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Wireless Sensor NetworkWireless Sensor Network
ผศผศ.. ณฐัณฐัวุฒิวุฒิ ขวัญแกวขวัญแกว
หองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัวหองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัว[CARSAREA : C[CARSAREA : Communication ommunication AAnd nd EEmbedded mbedded SSystems ystems AApplication pplication ReResearch Lsearch Laab.]b.]
ภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟาภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟา คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตรคณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตรมหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร
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TopicsTopics
Introduction to Wireless Sensor NetworkIntroduction to Wireless Sensor NetworkBasic FeatureBasic FeatureApplicationApplication
Implementation ConceptImplementation ConceptHardware PlatformHardware PlatformSoftware PlatformSoftware PlatformExisting WSN SystemExisting WSN System
Sensor Network Operating SystemSensor Network Operating SystemZigbeeZigbeeCZARNET CZARNET –– CAESAREA Wireless Sensor NetworkCAESAREA Wireless Sensor Network
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Wireless Sensor Networks (Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNsWSNs))
It consists of a set of small devices with It consists of a set of small devices with sensingsensing and and wireless communicationwireless communication capabilitiescapabilitiesThose small devices are named Those small devices are named sensor nodessensor nodes, and are , and are deployed within a special area to monitor a physical deployed within a special area to monitor a physical phenomenon. phenomenon. MultifunctionalMultifunctional
Depends on what sensors are attachedDepends on what sensors are attached
FeaturesFeaturesWidely deployed. (100~1MWidely deployed. (100~1M↑↑))Low communication bandwidthLow communication bandwidthLimited memory space and computation powerLimited memory space and computation power
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Basic FeaturesBasic Features
SelfSelf--organizing capabilitiesorganizing capabilities
ShortShort--range broadcast communication and range broadcast communication and multihopmultihop routingrouting
Dense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodesDense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodes
Frequently changing topology due to fading and node failuresFrequently changing topology due to fading and node failures
Limitations in energy, transmit power, memory, and Limitations in energy, transmit power, memory, and computing powercomputing power
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ApplicationsApplications
General EngineeringGeneral Engineering
Agriculture and Environmental MonitoringAgriculture and Environmental Monitoring
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
Military ApplicationMilitary Application
Health Monitoring and SurgeryHealth Monitoring and Surgery
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GeneralGeneral EngineeringEngineering
Automotive Automotive telematicstelematicsFingertip accelerometer virtual keyboardsFingertip accelerometer virtual keyboardsSensing and maintenance in industrial plantsSensing and maintenance in industrial plantsAircraft drag reductionAircraft drag reductionSmart office spacesSmart office spacesTracking of goods in retail storesTracking of goods in retail storesSocial studiesSocial studiesCommercial and residential securityCommercial and residential security
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Application : Monitoring Volcanic EruptionsApplication : Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions
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AgricultureAgriculture andand EnvironmentalEnvironmental MonitoringMonitoring
Precision agriculturePrecision agriculturePlanetary explorationPlanetary explorationGeophysical monitoringGeophysical monitoringMonitoring of freshwater qualityMonitoring of freshwater qualityZebranetZebranetHabitat MonitoringHabitat MonitoringDisaster detectionDisaster detectionContaminant transportContaminant transport
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CivilCivil EngineeringEngineering
Monitoring of structuresMonitoring of structures
Urban planningUrban planning
Disaster recoveryDisaster recovery
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Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications
Asset monitoring and managementAsset monitoring and management
Surveillance and battleSurveillance and battle--space monitoringspace monitoring
Urban warfareUrban warfare
ProtectionProtection
SelfSelf--healing minefieldshealing minefields
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HealthHealth MonitoringMonitoring andand SurgerySurgery
Medical SensingMedical SensingBody temperatureBody temperatureBlood pressure Blood pressure PulsePulse
MicroMicro--surgerysurgeryMEMSMEMS--based robotsbased robots
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Application : Medical CareApplication : Medical Care
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Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
Ubiquitous Health MonitoringUbiquitous Health Monitoring
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Technical Challenges (1/4)Technical Challenges (1/4)
Performance metricsPerformance metricsEnergy efficiency/system lifetimeEnergy efficiency/system lifetimeLatencyLatencyAccuracyAccuracyFault toleranceFault toleranceScalabilityScalability
Transport capacity/throughputTransport capacity/throughput
Power SupplyPower SupplyBattery, Capacitor, Solar CellBattery, Capacitor, Solar Cell
Design of EnergyDesign of Energy--Efficient ProtocolsEfficient ProtocolsClustering Clustering Broadcast and multicast treesBroadcast and multicast treesSleep modesSleep modes
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Technical Challenges (2/4)Technical Challenges (2/4)
Capacity/ThroughputCapacity/ThroughputExpected number of successful packet transmissions of a given noExpected number of successful packet transmissions of a given node per timeslotde per timeslot
RoutingRouting““many to onemany to one”” network network –– all node report to a single base stationall node report to a single base stationUpUp--toto--date, less effort given to routing protocolsdate, less effort given to routing protocolsMultihopMultihop communication and communication and QoSQoS routingroutingAd hoc routing protocols are not suited well for WSNAd hoc routing protocols are not suited well for WSN
Channel Access and SchedulingChannel Access and Scheduling
Aim at energy and delay balancingAim at energy and delay balancingMedium Access problem Medium Access problem –– minimum collisions and maximum spatial reuseminimum collisions and maximum spatial reuseNode Level Node Level -- Determines which flow will be eligible to transmit nextDetermines which flow will be eligible to transmit nextSystem Level System Level -- Determines which nodes will be transmittingDetermines which nodes will be transmitting
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Technical Challenges(3/4) Technical Challenges(3/4)
ModelingModelingNumber of nodes and relative distributionNumber of nodes and relative distributionDegree and type of mobilityDegree and type of mobilityCharacteristics of wireless linkCharacteristics of wireless linkVolume of traffic injected by the sourceVolume of traffic injected by the sourceLifespan of nodes interactionLifespan of nodes interactionDetailed energy consumption modelsDetailed energy consumption models
ConnectivityConnectivityCrucial for most application : Network is not partitioned into dCrucial for most application : Network is not partitioned into disjoints partsisjoints parts
Quality of Service (Quality of Service (QoSQoS))Capability of a network to deliver data reliably and timelyCapability of a network to deliver data reliably and timely
High High Quantity of ServiceQuantity of Service generally not sufficient to satisfy an applicationgenerally not sufficient to satisfy an application’’s delay s delay requirementrequirementSpeed of propagation of information may be as crucial as the thrSpeed of propagation of information may be as crucial as the throughputoughput
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Technical Challenges (4/4)Technical Challenges (4/4)
SecuritySecuritySensor nodes are not protected against physical mishandling or aSensor nodes are not protected against physical mishandling or attacksttacks
Eavesdropping, jamming and ListenEavesdropping, jamming and Listen--andand--retransmit attacks can hamper or prevent retransmit attacks can hamper or prevent the operationthe operation
ImplementationImplementationNodes must become an order of magnitude cheaper in order to rendNodes must become an order of magnitude cheaper in order to render applications er applications with a large number of nodes affordablewith a large number of nodes affordable
Other IssuesOther IssuesDistributed signal processingDistributed signal processingSynchronization and localizationSynchronization and localizationWireless reprogrammingWireless reprogramming
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Implementation Concept : Hardware PlatformImplementation Concept : Hardware Platform
Processing UnitProcessing UnitTransceiver UnitTransceiver UnitPower UnitPower UnitSensing UnitsSensing UnitsOther Application Other Application Dependent Dependent ComponentsComponents
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Implementation Concept : Software PlatformImplementation Concept : Software Platform
Application Programming Interface (API)Application Programming Interface (API)
Embedded Operating System (EOS)Embedded Operating System (EOS)
Device DriversDevice Drivers
Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL)Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL) Hardware Platform
Operating System
Virtual M/C MiddleWare
Network Stack
Applications
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Motes are tiny, selfMotes are tiny, self--contained, battery powered computers with radio links, contained, battery powered computers with radio links, which enable them to communicate and exchange data with one anotwhich enable them to communicate and exchange data with one another, and to her, and to selfself--organize into ad hoc networksorganize into ad hoc networks
Motes form the building blocks of wireless sensor networksMotes form the building blocks of wireless sensor networks
TinyOS : componentTinyOS : component--based runtime environment, is designed to provide based runtime environment, is designed to provide support for these motes which require concurrency intensive opersupport for these motes which require concurrency intensive operations while ations while constrained by minimal hardware resourcesconstrained by minimal hardware resources
Figure 3: Berkeley MoteFigure 3: Berkeley Mote
Berkeley Motes (1/2)Berkeley Motes (1/2)
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Berkeley Motes (2/2)Berkeley Motes (2/2)
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Mote Kit : Crossbow (Mote Kit : Crossbow (www.xbow.comwww.xbow.com))
Monitoring temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and other environmental parameters.Low sampling rates, typically slower than 2 minutes per sensor measurement.Outdoor environmentsDeployment of sensors over several acres or moreBattery operation for at least one yearRemote logging of data and remote data access.
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StargateStargate : WSN Gateway: WSN Gateway
Interfacing Sensor Networks to the InternetInterfacing Sensor Networks to the InternetIntel Intel XScaleXScale ProcessorProcessorCompact Flash , PCMIA, Compact Flash , PCMIA, EternetEternet , USB Host, USB HostLinux BasedLinux Based
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XbowXbow Software ToolsSoftware Tools
XMeshXMesh: : TrueMeshTrueMesh, low, low--power, selfpower, self--forming reliable networking forming reliable networking stack that runs on each Mote stack that runs on each Mote
XServeXServe: : Server software manages data logging and forwarding Server software manages data logging and forwarding of Mote network data of Mote network data
MOTEMOTE--VIEWVIEW: : Client software for monitoring, visualization, Client software for monitoring, visualization, and network management softwareand network management software
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Mote ViewMote View
Historical and RealHistorical and Real--Time ChartingTime ChartingTopology MapTopology MapNetwork VisualizationNetwork Visualization
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Telos PlatformTelos Platform
Low PowerLow PowerMinimal port leakageMinimal port leakageHardware isolation and bufferingHardware isolation and buffering
RobustRobustHardware flash write protectionHardware flash write protectionIntegrated antenna (50mIntegrated antenna (50m--125m)125m)Standard IDC connectorsStandard IDC connectors
Standards BasedStandards BasedUSBUSBIEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420 radio)IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420 radio)
High PerformanceHigh Performance10kB RAM, 1610kB RAM, 16--bit core, extensive double bufferingbit core, extensive double buffering1212--bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)DMA transfers while CPU offDMA transfers while CPU off
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TelosTelos : Design Principles: Design Principles
Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor NetworksMust operate for many yearsMust operate for many yearsNeed low duty cycles to achieve long lifetimesNeed low duty cycles to achieve long lifetimes
Key to Low Duty Cycle Operation:Key to Low Duty Cycle Operation:Sleep Sleep –– majority of the timemajority of the timeWakeup Wakeup –– quickly start processingquickly start processingActive Active –– minimize work & return to sleepminimize work & return to sleep
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TelosTelos : Sleep: Sleep
Majority of time, node is asleepMajority of time, node is asleep>99%>99%
Minimize sleep current throughMinimize sleep current throughIsolating and shutting down individual circuitsIsolating and shutting down individual circuitsUsing low power hardware Using low power hardware
Need RAM retentionNeed RAM retention
Run auxiliary hardware components from low speed Run auxiliary hardware components from low speed oscillators (typically 32kHz)oscillators (typically 32kHz)
Perform ADC conversions, DMA transfers, and bus Perform ADC conversions, DMA transfers, and bus operations while microcontroller core is stoppedoperations while microcontroller core is stopped
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Perpetually Powered Perpetually Powered TelosTelos
Solar energy scavenging system for TelosSolar energy scavenging system for TelosSuper capacitors buffer energySuper capacitors buffer energyLithium rechargeable battery as a Lithium rechargeable battery as a emergencyemergency backupbackupPossible due to low voltage (1.8V) and low power (<15mW) consumpPossible due to low voltage (1.8V) and low power (<15mW) consumptiontion
Duty CycleDuty Cycle Light RequiredLight Required System LifetimeSystem Lifetime
1%1% 5 hrs / 1 mo5 hrs / 1 mo 43 years43 years
10%10% 5 hrs / 4 days5 hrs / 4 days 4 years4 years
100%100% 10 hrs / 1 day10 hrs / 1 day 1 year1 year
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ScatterwebScatterweb
Embedded Sensor Board (ESB)Embedded Sensor Board (ESB)
Embedded Gateway/USBEmbedded Gateway/USB
Embedded Web ServerEmbedded Web Server
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ESB BoardESB Board
TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 Processor2KB RAM, 60KB flash ROM2KB RAM, 60KB flash ROMRFM TR1001 Transceiver : 868 MHz RFM TR1001 Transceiver : 868 MHz Serial Interface : up to 115.2 kbps Serial Interface : up to 115.2 kbps Sensor Interface : Sensor Interface :
Light , Motion, Temperature, Vibration , MicrophoneLight , Motion, Temperature, Vibration , Microphone
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ScatterwebScatterweb ViewerViewer
Data LoggingData LoggingNode ManagingNode ManagingOTA FlashingOTA Flashing
NetNet--ScanningScanningScatterRoutingScatterRouting
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Sensor Network Operating SystemSensor Network Operating System
TinyOSTinyOSUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, Berkeleywww.tinyos.netwww.tinyos.net
MANTISMANTISUniversity of Colorado at BoulderUniversity of Colorado at Boulderhttp://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki/tikihttp://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki/tiki--index.phpindex.php
CONTIKICONTIKIAdam Adam DunkelsDunkels , Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Swedish Institute of Computer Sciencehttp://http://www.sics.se/~adam/contikiwww.sics.se/~adam/contiki//
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RealReal--time operating system for microcontrollerstime operating system for microcontrollersOpenOpen--source project at UC Berkeleysource project at UC BerkeleyKey Features:Key Features:
Developed for sensing applicationsDeveloped for sensing applicationsEmphasis on lowEmphasis on low--power: Idle & sleep modespower: Idle & sleep modesHighly modular architectureHighly modular architectureEfficient utilization of resourcesEfficient utilization of resources
Currently developed for Atmega & MSP430 Currently developed for Atmega & MSP430 microcontrollersmicrocontrollers
TinyOSTinyOS
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System composed of concurrent FSM modulesSystem composed of concurrent FSM modulesSingle execution contextSingle execution context
Component modelComponent modelFrame (storage)Frame (storage)Commands & event handlersCommands & event handlersTasks (computation)Tasks (computation)Command & Event interface Command & Event interface Easy migration across h/w Easy migration across h/w --s/w boundarys/w boundary
Two level scheduling structureTwo level scheduling structurePreemptive scheduling of event handlersPreemptive scheduling of event handlersNonNon--preemptive FIFO scheduling of taskspreemptive FIFO scheduling of tasks
Compile time memory allocationCompile time memory allocationNesCNesC CompilerCompiler
Messaging Component
Internal StateInternal Tasks
Commands Events
TinyOSTinyOS : Characteristics: Characteristics
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nesCnesC
the nesC model:the nesC model:interfaces:interfaces:
usesusesprovidesprovides
components:components:modulesmodulesconfigurationsconfigurations
application:= graph application:= graph of componentsof components
Component A
Component B
ComponentD
Component C
Application
configurationconfiguration Component E
ComponentF
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MantisMantis
MANTIS MANTIS ((MMultimodultimodAAll system for system for NNeTworkseTworks of of IInn--situ wireless situ wireless SSensors) provides a new multiensors) provides a new multi--threaded embedded operating threaded embedded operating system integrated with a generalsystem integrated with a general--purpose singlepurpose single--board hardware board hardware platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless sensor networkssensor networks
the key design goals of MANTIS are the key design goals of MANTIS are ease of useease of use, i.e., a small learning curve that , i.e., a small learning curve that encourages novice programmers to rapidly encourages novice programmers to rapidly prototype sensor applicationsprototype sensor applicationsflexibilityflexibility such that expert researchers can such that expert researchers can continue to adapt and extend the continue to adapt and extend the hardware/software system to suit the needs hardware/software system to suit the needs of advanced researchof advanced research
MANTIS NymphMANTIS Nymph
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ContikiContiki““a Lightweight and Flexible Operating System a Lightweight and Flexible Operating System
for Tiny Networked Sensors for Tiny Networked Sensors ””
Adam Dunkels, Bj¨orn Gr¨onvall, Thiemo VoigtSwedish Institute of Computer Science
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ContikiContiki : Introduction: Introduction
Resource constrained devices – “mote class devices (2K/64K)“like a real OS”
Multi-taskingConventional protocol stack
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ContikiContiki OverviewOverview
IPIP--based Sensor Networkbased Sensor NetworkuIPuIP -- lightweight TCP/IP stacklightweight TCP/IP stack
Downloading Code at runDownloading Code at run--timetimePortabilityPortabilityEventEvent--driven systemsdriven systemsPreemptive multiPreemptive multi--threadingthreadingOverOver--TheThe--Air ProgrammingAir ProgrammingPrototype applicationsPrototype applications
Building securityBuilding securityMarine environmental monitoringMarine environmental monitoringResidential HVAC monitoringResidential HVAC monitoring
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ContikiContiki FeaturesFeatures
EventEvent--based concurrency modelbased concurrency modelLightweight protoLightweight proto--threadsthreadsPrePre--emptive multithreading as a libraryemptive multithreading as a library
Loadable programs and servicesLoadable programs and servicesFlexible resource allocationFlexible resource allocationDynamic loading of serviceDynamic loading of serviceEnables field Enables field upgradabilityupgradability
Design emphasizes development and deployment issuesDesign emphasizes development and deployment issues
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Event Driven and MultiEvent Driven and Multi--threadedthreadedEventEvent--driven kernel minimizes memory usedriven kernel minimizes memory use
Size capacity 1KSize capacity 1KProcesses post events to each otherProcesses post events to each other
EventEvent--driven programming modeldriven programming modelEverything programmed as stateEverything programmed as state--machinemachineNot flexibleNot flexibleNot suitable for long computationNot suitable for long computation
Threads are memory intensiveThreads are memory intensiveMultiMulti--threading as application librarythreading as application library
PreemptiblePreemptibleManaged by event handlerManaged by event handler
ProtoProto--threadsthreadsBlocked waitBlocked waitNo perNo per--thread stack (2 bytes)thread stack (2 bytes)
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Event Driven VS MultiEvent Driven VS Multi--threadedthreaded
EventEvent--driven (driven (TinyOSTinyOS))Low context switching overhead, fits well for reactive Low context switching overhead, fits well for reactive systemssystemsNot suitable for e.g. long running computationNot suitable for e.g. long running computation
Public/private key cryptographyPublic/private key cryptography
MultiMulti--threadedthreadedSuitable for long running computationSuitable for long running computationRequires more resources (stack)Requires more resources (stack)
TradeTrade--offsoffsPreemptionPreemptionSizeSize
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ContikiContiki : Protocol Stack: Protocol Stack
UDP/IP for sensor dataTCP/IP for administrative functions
Connect sensor network directly to IP infrastructureAvoid proxies and middle boxes
Reliably address nodeFiled upgradableUpdate task listsDiagnostics and calibration
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TCP/IP in Sensor NetworksTCP/IP in Sensor Networks
Advocate use of standard Internet protocols where possibleAdvocate use of standard Internet protocols where possiblePerceived disadvantagesPerceived disadvantages
header sizeheader sizememory footprintmemory footprintIP addressingIP addressingendend--toto--end TCP performanceend TCP performance
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uIPuIP
Small, but fully interoperableSmall, but fully interoperableLow throughputLow throughput
Single packet in flightSingle packet in flightDelayed Delayed ACKsACKs
Ported to several 8/16 bit platformsPorted to several 8/16 bit platforms
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ContikiContiki : Kernel Architecture: Kernel Architecture
EventEvent--based Kernelbased KernelMost programs run directly on top of the kernelMost programs run directly on top of the kernel
MultiMulti--threading implemented as a librarythreading implemented as a libraryThread only used if explicitly neededThread only used if explicitly needed
Long running computationLong running computationPreemption possiblePreemption possible
Responsive system with running computationsResponsive system with running computationsLoadable programsLoadable programs
RunRun--time relocation function and a binary format that contain relocatime relocation function and a binary format that contain relocation tion informationinformationLoader check sufficient memory spaceLoader check sufficient memory spaceLoader call initialization functionLoader call initialization function
Power save ModePower save Mode
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ContikiContiki :Reprogramming:Reprogramming
Reprogramming Sensor NodesReprogramming Sensor Nodes40 nodes dynamic distributed alarm system40 nodes dynamic distributed alarm systemManual wired reprogramming complete system imageManual wired reprogramming complete system image
One node >> 30 secOne node >> 30 sec40 nodes >> 30 min40 nodes >> 30 min
Over the air reprogramming a single component of applicationOver the air reprogramming a single component of application2 Min2 Min
Program typically much smaller than entire system Program typically much smaller than entire system image (1image (1--10%)10%)
Much quicker to transfer over the radioMuch quicker to transfer over the radio
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ContikiContiki : Code Size: Code Size
TinyOSTinyOS < < ContikiContiki < Mantis< Mantis
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ZigbeeZigbee
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ZigBeeZigBee Market GoalsMarket Goals
Global band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHzGlobal band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz
Unrestricted geographic useUnrestricted geographic use
RF penetration through walls and ceilingsRF penetration through walls and ceilings
Automatic or semiAutomatic or semi--automatic installationautomatic installation
Ability to add or remove devicesAbility to add or remove devices
Cost advantageousCost advantageous
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The Buzz of The Buzz of ZigbeeZigbee
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ApplicationsApplications
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Why Why ZigBeeZigBee??
Reliable and self healingReliable and self healing
Supports large number of nodesSupports large number of nodes
Easy to deployEasy to deploy
Very long battery lifeVery long battery life
SecureSecure
Low costLow cost
Can be used globallyCan be used globally
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ZigBeeZigBee Market GoalsMarket Goals
Global band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHzGlobal band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz
Unrestricted geographic useUnrestricted geographic use
RF penetration through walls and ceilingsRF penetration through walls and ceilings
Automatic or semiAutomatic or semi--automatic installationautomatic installation
Ability to add or remove devicesAbility to add or remove devices
Cost advantageousCost advantageous
56
ZigBeeZigBee Technical Market GoalsTechnical Market Goals
10 kbps to 115 kbps data throughput10 kbps to 115 kbps data throughput
10 to 75 m coverage range10 to 75 m coverage range
Up to 100 collocated networksUp to 100 collocated networks
Up to 2 years of battery life on standard alkaline batteriesUp to 2 years of battery life on standard alkaline batteries
57
How Does How Does ZigBeeZigBee Compare?Compare?
58
ZigbeeZigbee Stack Reference ModelStack Reference Model
59
IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4
60
802.15.4 Applications802.15.4 Applications
Sensors & ControlsSensors & ControlsHome networkingHome networkingIndustrial networksIndustrial networksRemote meteringRemote meteringAutomotive networksAutomotive networks
Interactive ToysInteractive ToysActive RFID / Asset TrackingActive RFID / Asset Tracking
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802.15.4 General Characteristics802.15.4 General Characteristics
Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbpsData rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps
Star or PeerStar or Peer--toto--Peer network topologiesPeer network topologies
Support for Low Latency DevicesSupport for Low Latency Devices
CDMACDMA--CA Channel AccessCA Channel Access
Dynamic Device AddressingDynamic Device Addressing
Low Power ConsumptionLow Power Consumption
Extremely low dutyExtremely low duty--cycle (<0.1%)cycle (<0.1%)
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802.15.4 Frequency Bands802.15.4 Frequency Bands
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE CHANNELS
2.4 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE CHANNELS
2.4 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
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IEEE 802.15.4 Device TypesIEEE 802.15.4 Device TypesNetwork Coordinator
Maintains overall network knowledge; most sophisticated of thethreetypes; most memory and computing power
Full Function Device (FFD)Carries full 802.15.4 functionality and all features specified by the standardAdditional memory, computing power make it ideal for a network router functionCould also be used in network edge devices where the network touches other networks or devices that are not IEEE 802.15.4 compliant
Reduced Function Device RFD)Carriers limited (as specified by the standard) functionality to control cost and complexityGeneral usage will be in network edge devices
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868MHz/915MHz PHY
2.4 GHz
868.3 MHz
Channel 0 Channels 1-10
Channels 11-26
2.4835 GHz
928 MHz902 MHz
5 MHz
2 MHz
2.4 GHz PHY
Channel DivisionChannel Division
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ZigBeeZigBee Network ModelNetwork Model
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Basic Network CharacteristicsBasic Network Characteristics
65,536 network (client) nodes65,536 network (client) nodesOptimized for timingOptimized for timing--critical applicationscritical applications
Network join time: 30 ms (Network join time: 30 ms (typtyp))Sleeping slave changing to active: 15 ms (Sleeping slave changing to active: 15 ms (typtyp))Active slave channel access time: 15 ms (Active slave channel access time: 15 ms (typtyp))
Network coordinatorFull Function nodeReduced Function node
Communications flowVirtual links
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Topology ModelsTopology Models
PAN coordinatorFull Function DeviceReduced Function Device
Star
Mesh
Cluster Tree
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Topology & ApplicationTopology & Application
Star Networks (Personal Area Network)Star Networks (Personal Area Network)Home automationHome automationPC PeripheralsPC PeripheralsPersonal Health CarePersonal Health Care
PeerPeer--toto--Peer (ad hoc, self organizing & healing)Peer (ad hoc, self organizing & healing)Industrial control and monitoringIndustrial control and monitoringWireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor NetworksIntelligent AgricultureIntelligent Agriculture
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Full function device (FFD)Full function device (FFD)Any topologyAny topologyNetwork coordinator capableNetwork coordinator capableTalks to any other deviceTalks to any other device
Reduced function device (RFD)Reduced function device (RFD)Limited to star topologyLimited to star topologyCannot become a network coordinatorCannot become a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinatorVery simple implementationVery simple implementation
Device ClassesDevice Classes
70
Traffic TypesTraffic Types
Periodic dataPeriodic dataApplication defined rate (e.g. sensors)Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)
Intermittent dataIntermittent dataApplication/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)
Repetitive low latency dataRepetitive low latency dataAllocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)
71
Comparison of complimentary protocolsComparison of complimentary protocols
Feature(s) IEEE 802.11b Bluetooth ZigBeePower Profile Hours Days YearsComplexity Very Complex Complex Simple
Nodes/Master 32 7 64000
Latency Enumeration upto 3 seconds Enumeration upto 10 seconds
Enumeration 30ms
Range 100 m 10m 70m-300mExtendability Roaming possible No YESData Rate 11Mbps 1Mbps 250Kbps
Security Authentication Service Set ID (SSID)
64 bit, 128 bit 128 bit AES and Application Layer user defined
72
802.15.4/ZigBee 802.15.4/ZigBee vsvs BluetoothBluetooth
Bluetooth 30 days (park mode @ 1.28s)
802.15.4/ZigBee more battery-effective at all beacon intervals
greater than 0.246s
At beacon interval ~1s, 15.4/ZigBee battery life 85
days
At beacon interval ~60s, 15.4/ZigBee battery life
approx 416 days
73
MicroChipMicroChip PICDEM Z Demonstration kit PICDEM Z Demonstration kit
Features:Features:ZigBeeZigBee software stack supporting RFD (Reduced software stack supporting RFD (Reduced Function Device), FFD (Full Function Device) and Function Device), FFD (Full Function Device) and Coordinator Coordinator PIC18LF4620 MCU featuring PIC18LF4620 MCU featuring nanoWattnanoWattTechnology, 64 KB Flash memory and robust Technology, 64 KB Flash memory and robust integrated peripherals integrated peripherals RF transceiver and antenna interface via daughter RF transceiver and antenna interface via daughter card for flexibility card for flexibility Supports 2.4 GHz frequency band via Supports 2.4 GHz frequency band via ChipconChipconCC2420 RF transceiver CC2420 RF transceiver Temperature sensor (Microchip TC77), Temperature sensor (Microchip TC77), LEDsLEDs and and button switches to support demonstrationbutton switches to support demonstration
Package ContentsPackage ContentsTwo PICDEM Z demonstration boards each with Two PICDEM Z demonstration boards each with an RF transceiver daughter card an RF transceiver daughter card ZigBeeZigBee protocol stack source code (on CD ROM)protocol stack source code (on CD ROM)
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Motorola/Motorola/FreeScaleFreeScale 13192DSK13192DSKTwo 2.4 GHz wireless nodes compatible Two 2.4 GHz wireless nodes compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
MC13192MC13192 2.4 GHz RF data modem 2.4 GHz RF data modem MC9S08GT60MC9S08GT60 lowlow--voltage, lowvoltage, low--power 8power 8--bit bit MCU for MCU for basebandbaseband operations operations IntegratedIntegrated sensors sensors
MMA6261QMMA6261Q 1.5g X1.5g X--YY--axis axis accelerometer accelerometer MMA1260DMMA1260D 1.5g Z1.5g Z--axis accelerometer axis accelerometer
Printed transmitPrinted transmit--andand--receive antennae receive antennae Onboard expansion capabilities for external Onboard expansion capabilities for external applicationapplication--specific development activities specific development activities Onboard BDM port for MCU Flash Onboard BDM port for MCU Flash reprogramming and inreprogramming and in--circuit hardware circuit hardware debugging debugging RSRS--232 port for monitoring and Flash 232 port for monitoring and Flash programming programming
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Low Data Rate Wireless EvolutionLow Data Rate Wireless Evolution
Proprietary Fades
ZigBee Emerges
Semiconductor Focus
Early Adopter OEMs
$1 - $10B Industry
$100 - $10 Unit Cost
Second Stage2004 2005 2006
Standards Dominate
IEEE 1451.5 Emerges
OEM Focus
Wireless Ubiquitous
$10 - $100B+ Industry
$10 - $1 Unit Cost
Third Stage2007 2008 2009+
First Stage……… 2002 2003
Proprietary Dominates
IEEE 802.15.4 Emerges
System Integrator Focus
Leading Edge OEMs
$.1 - $1B Industry
$1,000 - $100 Unit Cost
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Sensor NodeSensor Node433 MHz433 MHz2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4
GatewayGatewayMicro GatewayMicro GatewayMultiMulti--protocol Gatewayprotocol Gateway
Wireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Packet Wireless Packet SnifferSniffer & Monitoring Software& Monitoring Software
CZARNET CZARNET –– CAESAREA Wireless Sensor NetworkCAESAREA Wireless Sensor Network
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CZAR CZAR –– Node 433Node 433
Sensor Node Sensor Node -- 433433TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorChipconChipcon CC1000 433 MHzCC1000 433 MHzSensor : Sensor :
Temperature Temperature Humidity , Humidity , Magnetic SensorMagnetic Sensor
RTOS : RTOS : ContikiContikiCharacter LCD (option)Character LCD (option)Embedded Web server (optional)Embedded Web server (optional)
78
CZAR CZAR –– Node 240Node 240
Sensor Node Sensor Node –– 240240TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorChipconChipcon CC2420 CC2420 –– IEEE IEEE 802.15.4802.15.4Sensor : Temperature , Sensor : Temperature , Humidity , Motion , Humidity , Motion , Light , Vehicle DetectorLight , Vehicle DetectorCharacter LCD (option)Character LCD (option)RTOS : RTOS : ConikiConikiZigbeeZigbee StackStackEmbedded Web server Embedded Web server (optional)(optional)
79
CZARCZAR-- TestTest
Wireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Sensor Network TesterTI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorChipconChipcon CC2420 CC2420 –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4RTOS : RTOS : ConikiConikiZigbeeZigbee StackStackManMan--Machine Interface SoftwareMachine Interface SoftwareCharacter LCD Character LCD KeypadKeypad
80
CZAR CZAR –– MicroGateMicroGate
Micro GatewayMicro GatewayTI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 ProcessorGSM/GPRS, GPS InterfaceGSM/GPRS, GPS InterfaceUSB InterfaceUSB InterfaceContikiContiki RTOSRTOS
81
CZAR CZAR –– MultiGateMultiGate
MultiMulti--protocol Gatewayprotocol GatewayARMARM--9 Processor9 ProcessorGSM/GPRS InterfaceGSM/GPRS InterfaceWLAN InterfaceWLAN InterfaceEthernet InterfaceEthernet InterfaceShortShort--rage RF Interfacerage RF Interface
433 MHz433 MHz2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4
Serial Port Serial Port USB Host USB Host USB DeviceUSB Device
Linux Operating SystemLinux Operating System
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Question & AnswerQuestion & Answer