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1 Wireless Sensor Network Wireless Sensor Network ผศ ผศ . . ณัฐ ณัฐ วุฒิ วุฒิ ขวัญแกว ขวัญแกว หองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัว หองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัว [CARSAREA : C [CARSAREA : C ommunication ommunication A A nd nd E E mbedded mbedded S S ystems ystems A A pplication pplication Re Re search L search L a a b.] b.] ภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟา ภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟา คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร

Wireless sensor network wireless network

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Wireless Sensor NetworkWireless Sensor Network

ผศผศ.. ณฐัณฐัวุฒิวุฒิ ขวัญแกวขวัญแกว

หองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัวหองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัว[CARSAREA : C[CARSAREA : Communication ommunication AAnd nd EEmbedded mbedded SSystems ystems AApplication pplication ReResearch Lsearch Laab.]b.]

ภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟาภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟา คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตรคณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตรมหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร

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TopicsTopics

Introduction to Wireless Sensor NetworkIntroduction to Wireless Sensor NetworkBasic FeatureBasic FeatureApplicationApplication

Implementation ConceptImplementation ConceptHardware PlatformHardware PlatformSoftware PlatformSoftware PlatformExisting WSN SystemExisting WSN System

Sensor Network Operating SystemSensor Network Operating SystemZigbeeZigbeeCZARNET CZARNET –– CAESAREA Wireless Sensor NetworkCAESAREA Wireless Sensor Network

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Wireless Sensor Networks (Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNsWSNs))

It consists of a set of small devices with It consists of a set of small devices with sensingsensing and and wireless communicationwireless communication capabilitiescapabilitiesThose small devices are named Those small devices are named sensor nodessensor nodes, and are , and are deployed within a special area to monitor a physical deployed within a special area to monitor a physical phenomenon. phenomenon. MultifunctionalMultifunctional

Depends on what sensors are attachedDepends on what sensors are attached

FeaturesFeaturesWidely deployed. (100~1MWidely deployed. (100~1M↑↑))Low communication bandwidthLow communication bandwidthLimited memory space and computation powerLimited memory space and computation power

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Basic FeaturesBasic Features

SelfSelf--organizing capabilitiesorganizing capabilities

ShortShort--range broadcast communication and range broadcast communication and multihopmultihop routingrouting

Dense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodesDense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodes

Frequently changing topology due to fading and node failuresFrequently changing topology due to fading and node failures

Limitations in energy, transmit power, memory, and Limitations in energy, transmit power, memory, and computing powercomputing power

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ApplicationsApplications

General EngineeringGeneral Engineering

Agriculture and Environmental MonitoringAgriculture and Environmental Monitoring

Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering

Military ApplicationMilitary Application

Health Monitoring and SurgeryHealth Monitoring and Surgery

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GeneralGeneral EngineeringEngineering

Automotive Automotive telematicstelematicsFingertip accelerometer virtual keyboardsFingertip accelerometer virtual keyboardsSensing and maintenance in industrial plantsSensing and maintenance in industrial plantsAircraft drag reductionAircraft drag reductionSmart office spacesSmart office spacesTracking of goods in retail storesTracking of goods in retail storesSocial studiesSocial studiesCommercial and residential securityCommercial and residential security

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Application : Monitoring Volcanic EruptionsApplication : Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions

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AgricultureAgriculture andand EnvironmentalEnvironmental MonitoringMonitoring

Precision agriculturePrecision agriculturePlanetary explorationPlanetary explorationGeophysical monitoringGeophysical monitoringMonitoring of freshwater qualityMonitoring of freshwater qualityZebranetZebranetHabitat MonitoringHabitat MonitoringDisaster detectionDisaster detectionContaminant transportContaminant transport

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CivilCivil EngineeringEngineering

Monitoring of structuresMonitoring of structures

Urban planningUrban planning

Disaster recoveryDisaster recovery

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Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications

Asset monitoring and managementAsset monitoring and management

Surveillance and battleSurveillance and battle--space monitoringspace monitoring

Urban warfareUrban warfare

ProtectionProtection

SelfSelf--healing minefieldshealing minefields

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HealthHealth MonitoringMonitoring andand SurgerySurgery

Medical SensingMedical SensingBody temperatureBody temperatureBlood pressure Blood pressure PulsePulse

MicroMicro--surgerysurgeryMEMSMEMS--based robotsbased robots

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Application : Medical CareApplication : Medical Care

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Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

Ubiquitous Health MonitoringUbiquitous Health Monitoring

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Technical Challenges (1/4)Technical Challenges (1/4)

Performance metricsPerformance metricsEnergy efficiency/system lifetimeEnergy efficiency/system lifetimeLatencyLatencyAccuracyAccuracyFault toleranceFault toleranceScalabilityScalability

Transport capacity/throughputTransport capacity/throughput

Power SupplyPower SupplyBattery, Capacitor, Solar CellBattery, Capacitor, Solar Cell

Design of EnergyDesign of Energy--Efficient ProtocolsEfficient ProtocolsClustering Clustering Broadcast and multicast treesBroadcast and multicast treesSleep modesSleep modes

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Technical Challenges (2/4)Technical Challenges (2/4)

Capacity/ThroughputCapacity/ThroughputExpected number of successful packet transmissions of a given noExpected number of successful packet transmissions of a given node per timeslotde per timeslot

RoutingRouting““many to onemany to one”” network network –– all node report to a single base stationall node report to a single base stationUpUp--toto--date, less effort given to routing protocolsdate, less effort given to routing protocolsMultihopMultihop communication and communication and QoSQoS routingroutingAd hoc routing protocols are not suited well for WSNAd hoc routing protocols are not suited well for WSN

Channel Access and SchedulingChannel Access and Scheduling

Aim at energy and delay balancingAim at energy and delay balancingMedium Access problem Medium Access problem –– minimum collisions and maximum spatial reuseminimum collisions and maximum spatial reuseNode Level Node Level -- Determines which flow will be eligible to transmit nextDetermines which flow will be eligible to transmit nextSystem Level System Level -- Determines which nodes will be transmittingDetermines which nodes will be transmitting

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Technical Challenges(3/4) Technical Challenges(3/4)

ModelingModelingNumber of nodes and relative distributionNumber of nodes and relative distributionDegree and type of mobilityDegree and type of mobilityCharacteristics of wireless linkCharacteristics of wireless linkVolume of traffic injected by the sourceVolume of traffic injected by the sourceLifespan of nodes interactionLifespan of nodes interactionDetailed energy consumption modelsDetailed energy consumption models

ConnectivityConnectivityCrucial for most application : Network is not partitioned into dCrucial for most application : Network is not partitioned into disjoints partsisjoints parts

Quality of Service (Quality of Service (QoSQoS))Capability of a network to deliver data reliably and timelyCapability of a network to deliver data reliably and timely

High High Quantity of ServiceQuantity of Service generally not sufficient to satisfy an applicationgenerally not sufficient to satisfy an application’’s delay s delay requirementrequirementSpeed of propagation of information may be as crucial as the thrSpeed of propagation of information may be as crucial as the throughputoughput

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Technical Challenges (4/4)Technical Challenges (4/4)

SecuritySecuritySensor nodes are not protected against physical mishandling or aSensor nodes are not protected against physical mishandling or attacksttacks

Eavesdropping, jamming and ListenEavesdropping, jamming and Listen--andand--retransmit attacks can hamper or prevent retransmit attacks can hamper or prevent the operationthe operation

ImplementationImplementationNodes must become an order of magnitude cheaper in order to rendNodes must become an order of magnitude cheaper in order to render applications er applications with a large number of nodes affordablewith a large number of nodes affordable

Other IssuesOther IssuesDistributed signal processingDistributed signal processingSynchronization and localizationSynchronization and localizationWireless reprogrammingWireless reprogramming

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Implementation Concept : Hardware PlatformImplementation Concept : Hardware Platform

Processing UnitProcessing UnitTransceiver UnitTransceiver UnitPower UnitPower UnitSensing UnitsSensing UnitsOther Application Other Application Dependent Dependent ComponentsComponents

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Implementation Concept : Software PlatformImplementation Concept : Software Platform

Application Programming Interface (API)Application Programming Interface (API)

Embedded Operating System (EOS)Embedded Operating System (EOS)

Device DriversDevice Drivers

Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL)Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL) Hardware Platform

Operating System

Virtual M/C MiddleWare

Network Stack

Applications

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Motes are tiny, selfMotes are tiny, self--contained, battery powered computers with radio links, contained, battery powered computers with radio links, which enable them to communicate and exchange data with one anotwhich enable them to communicate and exchange data with one another, and to her, and to selfself--organize into ad hoc networksorganize into ad hoc networks

Motes form the building blocks of wireless sensor networksMotes form the building blocks of wireless sensor networks

TinyOS : componentTinyOS : component--based runtime environment, is designed to provide based runtime environment, is designed to provide support for these motes which require concurrency intensive opersupport for these motes which require concurrency intensive operations while ations while constrained by minimal hardware resourcesconstrained by minimal hardware resources

Figure 3: Berkeley MoteFigure 3: Berkeley Mote

Berkeley Motes (1/2)Berkeley Motes (1/2)

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Berkeley Motes (2/2)Berkeley Motes (2/2)

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Mote Kit : Crossbow (Mote Kit : Crossbow (www.xbow.comwww.xbow.com))

Monitoring temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and other environmental parameters.Low sampling rates, typically slower than 2 minutes per sensor measurement.Outdoor environmentsDeployment of sensors over several acres or moreBattery operation for at least one yearRemote logging of data and remote data access.

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StargateStargate : WSN Gateway: WSN Gateway

Interfacing Sensor Networks to the InternetInterfacing Sensor Networks to the InternetIntel Intel XScaleXScale ProcessorProcessorCompact Flash , PCMIA, Compact Flash , PCMIA, EternetEternet , USB Host, USB HostLinux BasedLinux Based

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XbowXbow Software ToolsSoftware Tools

XMeshXMesh: : TrueMeshTrueMesh, low, low--power, selfpower, self--forming reliable networking forming reliable networking stack that runs on each Mote stack that runs on each Mote

XServeXServe: : Server software manages data logging and forwarding Server software manages data logging and forwarding of Mote network data of Mote network data

MOTEMOTE--VIEWVIEW: : Client software for monitoring, visualization, Client software for monitoring, visualization, and network management softwareand network management software

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Mote ViewMote View

Historical and RealHistorical and Real--Time ChartingTime ChartingTopology MapTopology MapNetwork VisualizationNetwork Visualization

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Telos PlatformTelos Platform

Low PowerLow PowerMinimal port leakageMinimal port leakageHardware isolation and bufferingHardware isolation and buffering

RobustRobustHardware flash write protectionHardware flash write protectionIntegrated antenna (50mIntegrated antenna (50m--125m)125m)Standard IDC connectorsStandard IDC connectors

Standards BasedStandards BasedUSBUSBIEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420 radio)IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420 radio)

High PerformanceHigh Performance10kB RAM, 1610kB RAM, 16--bit core, extensive double bufferingbit core, extensive double buffering1212--bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)DMA transfers while CPU offDMA transfers while CPU off

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TelosTelos : Design Principles: Design Principles

Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor NetworksMust operate for many yearsMust operate for many yearsNeed low duty cycles to achieve long lifetimesNeed low duty cycles to achieve long lifetimes

Key to Low Duty Cycle Operation:Key to Low Duty Cycle Operation:Sleep Sleep –– majority of the timemajority of the timeWakeup Wakeup –– quickly start processingquickly start processingActive Active –– minimize work & return to sleepminimize work & return to sleep

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TelosTelos : Sleep: Sleep

Majority of time, node is asleepMajority of time, node is asleep>99%>99%

Minimize sleep current throughMinimize sleep current throughIsolating and shutting down individual circuitsIsolating and shutting down individual circuitsUsing low power hardware Using low power hardware

Need RAM retentionNeed RAM retention

Run auxiliary hardware components from low speed Run auxiliary hardware components from low speed oscillators (typically 32kHz)oscillators (typically 32kHz)

Perform ADC conversions, DMA transfers, and bus Perform ADC conversions, DMA transfers, and bus operations while microcontroller core is stoppedoperations while microcontroller core is stopped

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Perpetually Powered Perpetually Powered TelosTelos

Solar energy scavenging system for TelosSolar energy scavenging system for TelosSuper capacitors buffer energySuper capacitors buffer energyLithium rechargeable battery as a Lithium rechargeable battery as a emergencyemergency backupbackupPossible due to low voltage (1.8V) and low power (<15mW) consumpPossible due to low voltage (1.8V) and low power (<15mW) consumptiontion

Duty CycleDuty Cycle Light RequiredLight Required System LifetimeSystem Lifetime

1%1% 5 hrs / 1 mo5 hrs / 1 mo 43 years43 years

10%10% 5 hrs / 4 days5 hrs / 4 days 4 years4 years

100%100% 10 hrs / 1 day10 hrs / 1 day 1 year1 year

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ScatterwebScatterweb

Embedded Sensor Board (ESB)Embedded Sensor Board (ESB)

Embedded Gateway/USBEmbedded Gateway/USB

Embedded Web ServerEmbedded Web Server

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ESB BoardESB Board

TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 Processor2KB RAM, 60KB flash ROM2KB RAM, 60KB flash ROMRFM TR1001 Transceiver : 868 MHz RFM TR1001 Transceiver : 868 MHz Serial Interface : up to 115.2 kbps Serial Interface : up to 115.2 kbps Sensor Interface : Sensor Interface :

Light , Motion, Temperature, Vibration , MicrophoneLight , Motion, Temperature, Vibration , Microphone

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ScatterwebScatterweb ViewerViewer

Data LoggingData LoggingNode ManagingNode ManagingOTA FlashingOTA Flashing

NetNet--ScanningScanningScatterRoutingScatterRouting

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Sensor Network Operating SystemSensor Network Operating System

TinyOSTinyOSUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, Berkeleywww.tinyos.netwww.tinyos.net

MANTISMANTISUniversity of Colorado at BoulderUniversity of Colorado at Boulderhttp://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki/tikihttp://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki/tiki--index.phpindex.php

CONTIKICONTIKIAdam Adam DunkelsDunkels , Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Swedish Institute of Computer Sciencehttp://http://www.sics.se/~adam/contikiwww.sics.se/~adam/contiki//

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RealReal--time operating system for microcontrollerstime operating system for microcontrollersOpenOpen--source project at UC Berkeleysource project at UC BerkeleyKey Features:Key Features:

Developed for sensing applicationsDeveloped for sensing applicationsEmphasis on lowEmphasis on low--power: Idle & sleep modespower: Idle & sleep modesHighly modular architectureHighly modular architectureEfficient utilization of resourcesEfficient utilization of resources

Currently developed for Atmega & MSP430 Currently developed for Atmega & MSP430 microcontrollersmicrocontrollers

TinyOSTinyOS

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System composed of concurrent FSM modulesSystem composed of concurrent FSM modulesSingle execution contextSingle execution context

Component modelComponent modelFrame (storage)Frame (storage)Commands & event handlersCommands & event handlersTasks (computation)Tasks (computation)Command & Event interface Command & Event interface Easy migration across h/w Easy migration across h/w --s/w boundarys/w boundary

Two level scheduling structureTwo level scheduling structurePreemptive scheduling of event handlersPreemptive scheduling of event handlersNonNon--preemptive FIFO scheduling of taskspreemptive FIFO scheduling of tasks

Compile time memory allocationCompile time memory allocationNesCNesC CompilerCompiler

Messaging Component

Internal StateInternal Tasks

Commands Events

TinyOSTinyOS : Characteristics: Characteristics

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nesCnesC

the nesC model:the nesC model:interfaces:interfaces:

usesusesprovidesprovides

components:components:modulesmodulesconfigurationsconfigurations

application:= graph application:= graph of componentsof components

Component A

Component B

ComponentD

Component C

Application

configurationconfiguration Component E

ComponentF

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MantisMantis

MANTIS MANTIS ((MMultimodultimodAAll system for system for NNeTworkseTworks of of IInn--situ wireless situ wireless SSensors) provides a new multiensors) provides a new multi--threaded embedded operating threaded embedded operating system integrated with a generalsystem integrated with a general--purpose singlepurpose single--board hardware board hardware platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless sensor networkssensor networks

the key design goals of MANTIS are the key design goals of MANTIS are ease of useease of use, i.e., a small learning curve that , i.e., a small learning curve that encourages novice programmers to rapidly encourages novice programmers to rapidly prototype sensor applicationsprototype sensor applicationsflexibilityflexibility such that expert researchers can such that expert researchers can continue to adapt and extend the continue to adapt and extend the hardware/software system to suit the needs hardware/software system to suit the needs of advanced researchof advanced research

MANTIS NymphMANTIS Nymph

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ContikiContiki““a Lightweight and Flexible Operating System a Lightweight and Flexible Operating System

for Tiny Networked Sensors for Tiny Networked Sensors ””

Adam Dunkels, Bj¨orn Gr¨onvall, Thiemo VoigtSwedish Institute of Computer Science

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ContikiContiki : Introduction: Introduction

Resource constrained devices – “mote class devices (2K/64K)“like a real OS”

Multi-taskingConventional protocol stack

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ContikiContiki OverviewOverview

IPIP--based Sensor Networkbased Sensor NetworkuIPuIP -- lightweight TCP/IP stacklightweight TCP/IP stack

Downloading Code at runDownloading Code at run--timetimePortabilityPortabilityEventEvent--driven systemsdriven systemsPreemptive multiPreemptive multi--threadingthreadingOverOver--TheThe--Air ProgrammingAir ProgrammingPrototype applicationsPrototype applications

Building securityBuilding securityMarine environmental monitoringMarine environmental monitoringResidential HVAC monitoringResidential HVAC monitoring

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ContikiContiki FeaturesFeatures

EventEvent--based concurrency modelbased concurrency modelLightweight protoLightweight proto--threadsthreadsPrePre--emptive multithreading as a libraryemptive multithreading as a library

Loadable programs and servicesLoadable programs and servicesFlexible resource allocationFlexible resource allocationDynamic loading of serviceDynamic loading of serviceEnables field Enables field upgradabilityupgradability

Design emphasizes development and deployment issuesDesign emphasizes development and deployment issues

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Event Driven and MultiEvent Driven and Multi--threadedthreadedEventEvent--driven kernel minimizes memory usedriven kernel minimizes memory use

Size capacity 1KSize capacity 1KProcesses post events to each otherProcesses post events to each other

EventEvent--driven programming modeldriven programming modelEverything programmed as stateEverything programmed as state--machinemachineNot flexibleNot flexibleNot suitable for long computationNot suitable for long computation

Threads are memory intensiveThreads are memory intensiveMultiMulti--threading as application librarythreading as application library

PreemptiblePreemptibleManaged by event handlerManaged by event handler

ProtoProto--threadsthreadsBlocked waitBlocked waitNo perNo per--thread stack (2 bytes)thread stack (2 bytes)

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Event Driven VS MultiEvent Driven VS Multi--threadedthreaded

EventEvent--driven (driven (TinyOSTinyOS))Low context switching overhead, fits well for reactive Low context switching overhead, fits well for reactive systemssystemsNot suitable for e.g. long running computationNot suitable for e.g. long running computation

Public/private key cryptographyPublic/private key cryptography

MultiMulti--threadedthreadedSuitable for long running computationSuitable for long running computationRequires more resources (stack)Requires more resources (stack)

TradeTrade--offsoffsPreemptionPreemptionSizeSize

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ContikiContiki : Protocol Stack: Protocol Stack

UDP/IP for sensor dataTCP/IP for administrative functions

Connect sensor network directly to IP infrastructureAvoid proxies and middle boxes

Reliably address nodeFiled upgradableUpdate task listsDiagnostics and calibration

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TCP/IP in Sensor NetworksTCP/IP in Sensor Networks

Advocate use of standard Internet protocols where possibleAdvocate use of standard Internet protocols where possiblePerceived disadvantagesPerceived disadvantages

header sizeheader sizememory footprintmemory footprintIP addressingIP addressingendend--toto--end TCP performanceend TCP performance

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uIPuIP

Small, but fully interoperableSmall, but fully interoperableLow throughputLow throughput

Single packet in flightSingle packet in flightDelayed Delayed ACKsACKs

Ported to several 8/16 bit platformsPorted to several 8/16 bit platforms

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ContikiContiki : Kernel Architecture: Kernel Architecture

EventEvent--based Kernelbased KernelMost programs run directly on top of the kernelMost programs run directly on top of the kernel

MultiMulti--threading implemented as a librarythreading implemented as a libraryThread only used if explicitly neededThread only used if explicitly needed

Long running computationLong running computationPreemption possiblePreemption possible

Responsive system with running computationsResponsive system with running computationsLoadable programsLoadable programs

RunRun--time relocation function and a binary format that contain relocatime relocation function and a binary format that contain relocation tion informationinformationLoader check sufficient memory spaceLoader check sufficient memory spaceLoader call initialization functionLoader call initialization function

Power save ModePower save Mode

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ContikiContiki :Reprogramming:Reprogramming

Reprogramming Sensor NodesReprogramming Sensor Nodes40 nodes dynamic distributed alarm system40 nodes dynamic distributed alarm systemManual wired reprogramming complete system imageManual wired reprogramming complete system image

One node >> 30 secOne node >> 30 sec40 nodes >> 30 min40 nodes >> 30 min

Over the air reprogramming a single component of applicationOver the air reprogramming a single component of application2 Min2 Min

Program typically much smaller than entire system Program typically much smaller than entire system image (1image (1--10%)10%)

Much quicker to transfer over the radioMuch quicker to transfer over the radio

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ContikiContiki : Code Size: Code Size

TinyOSTinyOS < < ContikiContiki < Mantis< Mantis

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ZigbeeZigbee

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ZigBeeZigBee Market GoalsMarket Goals

Global band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHzGlobal band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz

Unrestricted geographic useUnrestricted geographic use

RF penetration through walls and ceilingsRF penetration through walls and ceilings

Automatic or semiAutomatic or semi--automatic installationautomatic installation

Ability to add or remove devicesAbility to add or remove devices

Cost advantageousCost advantageous

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The Buzz of The Buzz of ZigbeeZigbee

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ApplicationsApplications

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Why Why ZigBeeZigBee??

Reliable and self healingReliable and self healing

Supports large number of nodesSupports large number of nodes

Easy to deployEasy to deploy

Very long battery lifeVery long battery life

SecureSecure

Low costLow cost

Can be used globallyCan be used globally

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ZigBeeZigBee Market GoalsMarket Goals

Global band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHzGlobal band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz

Unrestricted geographic useUnrestricted geographic use

RF penetration through walls and ceilingsRF penetration through walls and ceilings

Automatic or semiAutomatic or semi--automatic installationautomatic installation

Ability to add or remove devicesAbility to add or remove devices

Cost advantageousCost advantageous

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ZigBeeZigBee Technical Market GoalsTechnical Market Goals

10 kbps to 115 kbps data throughput10 kbps to 115 kbps data throughput

10 to 75 m coverage range10 to 75 m coverage range

Up to 100 collocated networksUp to 100 collocated networks

Up to 2 years of battery life on standard alkaline batteriesUp to 2 years of battery life on standard alkaline batteries

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How Does How Does ZigBeeZigBee Compare?Compare?

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ZigbeeZigbee Stack Reference ModelStack Reference Model

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IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4

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802.15.4 Applications802.15.4 Applications

Sensors & ControlsSensors & ControlsHome networkingHome networkingIndustrial networksIndustrial networksRemote meteringRemote meteringAutomotive networksAutomotive networks

Interactive ToysInteractive ToysActive RFID / Asset TrackingActive RFID / Asset Tracking

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802.15.4 General Characteristics802.15.4 General Characteristics

Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbpsData rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps

Star or PeerStar or Peer--toto--Peer network topologiesPeer network topologies

Support for Low Latency DevicesSupport for Low Latency Devices

CDMACDMA--CA Channel AccessCA Channel Access

Dynamic Device AddressingDynamic Device Addressing

Low Power ConsumptionLow Power Consumption

Extremely low dutyExtremely low duty--cycle (<0.1%)cycle (<0.1%)

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802.15.4 Frequency Bands802.15.4 Frequency Bands

BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE CHANNELS

2.4 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16

915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10

868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1

BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE CHANNELS

2.4 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16

915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10

868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1

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IEEE 802.15.4 Device TypesIEEE 802.15.4 Device TypesNetwork Coordinator

Maintains overall network knowledge; most sophisticated of thethreetypes; most memory and computing power

Full Function Device (FFD)Carries full 802.15.4 functionality and all features specified by the standardAdditional memory, computing power make it ideal for a network router functionCould also be used in network edge devices where the network touches other networks or devices that are not IEEE 802.15.4 compliant

Reduced Function Device RFD)Carriers limited (as specified by the standard) functionality to control cost and complexityGeneral usage will be in network edge devices

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868MHz/915MHz PHY

2.4 GHz

868.3 MHz

Channel 0 Channels 1-10

Channels 11-26

2.4835 GHz

928 MHz902 MHz

5 MHz

2 MHz

2.4 GHz PHY

Channel DivisionChannel Division

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ZigBeeZigBee Network ModelNetwork Model

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Basic Network CharacteristicsBasic Network Characteristics

65,536 network (client) nodes65,536 network (client) nodesOptimized for timingOptimized for timing--critical applicationscritical applications

Network join time: 30 ms (Network join time: 30 ms (typtyp))Sleeping slave changing to active: 15 ms (Sleeping slave changing to active: 15 ms (typtyp))Active slave channel access time: 15 ms (Active slave channel access time: 15 ms (typtyp))

Network coordinatorFull Function nodeReduced Function node

Communications flowVirtual links

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Topology ModelsTopology Models

PAN coordinatorFull Function DeviceReduced Function Device

Star

Mesh

Cluster Tree

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Topology & ApplicationTopology & Application

Star Networks (Personal Area Network)Star Networks (Personal Area Network)Home automationHome automationPC PeripheralsPC PeripheralsPersonal Health CarePersonal Health Care

PeerPeer--toto--Peer (ad hoc, self organizing & healing)Peer (ad hoc, self organizing & healing)Industrial control and monitoringIndustrial control and monitoringWireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor NetworksIntelligent AgricultureIntelligent Agriculture

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Full function device (FFD)Full function device (FFD)Any topologyAny topologyNetwork coordinator capableNetwork coordinator capableTalks to any other deviceTalks to any other device

Reduced function device (RFD)Reduced function device (RFD)Limited to star topologyLimited to star topologyCannot become a network coordinatorCannot become a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinatorVery simple implementationVery simple implementation

Device ClassesDevice Classes

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Traffic TypesTraffic Types

Periodic dataPeriodic dataApplication defined rate (e.g. sensors)Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)

Intermittent dataIntermittent dataApplication/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)

Repetitive low latency dataRepetitive low latency dataAllocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)

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Comparison of complimentary protocolsComparison of complimentary protocols

Feature(s) IEEE 802.11b Bluetooth ZigBeePower Profile Hours Days YearsComplexity Very Complex Complex Simple

Nodes/Master 32 7 64000

Latency Enumeration upto 3 seconds Enumeration upto 10 seconds

Enumeration 30ms

Range 100 m 10m 70m-300mExtendability Roaming possible No YESData Rate 11Mbps 1Mbps 250Kbps

Security Authentication Service Set ID (SSID)

64 bit, 128 bit 128 bit AES and Application Layer user defined

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802.15.4/ZigBee 802.15.4/ZigBee vsvs BluetoothBluetooth

Bluetooth 30 days (park mode @ 1.28s)

802.15.4/ZigBee more battery-effective at all beacon intervals

greater than 0.246s

At beacon interval ~1s, 15.4/ZigBee battery life 85

days

At beacon interval ~60s, 15.4/ZigBee battery life

approx 416 days

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MicroChipMicroChip PICDEM Z Demonstration kit PICDEM Z Demonstration kit

Features:Features:ZigBeeZigBee software stack supporting RFD (Reduced software stack supporting RFD (Reduced Function Device), FFD (Full Function Device) and Function Device), FFD (Full Function Device) and Coordinator Coordinator PIC18LF4620 MCU featuring PIC18LF4620 MCU featuring nanoWattnanoWattTechnology, 64 KB Flash memory and robust Technology, 64 KB Flash memory and robust integrated peripherals integrated peripherals RF transceiver and antenna interface via daughter RF transceiver and antenna interface via daughter card for flexibility card for flexibility Supports 2.4 GHz frequency band via Supports 2.4 GHz frequency band via ChipconChipconCC2420 RF transceiver CC2420 RF transceiver Temperature sensor (Microchip TC77), Temperature sensor (Microchip TC77), LEDsLEDs and and button switches to support demonstrationbutton switches to support demonstration

Package ContentsPackage ContentsTwo PICDEM Z demonstration boards each with Two PICDEM Z demonstration boards each with an RF transceiver daughter card an RF transceiver daughter card ZigBeeZigBee protocol stack source code (on CD ROM)protocol stack source code (on CD ROM)

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Motorola/Motorola/FreeScaleFreeScale 13192DSK13192DSKTwo 2.4 GHz wireless nodes compatible Two 2.4 GHz wireless nodes compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard

MC13192MC13192 2.4 GHz RF data modem 2.4 GHz RF data modem MC9S08GT60MC9S08GT60 lowlow--voltage, lowvoltage, low--power 8power 8--bit bit MCU for MCU for basebandbaseband operations operations IntegratedIntegrated sensors sensors

MMA6261QMMA6261Q 1.5g X1.5g X--YY--axis axis accelerometer accelerometer MMA1260DMMA1260D 1.5g Z1.5g Z--axis accelerometer axis accelerometer

Printed transmitPrinted transmit--andand--receive antennae receive antennae Onboard expansion capabilities for external Onboard expansion capabilities for external applicationapplication--specific development activities specific development activities Onboard BDM port for MCU Flash Onboard BDM port for MCU Flash reprogramming and inreprogramming and in--circuit hardware circuit hardware debugging debugging RSRS--232 port for monitoring and Flash 232 port for monitoring and Flash programming programming

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Low Data Rate Wireless EvolutionLow Data Rate Wireless Evolution

Proprietary Fades

ZigBee Emerges

Semiconductor Focus

Early Adopter OEMs

$1 - $10B Industry

$100 - $10 Unit Cost

Second Stage2004 2005 2006

Standards Dominate

IEEE 1451.5 Emerges

OEM Focus

Wireless Ubiquitous

$10 - $100B+ Industry

$10 - $1 Unit Cost

Third Stage2007 2008 2009+

First Stage……… 2002 2003

Proprietary Dominates

IEEE 802.15.4 Emerges

System Integrator Focus

Leading Edge OEMs

$.1 - $1B Industry

$1,000 - $100 Unit Cost

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Sensor NodeSensor Node433 MHz433 MHz2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4

GatewayGatewayMicro GatewayMicro GatewayMultiMulti--protocol Gatewayprotocol Gateway

Wireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Packet Wireless Packet SnifferSniffer & Monitoring Software& Monitoring Software

CZARNET CZARNET –– CAESAREA Wireless Sensor NetworkCAESAREA Wireless Sensor Network

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CZAR CZAR –– Node 433Node 433

Sensor Node Sensor Node -- 433433TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorChipconChipcon CC1000 433 MHzCC1000 433 MHzSensor : Sensor :

Temperature Temperature Humidity , Humidity , Magnetic SensorMagnetic Sensor

RTOS : RTOS : ContikiContikiCharacter LCD (option)Character LCD (option)Embedded Web server (optional)Embedded Web server (optional)

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CZAR CZAR –– Node 240Node 240

Sensor Node Sensor Node –– 240240TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorChipconChipcon CC2420 CC2420 –– IEEE IEEE 802.15.4802.15.4Sensor : Temperature , Sensor : Temperature , Humidity , Motion , Humidity , Motion , Light , Vehicle DetectorLight , Vehicle DetectorCharacter LCD (option)Character LCD (option)RTOS : RTOS : ConikiConikiZigbeeZigbee StackStackEmbedded Web server Embedded Web server (optional)(optional)

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CZARCZAR-- TestTest

Wireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Sensor Network TesterTI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorChipconChipcon CC2420 CC2420 –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4RTOS : RTOS : ConikiConikiZigbeeZigbee StackStackManMan--Machine Interface SoftwareMachine Interface SoftwareCharacter LCD Character LCD KeypadKeypad

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CZAR CZAR –– MicroGateMicroGate

Micro GatewayMicro GatewayTI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorGSM/GPRS, GPS InterfaceGSM/GPRS, GPS InterfaceUSB InterfaceUSB InterfaceContikiContiki RTOSRTOS

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CZAR CZAR –– MultiGateMultiGate

MultiMulti--protocol Gatewayprotocol GatewayARMARM--9 Processor9 ProcessorGSM/GPRS InterfaceGSM/GPRS InterfaceWLAN InterfaceWLAN InterfaceEthernet InterfaceEthernet InterfaceShortShort--rage RF Interfacerage RF Interface

433 MHz433 MHz2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4

Serial Port Serial Port USB Host USB Host USB DeviceUSB Device

Linux Operating SystemLinux Operating System

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Question & AnswerQuestion & Answer