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Transport circular economy –examplesLiikenteen kiertotalous –esimerkkejä
Kari Tammi & Panu Sainio, Aalto University
Introductions• Kari Tammi,
• Associate Prof. on Design of Mechatronic Machines
• Started with Aalto University 08/2015
• Earlier with VTT, Research Prof. on Eco-Efficient Machines
• Panu Sainio
• Chief Engineer, Department of Machine Design and Production
• Experience of road going vehicles and non-road mobile machines
Acknowledgements
• Tanja Kallio Adj. Prof. at Aalto University
• Nils-Olof Nylund Res. Prof., Dr. Mikko Pihlatie, Samu Kukkonen at VTT Technical research Centre of Finland
Circular economy definitions
• Wikipedia: “…generic term for an industrial economy…
restorative and in which material flows… biological nutrients…
reenter the biosphere safely, and technical nutrients… designed to
circulate at high quality without entering the biosphere.”
• European Commission, the 2015 European Circular Economy
Conference growth and jobs
• SITRA: “Kiertotalous on talouden uusi malli, jossa materiaalit ja
arvo kiertävät ja tuotteille luodaan lisäarvoa palveluilla sekä
älykkyydellä.”
Circular economy in transport (contents of this presentation)
• Biofuels, do they belong to circular economy?
• Recycling of conventional cars is “mature technology”
• Tyres – a classical case example
• Reuse of parts: generators, chassis parts e.g.
• Scarce materials, particularly in modern vehicle technology
• Shared resources, carpooling, rental, mobility as a service
Biofuels – circular economy with CO2
Renewable energy in EU
• Directive requires: 20% of final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020
• Transport sector responsibility: 10 % renewables by 2020
• Agreed to continue: 27% of final energy consumption by 2030
Our government’s target 2020’ies
• Kärkihanke 1: Hiilettömään, puhtaaseen, uusiutuvaan energiaankustannustehokkaasti
• Sustainable renewable energy over 50 % during 2020’ies
• Reduce oil import by 50 %
References: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy
https://www.tem.fi/yritykset/tiedotteet_yritykset?89508_m=118656
Figures about car recycling
ELV Directive requires (2015):
• Reuse & Recycling 85%
• Reuse & Recovery 95%
• Out of vehicle mass (recycling chassis makes a large contribution)
Tyres Share of re-treaded
heavy vehicle tyres
[Autonrengasliitto
2012]
Used tyre management trends
in the EU [ETRMA 2013]
Tyres wear and age continuous
replacement
Expensive and over the decades
there has been continuous seek for
re-use
Various ways established
Replacing the wear part i.e. re-
treading is still in use, mainly for
heavy vehicles
Battery recycling
Lead-acid batteries (in conventional vehicles) recycled 98 %
Li-ion batteries (in any electronic devices) recycled 5 %
• EC target 2016 45 %
• No federal rule in the US, individual states encourage recycling
Recycling methods
• Pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy
• Direct recovery of battery components (cathode, anode, etc.)
• Direct recovery under 2% of energy required new metal refining
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8
Reference: Gies E. Recycling: Lazarus batteries. Nature 526,
Oct 29, 2015.
Batteries in electrical vehicles (including electro-hybrid vehicles)Rough volume estimates (2014)
• ~2M electrical passenger cars registered, battery size 2…90 kWh
• < 100k electrical busses, battery size 3…300 kWh
Used electrical vehicles batteries entering to recycling market
• Battery performance is determined by worst cell(s)
• Can batteries be refurbished and returned to vehicles?
Battery second life to balance electrical grid
• Grid with renewables (wind, solar) require storage capacity
• Includes uncertainties: selecting battery cells, repackaging, safety, battery management?
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Lithium Ion market projections
Expected market size in 2016 ~ 22,5
billion USD
China & North America together have
~60 % share
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10
Lithium Ion market shares
Automotive Industrial Consumer
Reference: http://nenmore.blogspot.fi/2013/02/still-big-money-
in-lithium-ion-batteries.html
Reuse of vehicle parts
Certified, industrially remanufactured components*
• Traditionally generators and starters, today expanded to brake parts, diesel systems, control units, etc.
• Alternative to OE or new parts. Especially applicable on older vehicles based on the concept of fair value-based repairs
• Not only the economical but also the ecological
• Ensures availability of parts for older vehicles
In e.g. Sweden vehicles redeemed by insurance company cannot
return traffic, but they are dismantled and sold in parts**
• Lower vehicle age, improves safety, and creates used part market
**Reference: Hannu O. B-osalogistiikka
Autovahinkokeskus Oy:ssä. Seinäjoen
ammattikorkeakoulu. 2011
*to learn more Google: ”On the
safe side with Bosch eXchange”
Scarce materials, EU-20 list
Antimony
Beryllium
Borates
Chromium
Cobalt
Coking Oil
Fluorspar
Gallium
Germanium
Graphite
Indium (e.g. flat screens)
Magnesium
Magnesite
Niobium
Phosphate Rock
Platinum Group Metals
Rare Earth Elements (Light)
Rare Earth Elements (Heavy)
Silicon Metal
Tungsten (e.g. light bulbs)
Reference: http://www.criticalrawmaterials.eu/documents/external-
reports/resource-scarcity/
Bolded likely used in vehicles
Shared resources: carpooling, rental, co-ownership, mobility as service • Have you driven with brands like Hertz, Avis, Europcar etc?
• Today mainly from airports, but also railway stations, city
centres etc.
• A van’s for Ikea, trailer from K-Rauta
• City bikes in several cities (e.g. Paris)
Most of us have been using these services – but was it easy to
have keys and to find car in the airport? How about the
refuelling stories when returning… The matter is in the service?
How Finland succeeds? Can circular economy help us?Circular economy maybe natural to Finnish mentality
European Community’s strategic action
Transport
• Good recycling culture exists
• Valuable assets involved
• A way to service businesses
Personal wishes
Carbon neutral transport by 2050
The transport transition including biofuels, recycling, smart
mobility and services created 100 000 new jobs by 2030
Role of circular economy?
New ideas in transport recycling and circular economy
Benchmarks from other industries
• ZenRobotics, Marimatic, Enevo
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Research & development activities supporting transport circular economy
Biofuels, production & use
Electrical vehicles, motors, batteries
Autonomous vehicles, mobility as a service
Systemic efficiency
Scarce materials, material replacement, eco-design
