䈐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀 (䄰䆀䈐)

n 䈐䏰䍐䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀䍰䌀䐐䒠䌐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐, 䏠䌐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䎠䌀, 䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰

䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀(䌰䍐䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䎀) 䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䎀

䌰䍐䏐䍐䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䍐䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰.


42

䆠䏠䏀䏰䏠䏐䍐䏐䐠䎀䏐䌀䄰䆀䈐n 䄰䍐䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䎀䐠䍐䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䎀䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀䐠䏐䓰䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠

䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䎀䎠䏠䏀䏰䏠䏐䍐䏐䐠䎀:

䄰䆀䈐䌐䌀䍰䌀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀

n 䄰䆀䈐䌐䌀䍰䌀䐠䌀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌀䌠䎰䓰䌠䌀䏠䐀䌰䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䐐䒠䌠䎠䐰䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏰䏠䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䌀䎰䍐䏐䏐䌀䑰䎀䏐䌠䍰䌀䎀䏀䏐䏠䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䎀䌰䍐䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀.

n 䈐䒠䍰䍀䌀䌠䌀䐐䍐䐠䌀䎠䌀, 䑰䍐䍀䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䌐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䌠䌀䐠䎀䏰䏠䍀䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䐠䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䏀䌀䐐䎀䌠䎀䎀䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䌠䎰䎀䑰䌀䐀䌀䍰䏐䏠䏠䌐䐀䌀䍰䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䏰䐀䎀䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䄰䆀䈐䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䓰.


43

䈠䍐䏀䌀䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䐐䎰䏠䍐䌠䍐

n 䅀䌀䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䌠䄰䆀䈐䐐䌀䏠䐀䌰䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䌠䒠䌠䐐䒠䌠䎠䐰䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠䐠䍐䏀䌀䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䐐䎰䏠䍐䌠e.

䈀䍐䎰䍐䑀䅰䍐䏀䍐䏰䏠䎰. 䄠䏠䍀䎀䇰䒠䐠䎀䒐䌀䄀䍀䏀䎀䏐.

䇰䐀䍐䍀䎀䏀䐐䐠䌠䌀䎀䎰䎀䍰䌀䒐䏠䍀䌀䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏀䍐䄰䆀䈐

§ 䄰䆀䈐䐠䍐䑐䏐䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰䐠䌀䍐䑠䍐䏐䏐䌀䐐䐠䏠䌠䌀, 䑰䍐䏰䏠䍰䌠䏠䎰䓰䌠䌀:

§ 䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䎀, 䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐䑠䎀䎀䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀

§ 䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䏰䐀䍐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䏐䎀䐐䎀䐠䐰䌀䑠䎀䎀

§ 䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䌀䐐䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䏠䌐䍐䏀䎀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀

§ 䏰䐀䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䍐䏠䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䎀䐰䐐䎰䐰䌰䎀䏰䐀䍐䍰䆀䏐䐠䍐䐀䏐䍐䐠

§ 䌠䍰䎀䏀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠-䍀䏠䌐䐀䎀䎀䌀䍀䍐䎠䌠䌀䐠䏐䎀䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰


44

§ 䄰䍐䏠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䐐䍐䏰䏠䍀䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䐠䏰䏠-䎰䍐䐐䏐䏠䌠䐐䐠䌀䏐䍀䌀䐀䐠䍐䏐䄰䆀䈐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䐠.

§ 䅀䌀䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䌠䑠䎀䑀䐀䏠䌠䌠䎀䍀䏰䏠-䎰䍐䐐䏐䏠䐐䍐䐀䍐䍀䌀䎠䐠䎀䐀䌀䐠䎀䌀䎠䐠䐰䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䐠.

§ 䈠䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䏐䌀䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䌠䎀䍰䐰䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䌠䄰䆀䈐䍐䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䏰䏠-䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠.

n 䈐䒠䍰䍀䌀䍀䍐䏐䎀䓰䐠䎠䐀䌀䍐䏐䏰䐀䏠䍀䐰䎠䐠䐐䄰䆀䈐䍐䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䏰䏠-䏰䏠䎰䍐䍰䍐䏐䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䏐䎀䑠䍐䎰䎀.


n 䈐䏰䏠䏀䏠䒐䐠䌀䏐䌀䄰䆀䈐䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䐐䏐䏠䐐䍐䏠䌐䏀䍐䏐䓰䐠䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀.

n 䇀䐀䍐䍠䏠䌠䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䑐䏐䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䎀䏰䏠䍰䌠䏠䎰䓰䌠䌀䐠䍐䍀䏐䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䏠䍀䌀䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䓰䐠䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐐䍐䍀䏐䎀䎀䐐䒠䒐䎀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䌠䄰䆀䈐䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀.

n 䈐䄰䆀䈐䐀䓰䍰䎠䏠䐐䍐䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀䏰䐀䏠䎀䍰䌠䏠䍀䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䐠䐀䐰䍀䌀, 䎠䌀䐠䏠䐐䍐䐐䏰䍐䐐䐠䓰䌠䌀䐠䑀䎀䏐䌀䏐䐐䏠䌠䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀, 䐠䐀䐰䍀䎀䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐.



45

䆠䌀䎠䌠䏠䏀䏠䍠䍐䏀䍀䌀䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䏀䐐䄰䆀䈐?

n 䅀䌀䐐䒠䌐䎀䐀䌀䏀䍐, 䏠䌐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䌠䌀䏀䍐䎀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏀䍐䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀 (䌰䍐䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䎀) 䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䎀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰.

n 䅀䌀䐐䒠䍰䍀䌀䌠䌀䏀䍐䎠䌀䐀䐠䎀䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䏀䏠䍀䍐䎰䎀䍰䌀䍀䌀䍀䍐䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰.

n 䅀䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏀䍐䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䎀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䌀䎰䏐䎀䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䎀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏠䌐䍐䎠䐠䎀䐠䍐䌠䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠.

n 䅀䌀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䓰䌠䌀䏀䍐䐐䎰䏠䍠䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠 - 䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䎀 (䎠䌀䐠䏠䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䎀䍀䐀.).

n 䅀䌀䏰䐀䏠䎀䌰䐀䌀䌠䌀䏀䍐䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䎀䐐䑠䍐䏐䌀䐀䎀䎀䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐.

n 䆀䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀...

䄰䆀䈐䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀” 䌠䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰

§ 䆀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䍐䏰䏠䐀䏠䍀䍐䏐䏠䏠䐠䐠䒠䐀䐐䍐䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䎀:

§ 䇰䒠䎰䏐䌀䎀䏐䌠䍐䏐䐠䌀䐀䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䎀䍰䏐䌀䎠䏠䌠䏠䐠䏠䐐䐠䏠䏰䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠 - 䎠䒠䍀䍐, 䎠䌀䎠䌠䎀䎀䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠?

§ 䇐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䏰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐐䑠䍐䎰䏠䏰䐠䎀䏀䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䍰䌠䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䍰䌀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀” .

§ 䈐䏰䏠䏀䏠䒐䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䎀䑰䏐䎀䌰䍐䏠䏀䌀䐀䎠䍐䐠䎀䏐䌰䏠䌠䎀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰, 䌐䌀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏐䌀䑠䍐䎰䍐䌠䌀䐠䌀䄰䆀䈐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䏠䍀䏠䌐䐀䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐠䏠䎀䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䎠䏠䏀䏰䌀䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀.


46

䄰䆀䈐䌠 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”

§ 䄰䆀䈐䐀䌀䍰䏰䏠䎰䌀䌰䌀䐐䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䏠

䐀䌀䍰䏐䏠䏠䌐䐀䌀䍰䎀䍐䏠䐠䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䓰,

䑰䐀䍐䍰䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠“䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”䏰䏠䎰䐰䑰䌀䌠䌀䐐䌠䏠䓰䐠䌀

䏐䏠䌠䌀䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀

䌠䎀䍰䎀䓰.

䈠䓰䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䎀䎠䏠䏀䏰䏠䏐䍐䏐䐠䎀:

§ 䈰䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䏀䐀䍐䍠䌀

§ 䅰䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀

§ 䈐䌰䐀䌀䍀䍐䏐䑀䏠䏐䍀

§ 䇰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀

§ 䅰䏐䌀䎠䏠䌠䏠䐐䐠䏠䏰䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠

䈐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䏐䌀䄰䆀䈐䌐䌀䍰䌀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䌠“䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”


47


n 䈰䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䏀䐀䍐䍠䌀, 䍰䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䎀, 䐐䌰䐀䌀䍀䍐䏐䑀䏠䏐䍀:

§ 䈠䏠䌠䌀䍐䌐䌀䍰䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䐐䍐䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䌠䌀䎀

䏠䐀䌰䌀䏐䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䄰䆀䈐䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀“䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀” 䌠

䌰䐀.䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰.

§ 䄐䎰䌀䌰䏠䍀䌀䐀䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䓰䑐䐐䍐䎰䏠䎠䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀

䐠䏠䑰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䏠䏰䏠䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀

䍰䏐䌀䎠䏠䌠䏠䐠䏠䐐䐠䏠䏰䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏠

䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐.

§ 䇰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䎀䍰䏐䌀䎠䏠䌠䏠䐐䐠䏠䏰䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠:

§ 䈀䌀䌐䏠䐠䌀䐐䐠䓰䑐䍐䎀䍰䎠䎰䓠䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠

䍀䎀䏐䌀䏀䎀䑰䏐䌀, 䎠䌀䐠䏠䏰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀䐠䌀䏰䏠䍰䌠䏠䎰䓰

䏰䏠䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䏐䏠䐠䏠䎀䏀䐀䍐䍀䌀䎠䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏠䌐䏐䏠䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐.



48

䄰䆀䈐䌠 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”§ 䄰䆀䈐䏰䐀䍐䍀䎰䌀䌰䌀

䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䐀䌀䌠䓰䐠

䍰䌀䏰䎀䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䎠䒠䏀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐“䐐䎰䏠䍐䌠䍐”.

§ 䅰䌀䏰䎀䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀(䐐䏰䐀䌀䌠䎠䎀䐠䍐)

䍀䌀䌠䌀䐠䐐䌠䏠䍐䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䌀䐐䐠䌀䐠䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰 .


§ 䇀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䐀䌀䌠䓰䐠

䍰䌀䏰䎀䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀䐠䏠䌠䌀䎠䒠䍀䍐䎀䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠

䏐䌀䌐䐀䏠䎐䐐䌀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䌠䎀䍀䏠䌠䍐

䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䌠 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”.


49


§䇰䏠䍀䏠䌐䏐䌀䍐䐐䎀䐠䐰䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䍐䐐

䌠䎀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐.

䇰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䄐䐀䏠䎐䈐䎀䏐䓰䍰䏠䏐䌀 24

䆀䏐䌠䌀䎰䎀䍀䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀 2


§ 䄰䆀䈐䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠

䐰䐐䏰䍐䒀䏐䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䓰䌠䌀䍰䏐䌀䎠䏠䌠䏠䐠䏠䐐䐠䏠䏰䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䏠

䌠 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”.


50


§ 䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏰䏠䏰䏠䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䍀䐀䍐䐐䑰䐀䍐䍰䌠䎀䏐䍐䐠䏐䎀䐐䐠䎀䎠䍐䐀䎀䐐䒠䒐䏠䐐䍐䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䄰䆀䈐.

“䉠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䍰䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠” - 䏐䏠䌠䎀䏐䐰䍠䍀䎀䏐䌀䎰䌀䌰䌀䒐䎀䐀䌀䍰䌠䎀䐠䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䄰䆀䈐

䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠

n 䇐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䍐䎠䏠䏀䏰䎰䍐䎠䐐䏐䏠䐀䍐䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䐐䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀䌠䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰䌠䍐䍀䎀䏐䏐䌀䎀䏐䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀 – 䄰䆀䈐.

n 䇰䐀䎀䎰䌀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䏠 - 䐠䍐䑐䏐䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䎀䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䑠䎀䎀䌠䏠䏰䍐䐀䌀䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䐠䏠䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䐠䍐䌰䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䏠䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䌀.

n 䇐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䍐䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䌠䍰䍐䏀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䓰.

n 䇠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䍀䏠䌠䌀䍠䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰.


51

䆠䌀䎠䌠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䎀䍠䍀䌀䏀䍐?

n 䆀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䑠䓰䎰䏠䐐䐠䏐䏠䄰䆀䈐䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䍰䌀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀䌠䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰.

n 䆀䏐䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䐀䍐䐐䐰䐀䐐䎀, 䎀䏀䌀䒐䎀䏠䐠䏐䏠䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䎠䒠䏀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀 -䍀䍐䏀䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䌀䌐䌀䍰䌀, 䐰䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䏀䐀䍐䍠䌀, 䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠, “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀”, 䐐䌠䍐䐠䏠䑀䌀䐀䏐䎀䐰䐀䍐䍀䌐䎀䎀䍀䐀.

䆠䌀䎠䌠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䎀䍠䍀䌀䏀䍐?

n 䇠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䏐䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀䍰䌀䏀䏠䏐䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䏐䌰, 䎠䏠䏐䐠䐀䏠䎰䎀䐰䏰䐀䌀䌠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀.

n 䇠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䎀䌠䍐䏐䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䍀䏠䌠䌀䍠䏐䌀䍰䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰- 䍰䌀䍀䐀䒠䐐䐠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰, 䐀䍐䏀䏠䏐䐠䎀, 䏐䎀䌠䏠䏐䌀䍰䌀䏰䒠䎰䏐䓰䍐䏀䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䌠 “䈐䆀䇐䋰䅰䇠䇐䄀” 䎀䍀䐀.


52

䇰䒠䎰䏐䌀䎀䏐䌠䍐䏐䐠䌀䐀䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀䎀䑀䌀䎠䐠䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠

䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀

§䈐䒠䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䎀䍐䎀䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䏐䌀䐰䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䐠䌀䏀䐀䍐䍠䌀

§䈐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䐠䐀䏠䎰䎀䐀䍐䌰䐰䎰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䌀

§䆰䎀䏐䎀䎀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䎀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠

§䈐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐

§䇐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐

§䄐䎀䍰䏐䍐䐐䎀䍀䐀.

䇀䏠䍀䍐䎰䎀䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠

§ 䆀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䏠䍀䍐䎰䎀䍰䌀

䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀

䌐䌀䍰䌀䐠䌀䌀䎠䐠䐰䌀䎰䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䍰䌀䏠䌐䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䎠䌀䐠䌀䌠

䌰䐀䌀䍀䌀.

* 䈠䏠䍰䎀䏰䐀䎀䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䏀䏠䍀䍐䎰䏰䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌀䌠䓰䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䍀䏠䈐䐠䏠䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䇠䌐䒐䎀䏐䌀.


53

䄀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䍰䌀䏠䏰䐠䎀䏀䎀䍰䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䏐䌀䈐䏠䑀䎀䓰

§ 䄰䍐䏠䍀䍐䏀䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䎀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀

§ 䈐䒠䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䐠䌀

§ 䇰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䏐䎀䐰䑰䌀䐐䐠䒠䑠䎀䎀䍀䐀.

䆀䍰䌰䐀䌀䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䑠䓰䎰䏠䐐䐠䏐䏠䄰䆀䈐䐐䒠䐀䌠䒠䐀䏐䏠䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐

§ 䆀䏐䐠䍐䌰䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䍰䌀䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䏰䏠䐀䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䌠䍐䍀䏐䏠䏰䐀䎀䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐.

§ 䇠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍀䎀䏐䌀䏀䎀䑰䏐䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀䍰䌀䏠䌐䏀䍐䏐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰 -䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䍰䌠䍐䏐䌀䏐䌀 “䉠䄰䇀” 䅐䇠䇠䅀, 䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䑐䏠䐀䌀䐠䌀 “䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䍐䏐”.

§ 䇠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐰䌐䎰䎀䑰䍐䏐䍀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䍀䏠䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䑰䐀䍐䍰䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䏐䍐䐠.


54

KMS - 䅀䏠䐐䐠䒠䏰䏐䏠䐐䐠䍀䏠䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䑰䐀䍐䍰䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䏐䍐䐠

§ 䈐䎀䐐䐠䍐䏀䌀䍰䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䐐䒠䌐䎀䐠䎀䓰,

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䈐䐠䏠䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䓰䌰䐀䌀䍀.

䄐䎰䌀䌰䏠䍀䌀䐀䓰䍰䌀䄠䌀䒀䍐䐠䏠䌠䏐䎀䏀䌀䏐䎀䍐!

䅐䇀䆀䆰䇰䅐䈠䈀䇠䄠GSM: +359 885 108 119

䐠䍐䎰. +359 2 801 52 15e-mail: [email protected]


55

Parking surveys

Introduction – traffic surveys• 1. Analysis of the problem

– Problem definition: – Is there a problem? – Size of the problem? Location? At which moments?– Cause of the problem?– Do we need to know more about the situation? What?

• 2. Type of survey– Which relevant data is available?– Need to collect additionaldata? What data? How?

• 3. Data collection:– Execution of the survey

• 4. Analysis of the data• 5. Conclusions: possible solutions


56

Introduction – traffic surveys• 1. Analysis of the problem

– Problem definition: – Is there a problem? – Size of the problem? Location? At which moments?– Causeof the problem?– Do we need to know more about the situation? What?

• 2. Type of survey– Which relevant data is available?– Need to collect additional data? What data? How?

• 3. Data collection:– Execution of the survey

• 4. Analysis of the data• 5. Conclusions: possible solutions

2. Types of surveys– Traffic counts

• Traffic counts• Junction counts• Origin-Destination-survey

– Traffic flow surveys• Speed survey• Queue length• Delay time• Travel time

– Parking survey• Parking capacity• Parking occupancy• Parking duration• Parking survey (motives)

– Cyclists / pedestrians• Counts• Traffic barrier (street

crossing)– Public transport survey

• Travel time• Bus stop use• Origin–destination survey


57

2. Parking surveys• Parking capacity

• Parking occupancy• Parking duration• Parking motives

2.1 Parking capacity survey• Number of available (legal) parking places

per street (area)• Distinction per parking regime:

– Free parking– Payed parking– Blue zone (restricted parking duration)– Parking allowance(inhabitants, …)– Reserved places (taxi, handicapped, goods, …)

• To be compared to parking demand


58

2.2 Parking occupancy survey• Number of parked cars per street (area)

– Including cars parked incorrectly (no ticket, ticket passedout, …)

– Including illegally parked cars (bus stop, double parking, …)

• Parking occupancy– Percentage of occupied parking places

= Parked carsCapacity

Parking problem if occupation > 85 %• Surveys for several moments

– Evolution during the day (bv. every 1 or 2 hours)– For working day, Saturday, Sunday, market day, …

2.2 Parking occupancy survey• Examples


59

2.2 Parking occupancy survey• Example: daily evolution on weekday and

weekend days

2.3 Parking duration survey• Indicators:

– Average parking duration– Distribution of parking duration:

• share of short parking vs. long parking– Turn-over: average number of parked cars on one

parking place during a certain period• = number of cars parkedduring period

parking capacity• Indicator for efficient use of parking capacity, combining parking

occupancy and parking duration– 1 inhabitant parking his car during 9hà occupancy = 100% ; turn-over = 1

– 6 shoppingvisitors parking during 1,5hà occupancy = 100% ; turn-over = 6

– 3 shoppingvisitors parking during 1,5hà occupancy = 50% ; turn-over = 3


60

2.3 Parking duration survey• Way of working:

– Survey in a selection of “ representative streets”– At fixed timings (every 15 or 30 minutes) for each parking place the

license plate number of the parkeed vehicle is noted. – The number of consecutive notations of the same license plate is a

measure for the parking duration– For the analysis, specifiedsoftware is available (e.g. Parkero)– Correctionshould be made because a part of the short parking is

missed

2.3 Parking duration survey• Results:

Parkeerduurverdeling weekdag

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9

1

Meir

Grote M

arkt

Oudaan

Midden

Leien

Nation

alestr

aat -

Kloo

sterst

raat

Paarde

nmark

t

Steen -

Sint-P

aulus

Station

Zuid bi

nnen

Leien

Alle zo

nes

%

> 8uur4 -8 uur2 - 4 uur< 2 uur


61

2.4 Parking motive survey• Why do people park their car?• For a rough estimation: “6-9-12-survey”:

– Parking occupationis measured at three moments– Occupation gives an idea of the major motives:

- at 6h: only inhabitants- at 9h: only employees- at 12h: employees + visitors (shops, recreation,)

• Parking interview – Ask people why they park here:

• Shopping, work, …– Additionalquestions possible:

• Expected parking duration• Opinion about parking problems, parking tariffs, …

3. Execution of the survey• Define what you want to measure. AND WHAT NOT!

– Surveyarea? Surveyperiod? …– More measurements= more work = highercosts!– But too little measurements= unrepairable!

• Clear methodology: – Use standardisedforms: date, hour, name, location, …– What if paper get messed up?

• Practical organisation:– Who stands where, counting what, …? – Starting time, end time? – Reserve people to give people a rest?

• Preparation is crucial !– Workloadfor the surveyors must be realistic !– If needed: short test in advance


62

4. Analysis of the data– How is current parking behaviour?– Where does it differ from the desired behaviour?– How to force parking behaviour into right

direction?• In general: first optimise use of current capacity

(increase turn-over)• Only then add new parking capacity

– See parking survey in Veliko Tarnovo forpractical example


63

䆀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌠䌰䐀. 䄠䍐䎰䎀䎠䏠䈠䒠䐀䏐䏠䌠䏠䎀䏐䍠. 䇐䎀䎠䏠䎰䌀䎐䇐䌀䎐䍀䍐䏐䏠䌠

䈰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䐠䍐䐠䏰䏠䌀䐀䑐䎀䐠䍐䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀, 䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䎀䌰䍐䏠䍀䍐䍰䎀䓰,䄰䍐䏠䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䍐䏐䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䏰䏠䎀䏐䑀䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䐰䐀䏐䏠䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠

䎀䏐䍠䍐䏐䍐䐀䐐䐠䌠䏠

1. 䉐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䎀䐐䐠䎀䎠䌀䏐䌀䏀䍐䐠䏠䍀䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰䐠䌀䅰䌀䑠䍐䎰䐠䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌐䍐䐀䌀䍰䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䍐䏐䌀䏀䍐䐠䏠䍀䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠

䏐䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䎠䏠䎠䌀䍰䌀䏐䏠, 䏰䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌀䌠䎰䓰䌠䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠: 䍰䌀䌠䐐䓰䎠䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䏠䐠䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䌀䐀䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䍀䍐䑀䎀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍰䏠䏐䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䐰䐐䐠䌀䏐䏠䌠䎀䍐䐐䐠䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠, 䑰䍐䐐䐠䏠䐠䌀䐠䌀䎀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏀䐰. 䇰䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䍐䍀䎀䏐䎀䎰䎀䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䏐䌀䏐䓰䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䏰䒠䐠䎀, 䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏠䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䎀䏰䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䌀䐀䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䏠䌐䑐䏠䍠䍀䌀䐠䏰䍐䒀䌀. 䇰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰䐀䌀䍰䏰䏠䍰䏐䌀䌠䌀䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䎀䍰䌀䏰䎀䐐䌠䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䓰䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀. 䄀䎠䏠䍐䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠, 䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䐀䌀䍰䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀 (䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䍐䏐, 䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐, 䐐䎰䐰䍠䍐䌐䍐䏐䌀䌐䏠䏐䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠) 䈐䒠䒐䏠䐠䌀䎠䌀, 䌰䐀䍐䒀䏐䏠䎀/䎀䎰䎀䏐䍐䍰䌀䎠䏠䏐䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀, 䏀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䌀䐐䍐䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䐠䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䏠.䇰䏠䐐䎰䍐, 䐐䎰䍐䍀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䏐䌀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䎀, 䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䍀䒠䎰䌰䏠䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠䍐䌐䎀䎰䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠, 䎠䌀䎠䒠䌠䌐䐀䏠䎐䎀䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䐐䌀䐐䍐䌠䒠䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䎰䎀䏠䐠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠.

䇀䍐䐠䏠䍀䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰䐠䌀䍐䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䓰䒐䌀䍰䌀䐐䒠䌐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰:

• 䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䏐䌀䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠; • 䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐰䎰䎀䑠䌀䐠䌀• 䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐;• 䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䏐䌀䑠䎀䎠䒠䎰䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐• 䏠䌐䒐䎀䓰䐠䌐䐀䏠䎐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䌠䍐䍀䎀䏐䐀䌀䎐䏠䏐䏰䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐

䏐䌀䎀䍰䏀䍐䐀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠,• 䏰䐀䏠䏀䓰䏐䌀䎀䎰䏠䎠䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀


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• 䐰䏀䍐䐐䐠䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀. 䉰䐀䍐䍰䏀䍐䐠䏠䍀䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰䐠䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䌀䌠䓰䐠䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀

䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䍰䌀:• 䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䐠䏠䏰䏠

䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰;• 䎠䌀䎠䐐䍐䍀䌠䎀䍠䎀䐠䐀䍐䏐䍀䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍰䍀䍐䏐䓰;• 䎠䌀䐀䐠䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰;• 䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䒠䏠䐀䒠䍠䍐䏐䎀䓰䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䒐䎀

䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠; • 䏰䐀䎀䐀䏠䍀䌀䐠䌀, 䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䎀䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐䐠䌀䏐䌀

䏐䍐䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎀• 䏠䏰䍐䍀䍐䎰䓰䏐䍐䎀䎰䎀䐐䏀䓰䏐䌀䏐䌀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䎀䌠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍰䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀;• 䇰䏠䍀䌰䏠䐠䏠䌠䎠䌀䎀䏰䐀䏠䍐䎠䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏐䏠䌠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎀䎰䎀䏰䐀䍐䌰䎰䍐䍀䏐䌀

䐐䒠䒐䌀䐐䐠䌠䐰䌠䌀䒐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰.

2. 䇠䏰䎀䐐䌀䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏀䍐䐠䏠䍀䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䓰䐠䌀

2.1 䇠䌐䑐䌠䌀䐠䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䅰䌀䄠䍐䎰䎀䎠䏠䈠䒠䐀䏐䏠䌠䏠, 䑠䍐䎰䐠䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䌐䍐䒀䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐

䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀䏐䌀䌀䐠䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䌀䐠䌀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠, 䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䒐䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䏀䏐䏠䌀䍀䏀䎀䏐䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䏠䌐䐀䌀䍰䏠䌠䌀䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䎀䌐䎀䍰䏐䍐䐐䌀, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍰䍀䍐䏐䓰䐐䍐䐐䐠䐀䐰䏰䌠䌀䐠䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀䌐䐀䏠䎐䏰䐀䎀䑐䏠䍀䓰䒐䎀䎠䏠䎰䎀, 䌠䐀䌀䏀䎠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䏐䎀䓰䍀䍐䏐䎀䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䍐䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䎀䓰䌀䐀䍐䌀䎰䏐䌀䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䍐䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䑀䎀䐀䏀䌀 „䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎀䎀䌰䌀䐀䌀䍠䎀”. 䇠䐠䐠䐰䎠䐐䍐䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䎀䎀䏠䌐䑐䌠䌀䐠䌀, 䏰䏠䎠䌀䍰䌀䏐䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀:


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䇰䏠䏰䐀䎀䏐䑠䎀䏰, 䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䏠䐀䒠䑰䌠䌀䐠䐠䌀䎠䎀䌠䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䎀䑠䍐䎰䎀䎀䐐䒠䏠䐠䌠䍐䐠䏐䏠䏠䌐䑐䌠䌀䐠 - 䍐䍀䎀䏐䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䍐䏐䎠䌠䌀䐀䐠䌀䎰, 䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䎀䎰䎀䌐䎀䍰䏐䍐䐐䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀, 䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏰䌀䎠䎀䏐䌰, 䌰䌀䐀䏠䌠䎀䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䐐䐠䌠䌀, 䏰䐀䏠䍐䎠䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌐䒠䍀䍐䒐䎀 „䐐䎀䏐䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀” 䐠䐰䐀䎀䐐䐠䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀, 䏀䌀䐐䏠䌠䏠䏰䏠䐐䍐䒐䌀䌠䌀䏐䎀 (䉠䌀䐀䍐䌠䍐䑠). 䈀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀䐐䌀䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䓰䒐䎀䍰䌀䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䌰䐀䌀䍀䏠䌠䍐, 䎠䏠䌰䌀䐠䏠䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䍰䍐䏀䌀䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䍰䌀䐐䏀䓰䏐䌀䏐䌀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䐰䏰䌀䏠䐠䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀 – 䏠䐠䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䍀䌀䏰䐀䍐䏀䎀䏐䌀䐠䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏠䎀䎰䎀䏠䌐䐀䌀䐠䏐䏠䐠䏠.

2.2. 䆠䌀䐀䐠䏐䌀䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䅰䌀䍀䒠䎰䍠䍐䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䍐䏠䐐䎀䌰䐰䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䏠䍀䑐䏠䍀䓰䒐䌀䎠䌀䐀䐠䏐䌀䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀,

䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䒐䍐䏰䏠䐐䎰䐰䍠䎀䍰䌀䏐䌀䏐䌀䐐䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䐐䓰䎠䏠䍐䍀䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠, 䏐䍐䌰䏠䌠䏠䐠䏠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏐䌀䎐-䌠䌀䍠䏐䏠䐠䏠: 䍀䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰䏐䌀䌰䏠䎀䍀䍐䏐䐠䎀䑀䎀䑠䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠. 䄠䐐䎰䐰䑰䌀䓰䍐䐰䍀䏠䌐䏐䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䎠䌀䍀䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䎀䓰䏰䎰䌀䏐䏐䌀䄠. 䈠䒠䐀䏐䏠䌠䏠䌠䏀䌀䒐䌀䌐 1:1000 䌠䑠䎀䑀䐀䏠䌠䌠䎀䍀. 䇐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䌀䍐䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䌀䏠䌐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䎠䌀, 䍰䌀䍀䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍀䌀䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䌀䐀䓰䏐䌀䏰䏠-䌰䏠䐀䍐䏠䏰䎀䐐䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䎠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䎀:

• 䈀䌀䍰䌰䐀䌀䌠䎠䌀䏐䌀䎠䌀䐀䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐐䐠䌀䐐䎠䐀䎀䐠䍐䐀䎀䎀: 䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䐠䄀4 (䐰䍀䏠䌐䍐䏐䍰䌀䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏠䐠䌠䒠䐀䌠䓰䒐䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰, 䇀 1:000


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• 䈰䍀䍐䌐䍐䎰䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䏀䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䐰䎰䎀䑠䎀䐠䍐䎀䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䎠䏠䏰䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐, 䐠䌀䎠䌀䑰䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䎀䍠䍀䌀䐠䏐䌀䌠䐐䍐䎠䎀䎰䎀䐐䐠䄀4,

• 䇰䐀䍐䏀䌀䑐䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䎀䍰䎰䎀䒀䏐䎀䍐䎰䍐䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀, 䎠䌀䐠䏠䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀䏐䌀䎀䏀䏠䐠䎀, 䑐䏠䐀䎀䍰䏠䏐䐠䌀䎰䎀, 䏐䌀䍀䏰䎀䐐䎀䎀䍀䐀䐰䌰䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䍰䌀䐠䐀䐰䍀䏐䓰䌠䌀䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䓰;

• 䅰䌀䏰䌀䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐠䏠䏰䏠䌰䐀䌀䑀䐐䎠䎀䍐䎰䍐䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀, 䏰䏠䏀䌀䌰䌀䒐䎀䏐䌀䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠䍐䎰䓰䏐䌀䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䐀䎀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䌀䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠, 䎠䌀䐠䏠: 䒀䌀䑐䐠䎀, 䍀䒠䐀䌠䍐䐠䌀, 䍐䎰䍐䎠䐠䐀䎀䑰䍐䐐䎠䎀䐐䐠䒠䎰䌐䏠䌠䍐, 䐰䎰䎀䑰䏐䏠䏠䐐䌠䍐䐠䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐.

• 䇠䑠䌠䍐䐠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䏐䌀䍀䏰䎀䐐䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐐䌰䐀䌀䍀䎀: 䐐䒠䍀, 䐠䍐䌀䐠䒠䐀, 䏠䌐䒐䎀䏐䌀, 䌰䌀䎰䍐䐀䎀䓰, 䌐䎀䍰䏐䍐䐐䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀, 䏰䌀䏀䍐䐠䏐䎀䎠, 䌐䏠䎰䎀䏐䎀䑠䌀, 䍰䌀䌠䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀䏠䌐䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䑐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䍐䎀䍀䐀.

• 䅰䏐䌀䎠䍰䌀䐐䍐䌠䍐䐀䇐䌀䏐䌀䐐䓰䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐐䍐䎀䍰䌠䒠䐀䒀䌠䌀, 䑰䐀䍐䍰

䏠䌐䑐䏠䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀, 䎠䌀䐠䏠䐐䍐䏠䐠䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌠䌀䐠䏐䌀䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䎰䍐䐠䎠䎀䐠䍐, 䏐䌀䑰䎀䏐䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐 (䐰䐐䏰䍐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠, 䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䑰䏐䏠䎀䎰䎀䐀䎀䌐䍐䏐䌀䎠䏠䐐䐠) 䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀 (䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䍐䏐, 䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐, 䐐䎰䐰䍠䍐䌐䍐䏐䌀䌐䏠䏐䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠), 䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䍐䍰䌀䌐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䏠, 䏐䏠䐐䌀䐐䏰䐀䍐䎰䎀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀.

䇐䏠䏀䍐䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䌠䒠䐀䒀䎀䌐䒠䐀䍰䏠䎀䎰䍐䐐䏐䏠䐐䏰䏠䏀䏠䒐䌀䏐䌀䎀䏐䐐䐠䐀䐰䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䎀䌠䄰䆀䈐, 䎠䌀䐠䏠䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䎀䑰䎀䐠䌀䍐䏀䏠䐐䐠䌀䏐䌀䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀䌠䎠䎰䍐䐠䎠䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀䐠䌀䍀䌀䐐䌀䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏠䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀.

2.3. 䇠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䎀䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰䎀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀䇰䎰䌀䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀䐠䍐䍐䍐䍀䏐䌀䏠䐠䏐䌀䎐-䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䎀䐠䍐䎀

䐠䐀䐰䍀䏠䍐䏀䎠䎀䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䎀䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䒐䎀䏠䏰䎀䐠. 䄠䌀䍠䍐䏐䏰䌀䐀䌀䏀䍐䐠䒠䐀䍐䏰䐀䍐䍰䎠䌀䎠䒠䌠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䎀䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰䏠䐠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䒐䍐䐐䍐䎀䍰䌠䒠䐀䒀䌠䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠 (15 䏀䎀䏐., ½ 䑰䌀䐐, 1 䑰䌀䐐䎀䐠.䏐.). 䄠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䎀䓰䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀䏠䐠䑠䍐䎰䐠䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠. 䅰䌀䏰䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䏠-䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐐䍐䏰䐀䍐䏰䏠䐀䒠䑰䌠䌀䐠䏠䎐䍀䌀䍐䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠䏠䐠䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䓰 (䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䓰) 䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䌠䍰䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀.

䇰䐀䍐䍀䏰䏠䎰䌀䌰䌀䐐䍐, 䑰䍐䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䑰䎀䐐䎰䎀䌠䒠䍰䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䏐䌀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐 (䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䐰䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䍠䎀䎰䎀䒐䌀, 䎀䐠.䏐.) 䎀䎰䎀䏠䐠䏰䏠-䐀䌀䏐䏐䎀䎀䍰䏀䍐䐀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰. 䆀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀 [Haringsma, 1988] 䏰䏠䎠䌀䍰䌠䌀, 䑰䍐䌠䐀䒠䍰䎠䌀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䎀䍰䌐䐀䌀䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀


67

䏐䌀䌐䎰䓠䍀䍐䏐䎀䍐䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰䏠䐠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐, 䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䏐䐠䌀䏐䌀 "䏰䐀䏠䏰䐰䐐䎠䌀". 䆠䏠䌰䌀䐠䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䎀䓰䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰䍰䌀䏐䌀䌐䎰䓠䍀䍐䏐䎀䍐䍐䐀䌀䌠䍐䏐䏐䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠 (䐀䍐䌀䎰䏐䏠) 䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䌠䐐䒠䏠䐠䏐䏠䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐 1:1, 䏰䐀䎀䌐䎰䎀䍰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠 37% 䏀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䌀䌐䒠䍀䌀䐠䏰䐀䏠䏰䐰䐐䏐䌀䐠䎀. 䆠䏠䌰䌀䐠䏠䌠䐀䒠䍰䎠䌀䐠䌀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏰䐀䎀䍐䐠䎀䓰䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰䎀䍀䍐䎐䐐䐠䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䍐 1:2, 䐠䏠䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䏐䐠䌀䍐䏰䐀䎀䌐䎰䎀䍰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠 21%. 䄀䎠䏠䐐䍐䐐䐠䐀䍐䏀䎀䏀䎠䒠䏀䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䏐䐠䏰䏠䍀 10% 䐠䏠䐐䒠䏠䐠䏐䏠䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䍀䌀䍐 1:5.

䅐䐐䐠䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠, 䏐䌀䎐䍀䏠䌐䐀䎀䓰䌠䌀䐀䎀䌀䏐䐠䍐, 䐠䏠䌠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䐐䎰䐰䑰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏰䐀䍐䎠䒠䐐䏐䌀䐠䏠, 䍀䌀䐐䍐䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䌠䐐䓰䎠䏠䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䎠䌀䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䌀䐠䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䏠䐐䏐䏠䌠䌀䏐䏠䐐䎠䒠䏰䌀. 䄠䐠䏠䌠䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䏰䏠䐀䌀䍀䎀䑀䎀䏐䌀䐐䏠䌠䎀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑰䍐䏐䎀䓰䎀䑀䌀䎠䐠䌀, 䑰䍐䍀䍐䎰䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䌀䍀䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䌐䎀䎰䍐䐠䎀䍰䌀䍐䍀䏐䏠䑰䌀䐐䏠䌠䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䍐䏐䌀䎐-䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀, 䎀䍰䌐䐀䌀䑐䏀䍐䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䌠䒠䒀䌠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍰 1 䑰䌀䐐.

䇰䏠䏰䐀䍐䏰䏠䐀䒠䎠䌀䏐䌀䎠䏠䎰䍐䌰䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䐰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀䌠䄰䍐䏐䐠, 䄐䍐䎰䌰䎀䓰, 䍀䍐䏰䌀䐀䐠䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䏰䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠, 䏐䏠䐀䏀䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏠䌐䑐䏠䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䍰䌀 1 䑰䌀䐐䍐䏠䎠䏠䎰䏠 1 䎠䏀. 䇰䏠䐀䌀䍀䎀䍀䍐䎰䏠䎠䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐, 䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀䍀䍐䏐䎀䌠䍐䎰䌀䑠䎀䓰䏐䌀䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀䎀䏐䍐䏠䏰䎀䐠䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐 (䎠䌀䎠䐠䏠䎀䐠䌀䍰䎀䏐䌀䐀䒠䎠䏠䌠䏠䍀䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䎀䍰䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠), 䐀䍐䒀䎀䑐䏀䍐䍀䌀䏐䍐䐐䍐䏰䏠䍐䏀䌀䐠䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐀䎀䐐䎠䏠䌠䍐䎀䐐䎠䒠䐐䎀䑐䏀䍐䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀䐠䍐䍀䏠 500 – 750 䏀. 䈠䌀䎠䌀䐐䍐䏠䑀䏠䐀䏀䎀䑐䌀 12 䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䌀䐐䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䐐䐠䍐䏰䍐䏐䏐䌀䐠䐀䐰䍀䏐䏠䐐䐠 (䏰䏠-䍀䒠䎰䌰䎀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀䎀䎰䎀䏰䏠-䎀䏐䐠䍐䏐䍰䎀䌠䏐䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀). 䄀䎠䏠䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀䐐䌀䎠䏠䏀䏰䌀䎠䐠䏐䎀, 䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䏀䍐䐀, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䐐䏐䓰䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐀䍐䍀䌀, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏠䐠䍀䌠䍐䐠䍐䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䎀䏐䌀䐰䎰䎀䑠䌀䐠䌀, 䎀䎰䎀䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䍀䒠䎰䌰䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀䏰䏠䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐰䎰䎀䑠䌀, 䐠䏠䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䒠䌠䍐䍀䌀䐠䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䍐䎠䑠䎀䎀, 䍰䌀䏰䏠-䎰䍐䐐䏐䏠䏠䐀䎀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰. 䇐䌀䏰䐀䎀䏀䍐䐀, 䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠 10, 䐐䍐䎠䑠䎀䓰 1, 䐐䍐䎠䑠䎀䓰 2 䎀䐠.䏐.

䅰䌀䌠䐐䍐䎠䎀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䐐䍐䎀䍰䌰䏠䐠䌠䎀䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䎀䑀䏠䐀䏀䐰䎰䓰䐀䍰䌀䏰䏠䏰䒠䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐


68

䇐䌀䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀䐐䌀䏠䐠䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌀䏐䎀䐠䏠䑰䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀, 䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀䐠䌀䎀䏀, 䎠䌀䎠䐠䏠䎀䐠䏠䑰䏐䎀䓰䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠 (䐐䍀䍐䌐䍐䎰䌀䎰䎀䏐䎀䓰, 䐐䐠䐀䍐䎰䎠䌀䍰䌀䏰䏠䐐䏠䎠䌀, 䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠䎀䎠䐀䌀䎐), 䎠䏠䎐䐠䏠䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䏀䎀䏐䍐䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰䍰䌀 1 䑰䌀䐐.

䄠䒠䌠䑀䏠䐀䏀䐰䎰䓰䐀䌀, 䍀䌀䍀䍐䏐䏐䌀䌠䐐䍐䎠䎀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰, 䎀䏀䌀䎀䏀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐰䎰䎀䑠䌀䐠䌀, 䎀䍀䍐䏐䐠䎀䑀䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䓰䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠, 䎠䏠䎐䐠䏠䏐䌀䎐-䍀䏠䌐䐀䍐䍐䍀䌀䌐䒠䍀䍐䐰䏐䎀䎠䌀䎰䍐䏐䍰䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䎰䍐䏐䏠䐠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠, 䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏐䎀䓰䑰䌀䐐䏐䌀䌠䐐䍐䎠䎀䑠䎀䎠䒠䎰䎀䏰䐀䌀䍰䏐䌀䎠䎰䍐䐠䎠䌀, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰䏰䏠䏰䒠䎰䌠䌀䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䓰䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠.


69

䇰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䎠䌀䎠䐠䏠䎀䍀䍐䏐䓰, 䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀䏠䐠䎠䏠䏐䎠䐀䍐䐠䏐䌀䐠䌀䑠䍐䎰. 䇐䌀䏰䐀䎀䏀䍐䐀䍰䌀䐠䒠䐀䌰䏠䌠䐐䎠䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䒠䐀䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䌀䐠䒠䑰䏐䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䐀䏠䌠䍐䍀䍐䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰 15 䎀 18 䑰䌀䐐䌀, 䏐䏠䎀䌠䏰䍐䐠䒠䎠䎀䌠䐐䒠䌐䏠䐠䌀, 䏐䏠䐐䐀䌀䐠䒠䎠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䌠䎀䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰 (15.䏀䎀䏐). 䄠䐐䎰䐰䑰䌀䓰䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䎀䏰䏠䐀䒠䑰䎠䌀䎀䌠䐠䏠䍰䎀䏠䌐䑐䌠䌀䐠䍐䐰䍀䌀䑰䏐䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䌐䍐䐀䍐䏐䏠䐀䏀䌀䎰䍐䏐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䍐䏐䍀䍐䏐, 䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䏀䍐䐀䌠䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䍐䍀䏀䎀䑠䌀䐠䌀. 䅰䌀䏰䏠䎰䐰䑰䎀䏀䍀䏠䐐䐠䏠䌠䍐䐀䏐䎀䎀䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䎀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䌐䍐䒀䍐䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䌠䌀䍠䏐䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䍰䌀䏰䏠䑰䏐䍐䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䏐䎀䓰䍀䍐䏐䎀䍀䌀䐐䍐䍰䌀䌠䒠䐀䒀䎀䌠䎠䐀䌀䓰䐠䏀䐰. 䅐䐐䐠䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䏠䌐䎀䌐䎀䎰䏠䍀䏠䌐䐀䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䎀䌠䒠䌠䌠䍐䑰䍐䐀䏐䎀䐠䍐䑰䌀䐐䏠䌠䍐, 䎠䏠䌰䌀䐠䏠䎀䍀䌠䌀䌠䐠䏠䐀䌀䌠䒠䎰䏐䌀䏠䐠䏰䐀䎀䑐䏠䍀䓰䒐䎀䎠䏠䎰䎀䐐䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀䑠䍐䎰䎀 (䏰䌀䍰䌀䐀䐰䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䍰䌀䌠䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䓰, 䎠䎀䏐䌀䎀䐠䍐䌀䐠䐀䎀). 䄠䐐䎰䐰䑰䌀䓰, 䏰䏠䐀䌀䍀䎀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑰䍐䏐䎀䐀䍐䐐䐰䐀䐐䎀, 䐠䌀䍰䎀䌰䐀䐰䏰䌀䒐䍐䏠䐠䏰䌀䍀䏐䍐䏠䐠䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀.

䆀䍰䑰䍐䐀䐠䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䍐䏠䐠䏠䐐䏠䌐䍐䏐䌀䌠䌀䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠, 䍰䌀䒐䏠䐠䏠䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䐐䍐䐐䍐䏠䐠䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䌀䌠䐠䏠䏀䏠䌐䎀䎰䎀䎀䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䐠䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌠䌀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠.

䆠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䏀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䌀䐐䍐䐐䍐䎠䎰䌀䐐䎀䑀䎀䑠䎀䐀䌀䐠䌀

䐠䌀䎠䌀:

• 䌐䍐䍰䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰 - 䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀, 䏐䌀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䌐䍐䍰䍀䌀䐐䍐䍰䌀䏰䎰䌀䒐䌀

• 䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰 - 䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䌀䎰䏠䏐䎀, 䌐䎀䎰䍐䐠䎀䎀䎰䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐠䐀䎀

• 䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䐀䎀䐠䍐䍠䌀䐠䍐䎰䎀䏐䌀䐀䌀䍰䐀䍐䒀䍐䏐䎀䍐䍀䌀䐐䏰䎀䐀䌀䐠䏐䌀䐠䓰䑐 (䐐䎰䐰䍠䍐䌐䍐䏐䌀䌐䏠䏐䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠)

• 䍰䌀䏰䌀䍰䍐䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䏐䎀䐐䒠䐐䍰䏐䌀䑠䎀, 䏐䌀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䓰䐐䏐䏠䍐䏰䏠䐐䏠䑰䍐䏐䏠䎠䏠䎀䐐䌀䐀䍐䍰䍐䐀䌠䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䎀䍰䌀䎠䏠䎀䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䎀 - 䐠䌀䎠䐐䎀䐠䌀, 䎰䍐䎠䌀䐀䎀, 䑐䏠䐀䌀䐐䐰䌠䐀䍐䍠䍀䌀䏐䎀䓰䎀䎰䎀䍰䌀䐠䏠䌠䌀䐀䍐䏐䍐/ 䐀䌀䍰䐠䏠䌠䌀䐀䌠䌀䏐䍐.

• 䍰䌀䌐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏠䌐䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䐐䒠䐐䐐䒠䏠䐠䌠䍐䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䏐䌀䑠䎀䎀䎰䎀䐰䎰䎀䑰䏐䌀䏀䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䏠䌠䎠䌀

• 䏐䍐䐀䍐䌰䎰䌀䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐 – 䐠䌀䎠䎀䌠䌀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏐䍐䐐䌀䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䌀䎰䏐䏠䍰䌀䌐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䎀䎀䏐䍐䐐䌀䏠䌐䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀, 䏐䏠䎀䏀䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䎠䏠䎰䎀, 䏐䌀䏰䐀䎀䏀䍐䐀: 䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䎠䏠䎰䎀, 䏠䐠䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐠䏠䐐䌀䐀䌀䍰䑰䍐䐀䐠䌀䏐䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䎰䍐䐠䎠䎀, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏰䐀䍐䍀䌰䌀䐀䌀䍠䏐䎀䎠䎰䍐䐠䎠䎀, 䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䐐䏀䍐䐠䏠䐐䒠䌐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐, 䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䑐䏠䍀/䎀䍰䑐䏠䍀, 䌀䌠䐠䏠䌐䐰䐐䏐䎀䐐䏰䎀䐀䎠䎀, 䏐䌀䐠䐀䏠䐠䏠䌀䐀䌀, 䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䍰䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䏰䎰䏠䒐䎀䎀䍀䐀.


70

䅰䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䐰䎰䍐䐐䏐䎀䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐, 䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䏠䏰䒠䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䏐䏠䐐䏐䏠䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠䎀䍀䌀䎰䎀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠䍐䐐䏰䐀䓰䎰䏠䏐䌀䍰䌀䌐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䏠/䏐䍐䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䎰䏐䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐐䌀䐐䏰䍐䐐䐠䍐䏐䎀. 䅰䌀䐠䏠䌠䌀䏠䒐䍐䏰䐀䎀䐀䌀䍰䑰䍐䐀䐠䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀, 䐠䍐䐐䌀䎠䎰䌀䐐䎀䑀䎀䑠䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏰䏠䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰, 䌠䑠䎀䑀䐀䏠䌠䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䌀, 䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䌀䏐䌀䑰䍐䐀䐠䌀䏐䎀, 䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䎀䏠䐠䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌀䏐䎀䌠䒠䌠䑀䏠䐀䏀䐰䎰䓰䐀䌀䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀, 䏐䌀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏐䍐䌐䎀䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䎰䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀, 䏐䏠䌠䒠䏰䐀䍐䎠䎀䐠䏠䌠䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䐠. 䈠䌀䎠䌀, 䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰䏠䐐䐠䌀䌠䌀䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䌀䐠䌀, 䏰䐀䏠䐐䐠䏠䍀䌀䍰䌀䏰䎀䒀䍐䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䓰䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䏠䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠, 䌐䍐䍰䍀䌀䎀䏀䌀䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䎰䏐䏠䎰䎀䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䏠䎀䎰䎀䏐䍐. 䇰䏠䐐䎰䍐䌠䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䏐䌀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐠䍐䐠䍐䍰䎀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䏀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䍐䐐䍐䐐䍐䎰䍐䎠䐠䎀䐀䌀䐠䐐䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䎀䏀䎀䐐䒠䏠䐠䌠䍐䐠䏐䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䍰䎀䏀䌀䐠䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䎀䍀䎀䎰䎀䏐䍐. 䈐䒠䒐䏠䐠䌀䎠䌀, 䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䎀䍀䎀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰, 䌀䎠䏠䌠䎀䍀䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䏠䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠䏐䌀䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䏐䍐䍐䏠䐠䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌀䏐䏠䏐䌀䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀, 䍀䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䐠䌐䍐䎰䍐䍠䎀䏐䌀䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀䎀䐐䍐䐐䍐䌠䏰䎀䒀䍐䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䌠䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䌀䐠䌀䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䏰䏠䏐䓰䎠䌀䎠䒠䌠䐀䍐䍰䍐䐀䌠䍐䏐䎀䍀䍐䏐䐠䎀䑀䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䍐䏐䎠䏠䍀.

2.4. 䇰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䈀䌀䏐䏐䎀䓰䑰䌀䐐 (7.00) 䌐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍰䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䒠䎠䎀䏐䐐䐠䐀䐰䎠䐠䌀䍠䏐䌀

䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䎀䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䏐䌀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䌀䍰䌀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐐䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䏠䐠䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠 (3-䏀䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌀䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䏐䌀䐰䏐䎀䌠䍐䐀䐐䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀䏰䏠䌀䐀䑐䎀䐠䍐䎠䐠䐰䐀䌀䐐䐠䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䐐䐠䌠䏠䎀䌰䍐䏠䍀䍐䍰䎀䓰䎀 3-䏀䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌀䌠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䏠䐠䑀䎀䐀䏀䌀 „䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎀䎀䌰䌀䐀䌀䍠䎀”). 䇐䌀䎐 - 䐠䐀䐰䍀䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䌀䎀䐐䒠䒐䍐䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䏐䏠䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䌠䌀䍠䏐䌀䍰䌀䎠䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䏠䐠䏠䏐䌀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䍐, 䍀䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰䍀䌀 „䏰䐀䍐䏐䍐䐐䍐”, 䐀䌀䍰䏰䏠䍰䏐䌀䍐䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䎰䏐䏠䎰䏠䎠䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䑠䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䒠䏠䐠䌠䍐䐠䏠䐠䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䏠䐠䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䐀䍐䌀䎰䏐䎀䓰䐠䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀䐐䒠䏠䐠䌠䍐䐠䏠䍀䌀䌰䏠䌠䏰䎀䒀䍐䌠䒠䌠䑀䏠䐀䏀䐰䎰䓰䐀䌀. 䅰䌀䐠䏠䌠䌀䍐䏐䍐䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䎀䏀䏠䎠䐀䌀䐠䎠䏠䏠䌐䐰䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䎠䌀䎠䌠䎀䏠䐀䎀䍐䏐䐠䎀䐀䎀䏠䐠䎠䌀䐀䐠䌀䐠䌀䍀䌀䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰 (䍐䎰. 䐐䐠䒠䎰䌐䏠䌠䍐, 䏰䏠䐀䍐䍀䍐䏐䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀, 䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠䏐䌀䎠䐀䒠䐐䐠䏠䌠䎀䒐䍐, 䍐䏀䌐䎰䍐䏀䌀䐠䎀䑰䏐䎀䐐䌰䐀䌀䍀䎀䎀䍀䐀.), 䍀䌀䏀䐰䐐䍐䏰䏠䐐䏠䑰䎀䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠䐠䏠䎀䎠䐀䌀䓰䏐䌀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䌀, 䍀䌀䏀䐰䐐䍐䏰䏠䍀䑰䍐䐀䐠䌀䍐䌠䌀䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䌀䐠, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䎀䍰䏰䒠䎰䏐䓰䌠䌀䎀䑰䌀䐐䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䏰䐀䎀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䍀䌀䐐䐠䌀䐀䐠䎀䐀䌀䏠䌐䑐䏠䍀䌀.

䇠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䎀䑠䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎀䏀䌀䐠䍰䌀䍀䌀䑰䌀䐠䍀䌀䏠䌐䎀䎠䌀䎰䓰䐠䏰䏠䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀, 䍀䌀䐀䌀䍰䓰䐐䏐䓰䌠䌀䐠䏀䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䎀䍀䌀䎠䏠䏐䐠䐀䏠䎰䎀䐀䌀䐠


71

䏰䐀䏠䑠䍐䐐䌀. 䈐䎰䍐䍀䏰䐀䎀䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䏠䐠䌰䏠䌠䏠䐀䏐䎀䎠䌀䐐䒠䌐䎀䐀䌀䏀䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䌀䎰䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䌠䐐䍐䎠䎀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䏠䌐䐐䒠䍠䍀䌀䍰䌀䍐䍀䏐䏠䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䏐䌀䏐䍐䐐䍐䏐䎀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䎀䎰䎀䌠䒠䍰䏐䎀䎠䏐䌀䎰䎀䌠䒠䏰䐀䐐䎀.

2.5. 䇠䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑰䍐䏐䎀䓰 • 䆠䌀䐠䏠䑠䓰䎰䏠, 䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䌀䎠䏠䌠䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䍰䎀䐐䎠䌠䌀䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䐀䍐䐐䐰䐀䐐䎀

䍰䌀䏰䏠䍀䌰䏠䐠䏠䌠䎠䌀, 䎀䍰䏰䒠䎰䏐䍐䏐䎀䍐䎀䏠䌐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䎠䌀䏐䌀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐠䍐.• 䆀䏐䐠䍐䐀䌠䌀䎰䒠䐠䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠, 䏠䌐䑐䏠䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䍐䍀䎀䏐

䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䍰䌀 1 䑰䌀䐐䍐䎠䏠䏀䏰䐀䏠䏀䎀䐐䍐䏐, 䐠䒠䎐䎠䌀䐠䏠䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰䐠䌀䐐䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䑰䏐䎀. 䇰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䐠䎀䐐䎀䐠䐀䒠䌰䌠䌀䐠䌠䐀䌀䏀䎠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐, 䎀䏀䌀䏠䏰䌀䐐䏐䏠䐐䐠䍀䌀䌐䒠䍀䌀䐠䏰䐀䏠䏰䐰䐐䏐䌀䐠䎀䏠䐠䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䎀䐠䍐䎰䓰, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䌠䏠䍀䎀䍀䏠䏰䏠䍀䑠䍐䏐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䌀䎀䏐䌀䍀䑠䍐䏐䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䐠䏠

3. 䄀䇐䄀䆰䆀䅰䇐䄀䈀䅐䅰䈰䆰䈠䄀䈠䆀䈠䅐䈐䎰䍐䍀䐐䒠䌐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌀䏐䎠䍐䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䎠䌀䐀䐠䎀䍰䌀䏰䏠䑰䌠䌀䏠䌐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䎠䌀䏐䌀

䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐠䍐. 䅰䌀䑠䍐䎰䐠䌀䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䐐䏰䍐䑠䎀䌀䎰䎀䍰䎀䐀䌀䏐䐐䏠䑀䐠䐰䍐䐀 Parcero, 䏐䌀䑐䏠䎰䌀䏐䍀䐐䎠䌀䐠䌀䑀䎀䐀䏀䌀 Trenso. 䇰䏠䍀䌰䏠䐠䌠䓰䐐䍐䌠䑐䏠䍀䍐䏐䐠䍐䎠䐐䐠䏠䌠䎀䑀䌀䎐䎰䐐䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䐐䒠䌐䐀䌀䏐䌀䏠䐠䌀䏐䎠䍐䐠䏐䎀䐠䍐䎠䌀䐀䐠䎀. 䈠䏠䌠䌀䐐䍐䏠䎠䌀䍰䌀䏐䌀䎐-䐠䐀䐰䍀䏠䍐䏀䎠䌀䐠䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠 - 䐀䒠䑰䏐䏠䏐䌀䌐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䍰䌀䏰䎀䐐䌀䏐䎀䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䏠䏐䏐䎀䏐䏠䏀䍐䐀䌀, 䏠䏰䐀䌀䌠䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䌰䐀䍐䒀䎠䎀䏠䐠䏐䍐䏰䐀䌀䌠䎀䎰䏐䏠䏰䏠䏰䒠䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䐐䏀䓰䏐䌀䏐䌀䌰䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠䎀䐠.䏐.

䇰䐀䏠䌰䐀䌀䏀䌀䐠䌀䎀䏀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䍀䌀䌰䍐䏐䍐䐀䎀䐀䌀䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䎀䎀䐠䌀䌐䎰䎀䑠䎀䐐䏠䌐䏠䌐䒐䍐䏐䎀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䎀䏀䌀䌠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䏠䐐䐠䍀䌀䐐䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䓰䌠䌀䓰䎀䍰䌠䏠䍀䎀䏠䐠䏐䏠䐐䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀䎀䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍰䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀:


72

3.1 䇰䄀䈀䆠䆀䇐䄰䆠䄀䇰䄀䉠䆀䈠䅐䈠

䆠䌀䐀䐠䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐐䒠䐐䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀/䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀

䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠:

䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀

䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰

䇐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䌀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䍰䌀䌐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䎀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀 Grand total

1 65 3 682 67 673 97 1 984 96 7 1035 88 886 91 14 1057 77 5 828 11 134 1459 62 6 76 144

10 23 52 7511 79 6 26 11112 18 1 91 110

Grand Total

774 16 406 1196


73

䆀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䏠䏐䌀䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀 1180 䎰䍐䌰䌀䎰䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀16 䍰䌀䌐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䎀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䌐䓰䑐䌀䑰䍐䐐䐠䏠䍰䌀䍐䐠䎀䏰䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌐䐀䏠䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠.

䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䓰䇐䏠䏀䍐䐀䏐䌀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䍰䌀䌐䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䎀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀 Grand Total

1 96% 4% 0% 100%2 100% 0% 0% 100%3 99% 0% 1% 100%4 93% 0% 7% 100%5 100% 0% 0% 100%6 87% 0% 13% 100%7 94% 0% 6% 100%8 8% 0% 92% 100%9 43% 4% 53% 100%

10 31% 0% 69% 100%11 71% 5% 23% 100%12 16% 1% 83% 100%

Grand Total 65% 1% 34% 100%

䆠䌀䐠䏠䏠䌐䒐䏠, 䍀䌠䍐䐠䐀䍐䐠䎀䏠䐠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀䌠䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑠䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䐐䌀䌐䍐䍰䏰䎰䌀䐠䏐䎀, 䌀䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䐀䍐䐠䌀䐐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀. 䅰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠 1 䍀䏠 7, 䏐䌀䎐-䌠䍐䑰䍐, 䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀䐠䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䌐䍐䍰䏐䎀䎠䌀䎠䌠䎀䐀䍐䐐䐠䐀䎀䎠䑠䎀䎀. 䅰䏠䏐䌀 8 䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䌠䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䎀䏀䏐䏠䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀, 䌀䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠 9 䍀䏠 12 䐐䒠䍀䒠䐀䍠䌀䐠䐐䏀䍐䐐䍐䏐䎀䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䎀 - 䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䎀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀.


74

䆠䌀䐀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀䏰䏠䍰䏠䏐䎀

䆠䌀䐀䐠䌀䏐䌀䌠䎀䍀䏠䌠䍐䐠䍐䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀


75

4. 䇰䄀䈀䆠䆀䇐䄰䇰䇠䄠䅐䅀䅐䇐䆀䅐

4.1. 䅰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䆠䌀䐠䏠䑠䓰䎰䏠, 䍰䌀䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䍰䏠䏐䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䍰䌀䑠䍐䎰䎀䓰䏰䍐䐀䏠䎀䍀䏐䌀

䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䏀䌀䎰䎠䏠䏐䌀䍀䏐䍐䌰䏠, 78% 䏠䐠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䐐䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䎀. 䄠䒠䏰䐀䍐䎠䎀, 䑰䍐䐠䏠䌠䌀䍐䏰䏠䍀䏰䐀䎀䍐䐠䎀䓰䏰䐀䌀䌰䏠䐠 85%, 䐠䌀䍰䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䐐䐠䏠䎐䏐䏠䐐䐠䍐䏰䏠-䐐䎠䏠䐀䏠䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䌀䎀䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䍀䏠䏰䐰䐐䏐䍐, 䑰䍐䍰䌀䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䏀䏠䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䎀䍰䌀䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䏠䍰䎀䏰䐀䌀䌰䒐䍐䌐䒠䍀䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䎠䏠䑰䍐䏐.

Average occupation (%)

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70

80

90

Study area - total Study area - free places Study area - payed places

䅰䌀䌐䍐䎰䍐䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍰䌠䏠䍀䏠䐠䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀䐠䌀䍐, 䑰䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䍰䎰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䎀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍐䏰䏠䑰䐠䎀䍐䍀䏐䏠䎀䐐䒠䒐䏠. 䅰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍐䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䎠䌀 (73%), 䏠䐠䐠䌀䍰䎀䏐䌀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐 (79%), 䏐䏠䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䌀䐠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䎰䎠䏠䌠䌀䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀, 䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐠䏠䌐䎀䏀䏠䌰䎰䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀.


76


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20

30

40

50

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70

80

90

route 1 route 2 route 3 route 4 route 5 route 6 route 7 route 8 route 9 route 10 route 11 route 12

䇐䌀䌐䎰䓠䍀䌀䌠䌀䎐䎠䎀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀, 䐐䍐䍰䌀䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌠䌀䐠䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䎰䏠䎠䌀䎰䏐䎀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䎀. 䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍐䏐䌀䎐-䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䌀䏰䐀䎀䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 䎀 11, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䏰䐀䍐䍰䑠䍐䎰䎀䓰䍀䍐䏐䍐䏠䎠䏠䎰䏠 80%, 䎀䎰䎀䏰䏠-䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䌀. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 6 䎀 9 䐐䍐䏰䐀䏠䓰䌠䓰䌠䌀䐠䏐䌀䎐-䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䐐䍀䏐䍐䌠䏐䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠 85%.

K䌀䐀䐠䌀䏐䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏰䏠䍰䏠䏐䎀


77


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90

Route 9 10 11 Total Route 9 10 11 Free Route 9 10 11 Payed

䅐䑀䍐䎠䐠䒠䐠䏠䐠䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䓰䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍐䏐䌀䎐-䌠䎀䍀䎀䏀䌠䍰䏠䏐䎀 9,10 䎀 11, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䒀䏠䑀䓀䏠䐀䎀䐠䍐䎀䏀䌀䐠䎀䍰䌐䏠䐀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䎀䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐. 䆀䐠䌀䎠䌀, 䎀䏀䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䌀䌠䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䍀䌠䍐䐠䍐䎠䌀䐠䍐䌰䏠䐀䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀, 䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䎀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀, 䏐䏠䏐䍐䍐䐠䏠䎰䎠䏠䌠䌀䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀, 䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐠䏠䐐䍐䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀䒀䍐. 䇀䌀䎠䌀䐀, 䑰䍐䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍀䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䏐䍐䍐䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䌀䐠䎀䑰䏐䌀 (83%), 䐠䏠 66% 䏠䐠䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐐䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䎀.

4.2. 䅰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䌠䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䍀䍐䏐䓰䇰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䍀䍐䐠䌀䎐䎰䎀䏀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䏠䎰䐰䑰䌀䐠, 䌀䎠䏠䐐䍐䌠䎠䎰䓠䑰䌀䐠䑰䌀䐐䏠䌠䎀䐠䍐

䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䎀䌠䏠䌐䐀䌀䌐䏠䐠䎠䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䐀䍐䍰䐰䎰䐠䌀䐠䎀䐠䍐.

Rou

te/h

8-9

9-10

10-1

1

11-1

2

12-1

3

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4

14-1

5

15-1

6

16-1

7

1718

Tota

l

1 60% 74% 85% 83% 85% 65% 69% 80% 85%72% 76%2 76% 78% 73% 84% 76% 73% 84% 72% 69%81% 76%3 66% 73% 90% 89% 85% 87% 86% 78% 85%76% 81%4 66% 72% 65% 64% 67% 68% 64% 67% 66%67% 67%5 59% 82% 82% 89% 82% 81% 73% 78% 88%85% 80%6 70% 85% 90% 90% 86% 89% 91% 87% 90%78% 85%7 59% 82% 73% 78% 77% 82% 78% 82% 74%62% 75%8 33% 67% 83% 91% 93% 96% 92% 88% 86%78% 81%


78

9 67% 88% 93% 93% 89% 87% 83% 83% 86%77% 85%10 51% 57% 65% 56% 77% 71% 69% 68% 63%56% 63%11 70% 70% 73% 79% 84% 83% 84% 87% 81%81% 79%12 51% 67% 78% 83% 84% 87% 76% 77% 81%78% 76%

total 60% 75% 80% 83% 83% 82% 80% 80% 80%75% 78%

䇰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䐐䌀䌠䏐䌀䎐-䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀 3, 6, 8 䎀 9, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䍀䏠䏰䐰䐐䐠䎀䏀䎀䓰䎰䎀䏀䎀䐠䏠䐠 85% 䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠, 䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䎠䏠䑰䍐䏐䏰䐀䍐䍰䑠䍐䎰䎀䓰䍀䍐䏐. 䈐䒠䒐䏠, 䌠䍰䏠䏐䎀 5, 11 䎀 12, 䍰䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍐䌐䎰䎀䍰䎠䌀䍀䏠䎰䎀䏀䎀䐠䌀, 䌀䏰䏠䏐䓰䎠䏠䌰䌀䌰䏠䏐䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䑰䌀. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 2, 4, 7 䎀 10 䏐䍐䐐䍐䍰䌀䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌠䌀䐠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀.

0%

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0800-0900

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1000-1100

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1200-1300

1300-1400

1400-1500

1500-1600

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1700-1800

route 1route 2route 3route 4route 5route 6

0%

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0800-0900

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1300-1400

1400-1500

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1600-1700

1700-1800

route 7route 8route 9route 10route 11route 12


79

4.3. 䇰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䈐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䒐䌀䐠䌀䐐䐠䒠䏰䎠䌀䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䍰䍐䏀䍐䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䎀䍀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀

䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐠䍐䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀䌠䒠䐀䑐䐰䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠. 䈠䏠䌠䌀䍐䍐䍀䎀䏐䌠䌀䍠䍐䏐䎀䏐䍀䎀䎠䌀䐠䏠䐀䏰䐀䎀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䏐䌀䍀䌀䏐䏐䎀䐠䍐䎀䍀䏠䌐䌀䌠䓰䍀䐀䐰䌰䏠䎀䍰䏀䍐䐀䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀. 䇠䐠䌰䎰䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䏠䑰䎠䌀䏐䌀䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀, 䎀䏀䌀䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䌀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䐠䏠䌠䌀, 䍀䌀䎰䎀䍐䍀䏐䏠䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䏠䍰䌀䍐䍀䎀䏐䑰䌀䐐䎀䐐䎰䍐䍀䐠䏠䌠䌀䏠䐐䌠䏠䌐䏠䍠䍀䌀䌠䌀䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䍰䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䒐䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰, 䎀䎰䎀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䌠䌀䑠䓰䎰䍀䍐䏐䎀䌐䎰䏠䎠䎀䐀䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䐠䏠䍰䌀䍀䒠䎰䒠䌰䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀, 䌐䍐䍰䍀䌀䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏠䐠䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀.

4.3.1. 䈐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰.䆠䌀䐠䏠䏐䌀䑰䌀䎰䏠, 䍰䌀䍀䌀䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䎀䏀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䌀

䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀, 䐠䐀䓰䌐䌠䌀䍀䌀䎀䍰䑰䎀䐐䎰䎀䏀䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䓰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䍰䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀. 䅰䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䌀䐠䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰, 䍐䍀䏐䌀䎠䏠䎰䌀, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䍰䌀䏀䌀䎰䎠䏠䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䏠䐠䍀䌠䌀䑰䌀䐐䌀 (129 䏀䎀䏐䐰䐠䎀). 䈐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䍰䌀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍐䏰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䏠 (140 䏀䎀䏐䐰䐠䎀), 䏠䐠䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐠䏠䍰䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐 (112 䏀䎀䏐䐰䐠䎀), 䌠䒠䏰䐀䍐䎠䎀, 䑰䍐䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䌀䐠䌀䏠䐠䏐䏠䐐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䍐䏀䌀䎰䎠䌀.

䆠䌀䎠䐠䏠䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䎀䍀䎀䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䒐䌀䐠䌀䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀, 䎀䏀䌀䓰䐐䏐䌀䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䎠䌀䏀䍐䍠䍀䐰䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐:

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50

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80

䆠䌀䐀䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䌀䎠䐀䎀䌀䏐䍐䏰䏠䍰䏠䏐䎀

䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐䏠䐠 1 䍀䏠 7, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䍐䏰䏠-䐐䎠䏠䐀䏠䏐䌀䍐䍀䏐䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 8 䎀 12, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䐐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀, 䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䍐䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䎠䌀, 䏐䏠䏐䍐䐠䌀䎠䌀䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠, 䏠䐠䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐠䏠䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀.

䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐 9 䎀 11 (䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䎠䏠䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䍐䏐䏠䌠䍰䏠䏐䌀 10), 䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䍐䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䏰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀, 䌠䐐䐀䌀䌠䏐䍐䏐䎀䍐䐐䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀䐠䍐. 䇠䐠䍐䍀䏐䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀䐠䏠䌠䌀䍐䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䏠, 䏰䏠䐀䌀䍀䎀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䏠䐠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䏠䏰䏠䎰䏠䍠䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䐠䍐䍰䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀, 䏐䏠䏠䐠䍀䐀䐰䌰䌀, 䍐䌠䏰䐀䏠䐠䎀䌠䏠䐀䍐䑰䎀䍐䐐䑀䌀䎠䐠䌀, 䑰䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䐐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䌠䐠䍐䍰䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀.

4.3.2. 䈀䌀䍰䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰.

䅀䐀䐰䌰䎀䏐䍀䎀䎠䌀䐠䏠䐀, 䎠䏠䎐䐠䏠䏰䏠䎠䌀䍰䌠䌀䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䍀䍐䐠䌀䎐䎰䎀, 䏠䐠䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠, 䍐䐀䌀䍰䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰: 䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䎠䏠䎰䎀䐐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䍐䍀䎀䏐䌀䑰䌀䐐, 䍀䌠䌀䑰䌀䐐䌀, 䐠䐀䎀䑰䌀䐐䌀䎀䐠.䏐.? 䄠䐠䏠䍰䎀䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰, 䎠䏠䎰䎀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䐐䌀䌐䎀䎰䎀䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䍐䍀䎀䏐䏰䒠䐠䐐䍐䐐䏀䓰䐠䌀䐠䎠䌀䐠䏠䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䍰䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䒠䎠䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀, 䎠䏠䎰䎀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䐐䌀䐀䌀䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䎀䐀䌀䏐䎀䏠䐠䍀䌠䌀䍀䏠䑰䍐䐠䎀䐀䎀䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏠䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䏰䒠䐠䎀䐐䍐䐐䑰䎀䐠䌀䎠䌀䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䍐䏐䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䎀䎠䏠䎰䎀䐐䌀䏰䍐䐠䎀䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏠䌠䌀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐀䍐䌰䎀䐐䐠䐀䌀䑠䎀䎀䐐䍐䐐䑰䎀䐠䌀䐠䎠䌀䐠䏠䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐.


81

䅰䌀䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍰䏠䏐䌀, 䏠䎠䏠䎰䏠 65% 䏠䐠䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䐐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䍰䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䒠䎠䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀 (䐐䌀䏀䏠 1 䑰䌀䐐䎀䎰䎀䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䎠䏠䏠䐠 1 䑰䌀䐐). 25% 䐐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䎠䏠䎰䎀䐠䍐䐐䎀䍀䏠 4 䑰䌀䐐䌀䎀䐐䌀䏀䏠 10%, 䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䏠䐠䏰䏠䎰䌠䎀䏐䍀䍐䏐. 䅐䑀䍐䎠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䓰䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍐䏰䏠-䐐䎠䏠䐀䏠䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠䎀䍐䏠䐠䍰䏐䌀䑰䍐䏐䎀䍐䍰䌀䑐䏠䐀䌀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䐠䍰䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀.

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䅰䌀䏠䐠䍀䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䌀䐀䒀䐀䐰䐠䎀, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䓰䐐䏐䏠䐐䍐䍰䌀䌐䍐䎰䓰䍰䌠䌀䏐䌀䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀, 䏰䏠䌠䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍐䐀䌀䍰䎰䎀䑰䏐䏠䌠䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐.

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䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 1 䎀 2, 䍀䍐䎰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䍐䐐䒠䒐䎀䓰, 䎠䌀䐠䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䓰䍰䌀䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䍰䏠䏐䌀䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 3 䎀 6 䎀䏀䌀䍰䌀䌐䍐䎰䍐䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䏐䎀䐐䒠䎠䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎀䎀䎠䌀䐠䏠䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䎀䑠䌀䏠䐠䐠䏠䌠䌀䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䍀䒠䎰䌰䎀䓰䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 4, 5 䎀 7, 䏠䐠䍀䐀䐰䌰䌀䐐䐠䐀䌀䏐䌀, 䎀䏀䌀䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎀䎀䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠䍀䓰䎰䏐䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎀. 䈐䒠䒐䏠, 䌠䍰䏠䏐䌀 8, 䍀䍐䎰䌀䏐䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎀䍐䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䍐䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䏠, 䎠䏠䐠䏠䐐䍐䎀䏀䌀䏰䐀䍐䍀䌠䎀䍀, 䑰䍐䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䐠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䌠䒠䍰䏰䐀䍐䏰䓰䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀, 䎀䎰䎀䏐䌀䎐-䏀䌀䎰䎠䏠䐠䍐䍐䏐䍐䌀䐠䐀䌀䎠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 9, 10 䎀 11, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䎰䌀䌰䌀䐠䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䎀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀, 䍀䍐䎰䒠䐠䏐䌀䎠䐀䌀䐠䎠䎀䐠䍐䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䍐䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠. 䆠䌀䎠䐠䏠䏀䏠䍠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䎀䍀䎀䏐䌀䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䒐䌀䐠䌀䌰䐀䌀䑀䎀䎠䌀, 䐠䏠䌠䌀䏐䌀䎐-䑰䍐䐐䐠䏠䍐䏰䐀䎀䑰䎀䏐䍐䏐䏠, 䍰䌀䒐䏠䐠䏠䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䏰䐀䎀䌠䎰䎀䑰䌀䐠䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䍀䓰䎰 (䏐䌀䍀 30%) 䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䐐䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐.


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䇐䌀䎠䐀䌀䓰, 䍰䏠䏐䌀 12 䎀䏀䌀䏰䏠-䐐䎠䏠䐀䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䏠䌠䍐䍀䍐䏐䎀䍐, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䍐䎀䍰䏐䍐䏐䌀䍀䌀, 䍰䌀䒐䏠䐠䏠䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䐠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䎀䐐䍐䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀䍀䍐䎰䌀䏐䌀䍀䍐䎰䌰䎀䓰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䎐䍀䌀䍐䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠.

4.4. 䇰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䇠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䒠䐠䍐䎠䏠䎰䎀䑰䍐䐐䐠䌠䍐䏐䌀䎀䏐䍀䎀䎠䌀䑠䎀䓰䍰䌀䐠䏠䌠䌀, 䎠䏠䎰䎠䏠䍐䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐠䏠

䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐䏐䌀䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䍐䍀䏐䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䍰䌀䏠䏰䐀䍐䍀䍐䎰䍐䏐䏰䌀䐀䎀䏠䍀. 䆠䌀䐠䏠䑠䓰䎰䏠, 䏰䏠-䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠, 䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏰䏠-䍀䏠䌐䐀䏠䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀: 䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䎠䏠䎰䎀䒐䍐䌐䒠䍀䌀䐠䏠䌐䐐䎰䐰䍠䌠䌀䏐䎀䍰䌀䐐䒠䒐䎀䓰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠.

䇠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䒠䐠䍐䌠䎠䏠䏀䌐䎀䏐䌀䑠䎀䓰䐐䍀䐀䐰䌰䎀䐠䍐䏰䏠䎠䌀䍰䌀䐠䍐䎰䎀 - 䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䎀䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐. 䄀䎠䏠䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䍐䏰䏠-䌠䎀䐐䏠䎠䌀, 䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䎠䏠䎰䎀䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䐠䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀, 䏠䍰䏐䌀䑰䌀䌠䌀䎀䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䌀䍀䌀䐐䍐䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䌀䌠䌀. 䄀䎠䏠䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䌀䏐䌀䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䏐䌀䏀䌀䎰䓰䌠䌀, 䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䎠䏠䎰䎀䏀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䌀䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䐠䍐䍀䏐䏠䎀䐐䒠䒐䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䎀䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䌀䒐䍐䐐䍐䏰䏠䌠䎀䒀䎀.

䄠䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐, 䐐䐀䍐䍀䏐䎀䓰䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䍐䐀䌀䌠䍐䏐䏐䌀 3.6. 䇰䐀䍐䍰䑠䓰䎰䎀䓰䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䏐䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐 (䏠䐠 8.00 䑰. 䅀䏠 18.00 䑰.), 䌠䐐䓰䎠䏠䏰䌀䐀䎠䏠䏀䓰䐐䐠䏠䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䏠䏠䐠 3.6 䏰䐀䍐䌠䏠䍰䏐䎀䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䌀. 䇠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䒠䐠䍐䏀䌀䎰䎠䏠䏰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䏰䐀䎀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀 (3.9), 䏰䐀䏠䐠䎀䌠䏐䏠䏐䌀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀 (3.4).


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䇐䌀䎐-䌰䏠䎰䍐䏀䎀䓰䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䐐䍐䏐䌀䏀䎀䐀䌀䌠䍰䏠䏐䌀 8, 䎠䏠䍐䐠䏠䎰䏠䌰䎀䑰䏐䏠, 䐠䒠䎐䎠䌀䐠䏠䌠䐠䌀䍰䎀䍰䏠䏐䌀, 䏰䏠䌠䍐䑰䍐䐠䏠䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䌀 12, 䏠䌐䌀䑰䍐, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䍐䐐䒠䒐䏠䐐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀, 䐠䏠䌠䌀䏐䍐䍐䐠䏠䎰䎠䏠䌠䌀䓰䐐䏐䏠䎀䍰䐀䌀䍰䍐䏐䏠. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䎀 9, 10 䎀 11, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䐐䒠䒐䏠䐐䌀䏠䐠䑰䌀䐐䐠䎀䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䐀䍐䍠䎀䏀, 䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䒠䐠䍀䏠䐀䎀䍐䏐䌀䎐-䏐䎀䐐䒠䎠䏠䐠䑠䓰䎰䌀䐠䌀䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䌀䐠䍐䐀䎀䐠䏠䐀䎀䓰. 䇠䐐䏐䏠䌠䏐䏠䐠䏠䏠䌐䓰䐐䏐䍐䏐䎀䍐䌠䍐䐀䏠䓰䐠䏐䏠, 䍐䑰䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䍰䌀䍀䒠䎰䒠䌰䏰䍐䐀䎀䏠䍀䍐䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䏠䐐䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䑠䍐䏐䐠䐀䌀䎰䏐䌀䐠䌀䌰䐀䌀䍀䐐䎠䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠.

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䆀䐠䌀䎠䌀, 䍐䑀䍐䎠䐠䒠䐠䏠䐠䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䓰䐀䍐䍠䎀䏀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䌠䍰䏠䏐䎀 9, 10 䎀 11 䍐䏠䑰䍐䌠䎀䍀䍐䏐, 䏐䏠䍐䏰䏠-䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠䏠䐠䏠䑰䌀䎠䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰. 䇰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䎀䏀䌀䐠䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䏠䐠 2.9, 䍀䏠䎠䌀䐠䏠䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䒠䐠䏐䌀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䍐2.2.


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5. 䆀䅰䄠䇠䅀䆀䇰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䐠䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䐐䌀䓰䐐䏐䎀䌠䍰䏠䏐䎀䐠䍐 3, 6, 8 䎀 9, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠

䍰䌀䍐䐠䏠䐐䐠䐠䌀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏀䍐䐐䐠䌀䐠䌀䍐䏐䌀䍀䍀䏠䏰䐰䐐䐠䎀䏀䏠䐠䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠䏠䐠 85%, 䏰䐀䍐䍰䏰䏠-䌰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀䐠䌀䑰䌀䐐䐠䏐䌀䍀䍐䏐䓰.

䉐䌀䐀䌀䎠䐠䍐䐀䏐䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䎀䐐䍐䐐䐀䍐䒐䌀䐠䌠䍰䏠䏐䎀 1, 5, 11 䎀 12, 䎠䒠䍀䍐䐠䏠䌠䏐䓰䎠䏠䎀䏀䏠䏀䍐䏐䐠䎀䏰䐀䍐䍰䍀䍐䏐䓰, 䏠䌐䒐䏠䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䎰䎀䌠䏠䐠䏠䏐䎀䌠䏠䍐䍀䏠䐐䐠䎀䌰䏐䌀䐠䏠.

䇰䐀䏠䌐䎰䍐䏀䒠䐠䍐䐠䓰䐐䏐䏠䐐䌠䒠䐀䍰䌀䏐䐐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰, 䎠䏠䎐䐠䏠䍐䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䍀䒠䎰䒠䌰, 䏠䐐䏠䌐䍐䏐䏠䌠䍰䏠䏐䎀 3, 6, 9 䎀 11. 䄠䍰䏠䏐䌀 8, 䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰䍐䏰䏠-䐐䎠䏠䐀䏠䎠䐀䌀䐠䒠䎠, 䐠䌀䎠䌀䑰䍐䐠䌀䏀䒐䍐䎀䏀䌀䏐䐰䍠䍀䌀䏠䐠䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䎀䏰䐀䏠䐰䑰䌠䌀䏐䎀䓰.

䄰䏠䎰䓰䏀䌀䐠䌀䏰䐀䏠䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䐠䍐䎰䏐䏠䐐䐠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䎀䍰䌰䎰䍐䍠䍀䌀䐐䍐䍀䒠䎰䍠䎀䏐䌀䏐䍐䐀䍐䍀䏐䏠䐐䐠䎀䌠䒠䌠䑀䐰䏐䎠䑠䎀䏠䏐䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䍰䏠䏐䎀. 䄠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䎀䏰䐀䎀䑰䎀䏐䎀䐐䌀䑠䍐䏐䌀䐠䌀䍰䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐, 䎠䏠䓰䐠䏠䐐䍐䌠䒠䍰䏰䐀䎀䍐䏀䌀䏠䐠䏰䏠䐠䐀䍐䌐䎀䐠䍐䎰䎀䐠䍐䎠䌀䐠䏠䏐䎀䐐䎠䌀, 䎀䎰䎀, 䏐䌀䎐-䌠䍐䐀䏠䓰䐠䏐䏠, 䎰䎀䏰䐐䌀䐠䌀䏐䌀䎠䏠䏐䐠䐀䏠䎰, 䏰䏠䏠䒐䐀䓰䌠䌀䑐䏠䐀䌀䐠䌀䍀䌀䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䒐䌀䐠䍰䌀䑠䓰䎰䏠䐠䏠䌠䐀䍐䏀䍐. 䄐䎀䌐䎀䎰䏠䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䍐䐐䏐䏠䍀䌀䐐䍐䐀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䎀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎀䍰䐐䎰䍐䍀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䐐䍀䏠䏰䒠䎰䏐䎀䐠䍐䎰䍐䏐䌀䏐䌀䎰䎀䍰䏐䌀


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䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䍐䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀: 䎠䌀䎠䒠䌠䍐䍀䍐䎰䒠䐠䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䎰䎀䐠䍐䎠䏠䎰䎀, 䍰䌀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䍐䎠䏠䐀䍐䎠䐠䏐䏠䍰䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏠, 䎠䌀䎠䒠䌠䍐䍀䍐䎰䒠䐠䏐䌀䎠䏠䎰䎀䐠䍐, 䍰䌀䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䏠䏰䏠-䏐䍐䎠䏠䐀䍐䎠䐠䍐䏐䏐䌀䑰䎀䏐, 䌐䍐䍰䏠䐠䑰䍐䐠䏐䏠 (䏀䏐䏠䌰䏠䏀䌀䎰䒠䎠), 䎠䌀䎠䒠䌠䍐䍀䍐䎰䒠䐠䏐䌀䎀䍰䏠䌐䒐䏠䏐䍐䏰䎰䌀䐠䎀䎰䎀䐠䍐. 䈠䏠䌠䌀䌐䎀䏀䏠䌰䎰䏠䍀䌀䍀䍐䎀䏐䐠䍐䐀䍐䐐䏐䌀䎀䏐䑀䏠䐀䏀䌀䑠䎀䓰䌠䏰䏠䐐䏠䎠䌀䏐䌀䏰䏠䍀䏠䌐䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀.

䄠䒠䍰䏀䏠䍠䏐䎀䏀䍐䐀䎠䎀, 䎠䏠䎀䐠䏠䏀䏠䌰䌀䐠䍀䌀䐐䍐䌠䍰䍐䏀䌀䐠䌀, 䌠䍰䌀䌠䎀䐐䎀䏀䏠䐐䐠䏠䐠䍰䏠䏐䌀䐠䌀䐐䌀:

• 䇰䐀䍐䏀䎀䏐䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䐀䍐䍠䎀䏀䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䐀䌀䏐䍐䍰䌀䌠䐐䎀䑰䎠䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀;

• 䈐䒠䒐䍐䐐䐠䌠䐰䌠䌀䒐䎀䓰䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䍀䌀䐐䍐䎀䍰䏰䏠䎰䍰䌠䌀䏰䏠-䍀䏠䌐䐀䍐 (䍀䌀䐐䍐䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䎀䏠䌐䏠䐀䏠䐠䌀), 䏰䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠䏀䐀䌀䍰䒀䎀䐀䓰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䎰䌀䐠䍐䏐䎀䐠䍐䍰䏠䏐䎀䎀䎰䎀䌠䒠䌠䍐䍠䍀䌀䏐䍐䐠䏠䏐䌀䐐䎀䏐䎀䍰䏠䏐䎀 (䏠䌰䐀䌀䏐䎀䑰䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䏰䐀䍐䐐䐠䏠䓰);

• 䆠䌀䐠䏠䏰䏠䐐䎰䍐䍀䏐䏠䐐䐀䍐䍀䐐䐠䌠䏠, 䐰䌠䍐䎰䎀䑰䌀䌠䌀䏐䍐䏐䌀䏰䌀䐀䎠䎀䏐䌰䎠䌀䏰䌀䑠䎀䐠䍐䐠䌀.


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Mott MacDonald Group

Managing Urban Mobility Successfully - the UK ExperienceAndrew Walsh

ITS Associate DirectorMott MacDonald Ltd

Intelligent Transport Systems and Traffic Control


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Contents

• Managing Urban Networks• Managing Inter-Urban Networks

• Network Information Provision

• Achieving Integrated Networks

Setting the Scene in UK

• English Strategic Road (inter-urban) road network operated and managed by the Highways Agency

– Mixture of Motorway and Trunk roads

– National Control Centre for England

– 7 Regional Control Centres

• Urban road network operated by Local Authorities at a City level

• Both sets of organisations separately funded and monitored in different ways


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Managing Urban Networks

Some of the available tools used by network managers:

• Urban Traffic Management and Control – SCATS, SCOOT, MOTION etc.

• Bus Priority – improving journey time reliability• Congestion Charging – influencing driver behaviour

• Urban Route Guidance – providing driver choice• Trip Information provision – influence modal change• Schemes Management – reducing potential for congestion


Urban Traffic Management and Control (UTMC)• Ability to automatically adjust signal timings• Strategies to mitigate unplanned events

• Able to adjust cycle times on diversion routes in event of long term incident• Provides data which can be analysed to improve overall road network

performance


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Bus Priority• Late running and full buses

get priority

• Dedicated bus lane to improve journey times

• Arrival times provided at stop

• On-bus information also provided

• Vehicle tracking allows better analysis of running times


Congestion Charging

• Mixed benefits and benefits decay over time

• Trialling of added value services to compensate for paying congestion charges

• Information on special events and traffic conditions within the zone via hands free phone.

• Reminder if the charge is still due and on payment options.



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Urban Route Guidance

• Car Park management

• Advance notification of Events

• Park and Ride facilities

• Incident management support information

• Corridor Management


Provision of Trip Information

• Available in the home, office or in hand


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Schemes Management

• Managing road space bookings

• Use of Technology to ensure that planned events have a minimal impact

• Alternative routes are kept free of road works

• All infrastructure and utility companies co-ordinate their activities


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Contents

• Managing Urban Networks

• Managing Inter-Urban Networks• Network Information Provision


Managing Inter-Urban Networks

Some of the available tools:

• Incident Management Systems – co-ordinated responses to unplanned events

• Active Traffic Management – Using available road space

• Controlled Motorway – Enforced speed control

• Road Tolling – Influencing route choice

• High Occupancy Lanes – Reducing number of cars

• Pre-trip information provision – influencing mode & time of travel

• Strategic Route Guidance – Reducing delays


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Active Traffic Management• Use of Hard Shoulder to increase

available capacity• Speed enforcement• Requires lane discipline• Variable Speeds dependent on

road conditions• Automatic operation


Controlled Motorways

• Uses existing road surface

• Improves throughput by maintaining constant speed

• More reliable journey times

• Only used in periods of high occupancy


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Road Tolling• Fixed Tolls – ANPR enforcement• Contactless Tolling – Tag and

Beacon solutions• Black-box Satellite Vehicle

tracking – Pay as You Go• High Occupancy Lanes – Pay to

Use


High Occupancy Lanes• Minimum number of

occupant depending on the number of lanes

• Hybrid vehicles also use lane

• If other lanes are congested pay extra to use

• Being considered for UK use


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Pre-Trip Information• Modal Choice – use alternative mode of

transport• Vary Route – avoid know problem

areas• Vary time of departure – ease

congestion• Predictive journey time based on

historic data – providing driver with information

• Access to real-time bus, train and ferry timetables and the current journey times – make informed choice

Contents


• Managing Inter-Urban Networks

• Network Information Provision• Achieving Integrated Networks


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Network Information Provision

Some of the available tools:• General Information Prior to Departure

• Personalised Information During Journeys

• Predictive Information Based on Historic Information

• Use of Roadside Displays

• In-Car Guidance Systems using Real-Time data Feeds


General Information Prior to Departure

• Know where the traveller is intending to go – register journey in advance

• Provide real time information in the home - use TV, Radio, Internet

• Provide journey times for comparable alternatives – based on real time and historic data

• Provide advance notice of potential disruptions – allow alternative plans to be made


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Personalised Information During Journeys

• Ability to register journeys at a personal level

• Select the method by which information is then sent to traveller

• Establish a revenue model to pay for service (push technology more expensive to operate)

• Make this a multi-modal service to encourage modal shift


Predictive Information Based on Historic Data

• Ensure travel networks are adequately instrumented

• Collect all data and store in data warehouse

• Use historic data to analyse changes in travel patterns over time

• Determine, by modelling responses to cycle timings changes, the optimum settings

Database Real-TimeDatabase

MessageService

CurrentService

NotificationService

ReportingService

DataWarehouse

Information Services

Real-TimeServicesPlatform

Real-TimeServicesPlatform

CurrentService

NotificationService

OTAPService

SFSService


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Roadside Displays

• Provide information to the public when and where they need it

• Provide information on all mode of transport

• Provide information on planned events

• Show alternative routes to avoid disruption


In-Car Guidance• Provide real time data inputs to in-car satellite navigation systems

• Provide satellite navigation tools with set of preferred alternative routes• Upload regular journeys to enable personalisedjourneys to be monitored• Develop multi-modal satellite navigation with all modes of transport

available


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Contents


• Managing Inter-Urban Networks

• Network Information Provision


Achieving Integrated Networks

Some of the available tools:

• Incident Management Systems

• Integrated Control Rooms

• Better Information Provision

• All Stakeholders Share a Common Goal

• Provide Alternatives to the Car

• Flexibility by Employers and Employees


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Incident Management Systems• Intelligent, central system supported by human operators that recommend the

appropriate actions to take in event of unplanned incident occurring• Only effective if alternative routes are fully instrumented and data available in

real time

• Requires effective means of informing drivers in their vehicles

• Drivers need to be able to trust the system before they will obey instructions• Needs to be integrated with in car navigation devices to be effective

• Needs a co-ordinated approach across a region


Integrated Control Rooms• Overview of all ITS systems with single workstation access to all native

systems• Access to all CCTV Images• Improved Planned Event Management

• Active Fault and Asset Management• Active deployment of automated strategies to improve network

efficiency


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Better Information Provision• Provide all stakeholders with

all the available information in a tailored way

• Provide the data in real time• Ensure travellers get

information in the format they can understand at a location they require

• Use detection solutions that minimise disruption to road space for repair / maintenance

• Ensure adequate response procedures to unplanned events exist and are trialled


All Stakeholders Share a Common Goal• Understand the organisational needs of stakeholders• Co-Location of operational staff• Joint funding of facilities• Regular consultation with Stakeholders• Get political buy-in at senior level• Operate on a regional and multi-modal basis• Exercise emergency response plans together then

improve them


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Provide Alternatives to the car• Integrate the car with alternative travel modes, bus, train,

metro, tram, ferry• Provide secure Park & Ride facilities• Influence travel patterns through use of charging

mechanisms

• Encourage car sharing, high occupancy vehicles• Promote less polluting types of vehicles• Tell drivers how quick alternative options are to encourage

modal shift

• Manage the travel networks in a co-ordinated way


Flexibility by Employers & Employees

• Adjust start/end times for different employers at high density industrial estates

• Vary start time of colleges / schools

• Maintain a high degree of security for travellers at all times


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In Summary• IMS is achieved through data integration but at a cost of

instrumentation• In the UK we can’t build our way out of congestion• We need to ensure that each different agency works in a co-

ordinated way• We need to be able to directly influence travel patterns • We need to use technology for the benefit of the travelling

public• We need to provide real alternatives to the car

The above will enable us to manage our road networks better

www.mottmac.comwww.cdmf.info

www.halogenonline.co.uk

*䈐䏐䎀䏀䎠䌀䏐䌀䎠䏠䐀䎀䑠䌀䐠䌀䎀䐐䒠䐐䐠䌀䌠䓰䏐䍐䏐䌀䐐䌐䏠䐀䏐䎀䎠䌀 – 䉐䐀䎀䐐䐠䏠䇐䎀䎠䏠䎰䏠䌠

Education

Urban Mobility