School of Architecture, Building & Design

Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)

Site Surveying (QSB60103)

Fieldwork Report - Leveling

Names Student ID Marks

Andrew Mah Koon Yan 0318798

Chong Kai Xiang 0322935

Chuang Jing 0322934

Darren Loong Chi Yoong 0318029

Lecturer : Mr. Chai Voon Chiet

Comments :(marking purposes)

1

Index

Cover Page ………………….……………………1

Index ………………………….…………............. 2

Introduction ...……………………………………. 3

Objective …………………………………………. 3

Traverse ………..………………………………… 4

Apparatus ………………………………………… 6

Site & Procedure ………………………………… 8

Data ……………………………………………… 10

Conclusion ………………………………………. 14

Reference ……………………………………….. 15

2

IntroductionA group of students were grouped together for this fieldwork report

completion. There are 4 students which are Andrew Mah Koon Yan, Chong Kai Xiang, Chuang Jing, and Darren Loong Chi Yoong, all from the same tutorial group. In this fieldwork, we were taught theoretically by our lecturer, Mr. Chai, how to use the Theodolites. After practising, we are then required to obtain the traversing results and type a report out with the obtained data and information.

ObjectiveThe objectives of carrying out this fieldwork on traversing is:

1. To develop knowledge about the use and application of the traversing instruments.

2. To learn how to interpret the data obtained and make adjustments and analyzing the data.

3. To determine the error of misclosure in order to determine whether the traversing is acceptable or not.

4. To learn about the correct method to use the traversing instruments.

3

Introduction to Traversing

What is Traverse?

Traverse is a series of lines connected by points.

The points that connect to form a line is called traverse stations; the lines between points is called courses.

The length and azimuths or bearings of traverse stations are measured through field measurements; the angles at the traverse stations are measured by tape, transit, theodolite, compass, plane table, or sextant.

In surveying, the purpose of traversing is used to:

1． Determine the length, direction and angles of a site area

2． Locate the site area with minimized mistake

3． Site planning, preparation for engineering works and others related works.

4

Introduction to TraversingTypes of Traverse

1. Open Traverse

Starts at a known point and terminates at an unknown position.

It end without closure.

Usually used on route surveys (ex. long narrow strip of land).

2. Close Traverse

There are two types of close traverse:Loop Traverse: Starts at a known point and terminates at that pointConnecting Traverse: Starts at a known point and terminates at another

known point.

Usually used on large areas survey (ex. Lakes, wood).

Figure: Loop Traverse Figure: Connecting Traverse

5

Apparatus of Traverse

Theodolite

A basic surveying instrument which used to determine relative position, depth by measuring horizontal/vertical angles, directions, distances etc. It’s mounted on an tripod.

Tribrach/ Optical Plummet

A detachable plate used to attach surveying instrument such as theodolites, total station etc. It is equipped with a horizontal bubble level for levelling and optical plummet for setting up precisely on a survey mark.

Tripod

A stand used to mounts a surveying instrument. Surveyor will press down the legs’ platforms to securely force the feet to a low position on uneven ground. Leg lengths are adjusted to bring the tripod head to a convenient height and make it roughly level.

Horizontal bubble level / Bull’s eye level / Spirit level

A small device used to indicate the horizontal level or vertical plumb. It has a curved glass vials. At slight inclinations the bubble travels away from the marked center position.

6

Apparatus of Traverse

Plumb bob

An ancient tool which has a pointed metal bottom that is suspended from a string. It is widely used until now to ensure the construction is plumb or vertical. It is also used to set the surveying instrument vertically. When the plumb bob is hanging free and not moving, the object is vertical.

Measuring pole / Measuring rod ruler / Height sticks

A straight lath indicating centimetres, decimetres and metres with a length varying from 2 m to 5 m. Some measuring poles are basically surveying rods used for elevation grade work that have a built-in dual-purpose feature which is a measuring scale on the back; some of these are only built as Measuring Rulers with no grade or level rod capability and are used solely for measuring heights. 

Ranging pole

A coloured rod with a length of 2m that used to trace out areas and set out connecting lines on the field. It mark points on the ground that must be seen from distance.

Measuring Tape

A fibre or plastic flexible ruler usually comes in 20, 30, 50m to measuring horizontal, vertical or slope distances on the field. Centimetres, decimetres and metres are indicated on the tape.

7

Site and ProcedureSite (of our fieldwork)

Location: Carpark Zone F, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus Malaysia

Figure 1. Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus Site Drawing (Fieldwork position)

Figure 2. Carpark Zone F plan (Fieldwork position)

8

D A

B

C

Site and ProcedureProcedure

Traverse field work consists of the following steps:

1. Select station positions as close as possible to the objects to be located. – Position A, B, C, D as shown in figure 2.

2. Mark the stations A, B, C, D with stones set flush with the ground with a precise point marked.

3. Theodolites and tripod are set properly on position A. 4. Measuring rods are then hold by each person on D & B.5. Make angle and distance measurements.6. The reading of angle <BAD and distance between A-D and A-B is observed

and recorded.7. Step 3 – 6 are continued until a loop is formed and every angles and

distances are completely recorded.8. Check for mistakes of the recorded data.9. The data is gathered and organised properly for the data to be key-in.

9

DataField data

14.93m

B C

89°44’35’’ 89°16’20’’

51.54m

51.57m

90°21’55’’ 90°24’50’’

A D

14.18m

(not to scale)

Station Field Angles

A 90°21’55’’

B 89°44’35’’

3C 89°16’20’’

D 90°24’50’’

SUM 359°47’40’’

10

DataAngular Error & Angle Adjustments

Sum of interior angles :

(n-2)x180 °= (4-2)x180°

= 360°

Total angular error = 359°47’40’’ – 360° = - 0°12’20’’

Station Field Angles Correction Adjusted angles

A-B 90°21’55’’ 0°03’05’’ 90°25’00’’

B-C 89°44’35’’ 0°03’05’’ 89°47’40’’

C-D 89°16’20’’ 0°03’05’’ 89°19’25’’

D-A 90°24’50’’ 0°03’05’’ 90°27’55’’

SUM= 359°47’40’’ 360°00’00’’

Therefore, error per angle = 0°12’20’’ ÷ 4 = 03’05’’ per angle.

Azimuth

Station A - B : 90°25’00’’ – 90° =0°25’00’’ , 360° - 0°25’00’’ = 359°35’00’’

Station B – C : 180° - 89°47’40’’ – 0°25’00’’ = 89°47’20’’

Station C – D : 180° +( 90°27’55’’ – 90°)= 180°27’55’’

Station D – A : 270°

11

DataAdjusted data

B C

89°47’40’’ 89°19’25’’

90°25’00’’ 90°27’55’’

A D

Computations for latitude and departure.

Length Cos Sin Latitude Departure

Station

Bearing L(m) Cos θ Sin θ L Cos θ L Sin θ

A-B N 0°25’00’’ W 51.54 1.000 0.007 +51.54 -0.361

B-C N 89°47’20’’ E 14.93 0.004 1.000 +0.060 +14.93

C-D S 0°27’55’’ W 51.57 1.000 0.008 -51.57 -0.413

D-A N 90°00’00’’ W 14.18 0.000 1.000 +0.000 -14.18

Total 132.22 0.03 -0.024

Accuracy = 1 : (P/Ec) , typical = 1:3000

Ec = [(sum of latitude)² + (sum of departure)² ]^½

P = Total Length

Accuracy = 1 : (132.22 / 0.038) = 1 : 3442.

Therefore , the traversing is acceptable.

12

DataAdjusted Course Latitudes and Departures

Correction in Latitude of AB = total Latitude misclosure / Traverse perimeter X Length of AB

Correction in Departure of AB = Total Departure Misclosure / Traverse Perimeter X Length of AB

Unadjusted Correction AdjustedStation Latitude Departur

eLatitude Departure Latitude Departure

A+51.54 -0.361 -0.012 0.009 51.528 -0.352

B+0.060 +14.93 -0.003 0.003 0.057 14.933

C-51.57 -0.413 -0.012 0.009 -51.582 -0.404

D+0.000 -14.18 -0.003 0.003 -0.003 -14.177

ASUM 0.030 -0.024 -0.030 0.024 0.000 0.000

Computation of Station Coordinates

Assume coordinate A is (100.000, 100.000)

Station Adjusted Latitude

Adjusted Departure

N Coordinate Latitude (y-axis)

E Coordinates Departure(x-axis)

A 100.000 100.00051.528 -0.352

B 151.528 99.6480.057 14.933

C 151.585 114.581-51.582 -0.404

D 100.003 114.177-0.003 -14.177

A 100.000 100.000

13

ConclusionTraversing is the second and final fieldwork of Site Surveying and although

this fieldwork was much more challenging as compared to the first fieldwork, which is levelling, we managed to obtain the data in the first try. From this fieldwork, we have learned about the correct way to use the traversing instruments, such as the theodolite and the levelling staff.

While carryout this fieldwork, we had some problems while using the theodolite as the spirit bubble on the theodolite was very sensitive, hence, setting up the theodolite took up a lot of time as there were also several other steps apart from adjusting the spirit bubble on the theodolite. However, Mr Chai gave us some advices and also taught us about the fastest and most accurate way to adjust the theodolite. Other than that, we took our readings on the levelling staff correctly as well as the reading on the theodolite itself and we managed to obtain a final answer with an acceptable error.

In conclusion, carrying out the fieldwork has allowed us to gain some experience on traversing that will definitely benefit us while we work in the future.

14

Referencehttp://ecology.lifescience.ntu.edu.tw/course_932_ecology/Lab/TraverseMeasurement.pdf

http://surveying.structural-analyser.com/chapter07/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_(surveying)

http://www.johnsonlevel.com/News/TheodolitesAllAboutTheodo

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-theodolite.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribrach_(instrument)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(surveying)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_level

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb_bob

http://www.ehow.com/how_2120279_use-plumb-bob.html

http://www.bobvila.com/articles/495-the-plumb-bob/#.VlwZQPkrLWI

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_(surveying)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_rod

http://www.engineersupply.com/measuring-rod-rulers.aspx

http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7021e/r7021e02.htm

http://www.slideshare.net/bellakhoo/site-surveying-report-traversing

http://www.slideshare.net/enochwong7/fieldwork-2-50293334

http://www.slideshare.net/Haziq1511/site-surveying-report-2-42339915

http://www.slideshare.net/x3HwaN/site-surveying-report-ii

15