MCRW summary

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Mapping Critical Resources for Wales:

Summary

December, 2014

Philip HarfieldDr Christopher HarrisChristopher Sanders

029 2020 [email protected]

This report gives the findings of a one year scoping study on critical resources for Wales.

Front page photo credit: Symbols from the ‘noun project’ by Luis Prado, Marcio Duarte, Iconathon, Tammie Anderson, Edward Boatman

Mapping Critical Resources for Wales1

AcknowledgementsThe authors and the Ecodesign Centre as a whole would like to thank the Welsh Government Academic Expertise for Business Programme (A4B) for funding Mapping Critical Resources for Wales. We would also like to acknowledge the following people for their involvement in our advisory group meetings: Alan Mumby (Managing Design and Innovation), Calvin Jones (Cardiff Business School), Ed Evans (Constructing Excellence), Eoin Bailey (Enterprise Consulting), Iwan Davies (IQE), Julie Cunnington-Hill (Welsh Government), Keith James (WRAP), Nigel Smith (Redrow Homes), Paul Nieuwenhuis (Cardiff Business School), Rhys Charles (Metech Recycling / University of Swansea), Simon Ripton (Welsh Government), Stafford Lloyd (RiverSimple) and Vicki Stevenson (Welsh School of Architecture). A full list of MCRW contributors is included in the appendices.

Mapping Critical Resources for Wales 2

Mapping Critical Resources for Wales

Critical Resources for Wales AssessmentSourcing raw materials from around the world to feed manufacturing in Europe and USA has become a major concern in recent years. In this project, critical resources for Wales are defined as having both high global supply risks and high importance to the economy of the country (or a sector within it). The metrics used to calculate supply risk mandate that the focus of the criticality assessment be on specialty and technology metals that have become crucial to modern products and services that we enjoy in developed society (Gunn et al., 2014). Resources beyond this scope are considered in MCRW as ‘essential’ and ‘sustainable growth’ resources (see relevant sections below).

Key Message 1: A list of the nine most critical resources for Wales has been quantified (Figure S1). They are: cobalt, gallium, indium, magnesium, niobium, platinum group metals, rare earths (heavy), rare earths (light), and silicon metal.

The reasons for criticality vary; magnesium is important to the extensive auto, aero, metals, construction materials and chemicals industries in Wales, whilst platinum group metals are important to various aspects of the ICT industry, as well as the auto, jewellery, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, glass and refining industries, for example (Figure S2). The ICT, metals, electrical equipment, automotive and aerospace sectors are identified as being of highest risk to critical resource

issues (Figure S2). A full analysis of each resource importance metric used can be found in section 4 of the main report. Figures 4.2 To 4.6 in the main MCRW report show that materials are more or less important dependent on the metric used, for example light rare earths are of most importance in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA) and employment, magnesium is most important in terms of business population and environmental impacts, and platinum group metals are most important in terms of waste generated.

The suite of critical resources identified for Wales as a whole are not dissimilar to those highlighted by the European Commission’s 2014 Report on Critical Raw Materials in the EU (EC, 2014). This is due to the global nature of critical resources and the macro-scale at which a national study must be conducted. However, the quantitative analysis carried out here provides a solid starting point for developing the critical resource agenda in Wales, especially given methodological improvements made over previous assessments.

Section 3 of the main report sets out the methodology for the quantitative assessment of criticality across the Welsh economy. The approach taken has learnt from previous studies and aims to strike a balance between scientific rigour and a need for detail at a relatively low resolution (see Key Message 3).

Key Message 2: The approach used to quantify a list of critical resources for Wales has significant methodological improvements over other high profile low-resolution criticality assessments,

1. Geological scarcity, production concentration,reserve distribution, recycling rate, substitutability, governance and price volatility.

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such as the European Commission list.

The AMM sector has similar critical resources to the overall economy, as it is the most prominent part of the economy to which material usage can be quantified. Those materials used in the metals sector have greater importance compared to the overall economy analysis (e.g. cobalt, graphite, antimony, magnesium, coking coal etc.), whilst those in electronics, life sciences and some aspects of electrical equipment are less important (e.g. indium and gallium (which become non-critical), lithium etc.) (Figure S3).

Focussing in on the ICT sector produces a different list of critical resources to the economy as a whole. Beryllium and germanium become critical, whilst cobalt and magnesium become non-critical) (Figure S4). The added benefit for businesses of describing critical resources at a higher resolution is immediately evident given the different resources identified in the sectoral quantitative analyses to the overall economy (Table S1). An assessment of current and planned low carbon energy generation in Wales suggests that tellurium has the highest supply/demand risk (see section 8), although this analysis does not take into account the suite of criticality metrics used in Figure S1 and so should be treated with caution. This assessment highlights the importance of developing forecasts to run alongside criticality assessments; this is particularly relevant to higher resolution company-level studies.

Key Message 3: National scale assessments are limited in their

usefulness to companies and industry bodies ‘on the ground’. Increasing the resolution of criticality studies is preferable and company assessments should be encouraged where relevant. The ICT sector assessment produced as part of MCRW emphasizes the importance of higher resolution. Higher resolution studies also merit more complexity, and thus more value.

Critical Resource- Resilient CompaniesKey Message 4: Examples of Welsh companies understanding and mitigating for their individual critical resources issues have been identified The approaches for doing so included moving production of a resource in-house, ecodesigning products, engaging in collaborative research projects, diversifying supply chains, substituting materials, increasing resource efficiencies and vertically-aligning supply chains.

It is recommended that action be taken to facilitate increased awareness so that any organizations within the supply chain of the ICT and AMM sectors assess their critical resource issues and use it to influence their design process, and install practical ecodesign, wherever possible.

Tools used to build critical resource resilience in companies should be of proportionate complexity to the organisation, from the simple critical resource assessment tool shown in Figure S5 for those with fewer allocable resources through to full materials database approaches for



large organisations with the substantial financial and human resources to achieve it. Raising awareness across Welsh SMEs by providing simple language guidance and tools for mitigating critical resource risks in business is vital.

Although there is no panacea to the risks identified here, a business population in the identified ‘high risk’ Welsh sectors that is aware of critical resource issues will be more resilient to critical resource risks. Where awareness is strong, innovative capacity is high and decisions can be made quickly, consciously conducting a critical resources assessment may not be necessary and decisions on resource uses can be made ad-hoc.

Increasing linkages between resource organisations and businesses, developing projects such as those suggested in the following sections, and cultivating cross-sectoral dialogue and knowledge exchange, are ways of achieving such a business population.

Key Message 5: Within the AMM and ICT sectors, smaller companies with high innovative capacities, particularly those with a product in the design phase, are more most resilient to critical resource issues as long as awareness is apparent. Larger companies often have a harder task in retrofitting their processes to account for criticality, but generally have high innovative capacity and greater awareness of critical resource risks.

Solutions to criticality issues vary from sector to sector. For example recycling of electronics currently has little value for

retaining the critical resources identified in Figure S4 due to miniaturisation, the use of complex materials, incompatibility of different metals in the process, and the relatively low value of gallium, indium and rare earths compared to precious metals (Balkenende et al., 2014). On the other hand, the recycling of magnesium from aluminium and cast iron in the AMM sector has great potential for reducing magnesium supply risks and overcome extremely high primary production energy costs (Neelameggham and Brown, 2014), although improvements to the optimisation of scrap, labelling of materials and ecodesigned products are necessary (Ditze and Scharf, 2008).

Policy OpportunitiesKey Message 6: Opportunities for Welsh Government policies to directly mitigate critical resource risks within Wales are limited, as there is little policy can achieve to reduce global supply risk indicators included in a criticality assessment.

It is suggested here that critical resources should be re-framed as being a key driver for a more resource-orientated economy, especially in areas where critical resources are of particular importance to Wales such as ICT, metals, aerospace, road transport and electrical equipment. The existence of supply chain-specific critical resource assessments within the design process and successful remanufacturing business models within these sectors highlights the prevalence of this driver (e.g. Rolls Royce case study, Box 6.2). Critical resources have been identified as an issue by circular

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economy and remanufacturing scoping assessments previously (Chamberlin et al., 2013; Benoy et al., 2014; DG Environment, 2014), but the specific advantages and challenges for critical resources have not been explored.

There is significant scope to promote Wales as a leader in critical resource resilience alongside its potential as a ‘Centre of Excellence for Circular Economy’ given the drive for ‘green’ growth and sustainable development in Government (Welsh Government, 2009), an upcoming shift towards ‘resource’ from ‘waste’ that is expected in the 2016 Environment Bill, its manufacturing heritage, network of SMEs and a flexible devolved government system dedicated to reducing waste (e.g. the Towards Zero Waste policy (2010) and Waste Prevention Programme (2013)) (Chamberlin et al., 2013). There is significant scope for marrying the critical resource agenda outlined here with the work packages in the Towards Zero Waste programme (Welsh Government, 2010).

Bringing critical resource assessments into everyday design engineering in Welsh manufacturing, at suitable levels of complexity, is an opportunity for directly increasing the resilience of the economy to critical resource risks. This requires substantially increased awareness of critical resource issues across the SME base in the highlighted sectors (Figure S2). Such analyses provide an understanding of the value and strategic importance of the resources lost through the whole life cycle, thus incentivising better retention of critical resource-bearing

products and components, leading to a reduced dependence on risk-laden materials from overseas sources.

The framework for providing such support is already in place through the work of the team of innovation specialists and business innovators. Providing basic training on critical resource resilience to these personnel, highlighting supporting bodies (such as Ecodesign Centre) and best practice from relevant companies (such as those already involved in the critical resources network in Wales as a result of MCRW) to them would enable critical resources, and circular economy concepts, to be built into on-going business interventions in Wales. This approach has the advantage that knowledge of the business population already exists amongst the network of innovation specialists run by the Welsh Government’s Innovation Team.

Building on increased awareness to critical resources around SMEs in Wales in order to build resilience would ideally involve the development of a bespoke critical resource research institution or collaboration between existing institutions. Such as group would be an opportunity for cross-departmental involvement in government (innovation, waste strategy, natural resources, business development). It would aim to develop:

• Resource data streams for industrial symbiosis and critical resource retention

• Innovative recycling and recovery processes



• Cross-sectoral value networks for reused, remanufactured, repurposed materials

• Assessments of alternative business models

• Exploitation of banks of knowledge within companies in Wales for cross-sectoral fertilisation.

• Solutions for overcoming barriers standing in the way of improved critical resource resilience, such as weight-based recycling targets and a lack of resource use-based taxation.

This group would build on the critical resources network developed as part of MCRW, inform and facilitate the work of innovation specialists, and be in a good position to access competitive funding streams. Assessments of the added value for businesses would be feasibly for all of the research streams outlined above. Furthermore, all are relevant to sustainable growth for Wales and feed into long term planning as part of the Future Generations Bill. Alternatively, ad-hoc working groups between members of the critical resources network will inevitably be developed for research proposals given the interest in MCRW, with the wider impact on Welsh businesses being lost.

Key Message 7: There is great scope for influencing the resilience of Wales’ economy to critical resource risks through indirect policy action. Developing a critical resources and circular economy action plan would involve combining investment in applied critical resources research

with training and guidance for existing innovation specialists. These two complementary approaches would build awareness and resilience of Welsh SMEs in tandem. As a result, critical resources would act as a driver for more rapid implementation of the circular economy, building Wales as a leader in this area.

Through a streamlined strategy on critical resources and their importance to sustainability, Wales could strive to develop a reputation for piloting innovative and radical resource and waste practices. Examples include quantifying waste for recycling in terms of inherent resource value (including criticality) rather than weight, incorporating leasing models into public sector procurement and facilitating them in key sectors through offering guarantees to investors, incentivizing companies to use secondary materials sourced within Wales, and collating end-of-life resource data in order to stimulate industrial symbiosis in targeted areas. Grander objectives, such as the development of extended producer responsibility for specific products that contain critical resources operate primarily at the European Union level, but are transposed into law at a UK level.

There are practical obstacles to all of these actions, but the development of pilot studies and case studies would display Wales as being at the cutting edge of sustainable resource management and can be scaled up for exportation.

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Examples of Specific Areas of ActionFour areas of applied research and industry intervention that would facilitate a circular economy that (somewhat indirectly) acts to reduce critical resource threats in Wales are identified here. Although they are global issues, they are areas in which Wales can show leadership, become an early adopter, and use to develop new innovative industries. Together, they would position Wales as a leader in circular economy action, enabling the growth of new industry sectors. More detailed assessments of circular economy development exist elsewhere (for example extensive initiatives by WRAP and the Ellen Macarthur Foundation), but these suggestions show how critical resource threats can be mitigated as part of such a shift towards circular economy concepts.

1. Better data on quantities and flows of materials.

Improved data streams for all materials, but particularly for critical resources, are necessary for a circular economy to be successful. Developing a database of products and materials in Wales at end-of-life represents an opportunity for Wales to show leadership by increasing knowledge in key sectors, incentivizing the use of refurbished products, secondary materials and industrial symbiosis (e.g. direct usage of waste as a resource elsewhere). Existing services, such as StatsWales, would be suitable for the development of such datasets. Whilst end-of-life statistics have the greatest

potential for boosting the circular economy and are controllable within Wales, it would be prudent to thereafter work back through the product lifecycle by setting requirements for material data reporting at each stage of the supply chain where possible through piloting product passports, encouraging data reporting in business, tracking products with RFID tags, and via the development of repair and refurbishment hubs.

Wales-wide, or regional, databases of products and components at end of life can be used to facilitate a network of repair and reuse hubs that can reduce the amount of critical resources reaching recycling or waste streams, thus elongating their period of use. It is feasible that some hubs may be sector of product category specific. This approach is underway as part of the ‘Towards Zero Waste’ objective under the Waste Strategy Branch, which could intuitively become the Resource Strategy Branch.

The development of such hubs would stop products becoming classified as waste, move towards gaining as much value as possible from products, create jobs (e.g. repair technicians), and utilise as much existing infrastructure as possible. The existence of the hubs would drive a sufficient quality of feedstock for a burgeoning reuse and repair sector in Wales. There are examples of reuse networks already in place, such as Recipro in the UK construction sector, which estimates waste stream values of £1.5 billion each year, and WEESafe, a Welsh company operating in the electrical appliances sector. Market analyses would be required to ensure



that what is produced through such schemes is in-line with what consumers want. The positive critical resource aspects of the programmes within the Welsh Government’s sustainable growth agenda (Welsh Government, 2009) have until now been underappreciated.

2. Improved producer responsibility regulations.

Increasing the responsibility that manufacturers have over their products at the end of their life cycle is a key facilitator for improving resource stewardship globally. Rather than being a burden, such an approach allows companies to design products with the retention of material value in mind, thus facilitating more advanced ecodesign.

Implementing such regulations on a Wales scale is challenging given the European scale of the legislation involved, but continuing the work of the ‘Waste Prevention Programme for Wales’ (Welsh Government, 2013) in exploring extended producer responsibility possibilities, particularly in e-waste, acts as a useful indirect mitigation for critical resource issues. Opportunities for developing policies in Wales that facilitates producers being able benefit from the inherent material value of their products, potentially by aligning them closer with recycling and recovery operations and producer compliance schemes, would incentivise them to assist in the establishment of new recovery infrastructure in Wales.

This has knock-on effects in increasing the ability for Wales to exploit global critical resources issues by setting up

infrastructure that imports material into the country for reprocessing. Long-term planning would be required in order to develop a ‘manufacturing observatory’ that can enable Wales to see opportunities on the horizon. Development of material recovery infrastructure for the growing global markets for recycling of CIGS solar cells is one example. Exploiting opportunities such as these places Wales as an early adopter of large-scale circular economy concepts, acts a motivation for ecodesign in Wales, and fosters the clustering of companies in industries related to the recovery infrastructure.

3. Economic incentives.

Aiding the proliferation of better resource stewardship through leasing models within companies in Wales can be achieved by offering guarantees for investment that would be accepted were it not for the unusual business model. This has been identified as a key barrier to growth by an innovative automotive/low carbon company in Wales as part of the MCRW engagement process. Offering such a service incentivises high innovation SMEs to move to Wales, thus facilitating the breakthrough of innovative technologies. Further economic incentives could be created for using Welsh essential resources (e.g. secondary construction materials) or developing sustainable growth resources (e.g. investment in new production capabilities for marine turbines).

Exploring opportunities for facilitating the use of non-virgin materials in industry in order to catalyse better resource stewardship has potential for

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Wales. Welsh Government can help businesses through existing channels to prioritise renewable/secondary resources of materials/components or improving efficiencies. Added weight can be given to those in the critical resources list for Wales (e.g. advocating for economic instruments for companies repairing or refurbishing electronics products in Wales).

4. Leadership through public sector procurement and practice.

Local governments and public sector procurement strategies have an important part to play in increasing the retention of critical resources in Wales. Prioritising critical resource-bearing products/components for reuse and repurposing in the public sector is an area of significant potential. Specific actions could include reusing IT equipment in the schools system (e.g. purchasing for secondary schooling and reusing in primary) and leasing IT hardware (and office products more generally) and vehicles in local governments. Applying penalties for underperformance in resource stewardship across the public sector would drive behavioural change.

Key Message 8: Actions for building resilience to critical resources in Wales include producing better data on quantities and flows of materials, innovative producer responsibility policies, economic incentives for circular business models, and leadership in public sector procurement. Programs under these headings are already underway as part of ‘Towards Zero Waste’, but

their influence on critical resources has thus far been neglected.

The outputs of this report should not be interpreted as a need to reduce reliance on industries that use critical resources, as they are crucial to many technologies and burgeoning industries that Welsh Government should be, and is, fostering the development of. However, more awareness of, and resilience to, their risks needs to be installed into the business population, and opportunities arising from their global use should look to be exploited in Wales. This involves capitalising on opportunities such as the

Key Message 9: There are opportunities for exploiting arising critical resource issues on a global scale by developing recovery processes as and when they become economically viable. Capitalising on these opportunities requires the development of a ‘manufacturing observatory’ approach that utilises research capabilities and skillsets in Wales within key expanding sectors.

Key Message 10: Building critical resource resilience, moving to a more resource-orientated economy more generally, and developing sustainable growth resources for Wales (see relevant section below) requires cross-departmental collaboration in government between related groups (e.g. innovation, business development, waste strategy, natural resources etc.) and developing multiple stakeholder projects that take into account the whole life cycle of a product.



Essential ResourcesThe distinction between essential resources (defined as those that have a high importance to the Welsh economy/a sector/an organisation but not the global supply risks to be defined as critical) and critical resources is important and should be recognized in the drive for sustainable development in Wales. In many cases, the distinction is clear (e.g. aluminium, copper, timber and construction materials have very different global supply risks and uses to dysprosium), but in others (e.g. precious metals in electronics) it is not. The term ‘essential resources’ is derived to combat the misconception of what defines a critical resource in industry and some of the literature on the subject.

There is little need for outside intervention or further research in essential resources at the company level, as this essentially amounts to general resource management (e.g. construction companies sourcing construction materials). However, joined-up planning of essential resources at a national level is extremely important, and the circular economy has a big part to play in this.

In general, essential resources are more suitable to recycling, as they normally have greater weights and lower dispersion than critical resources. It is clear that quantifying the sustainability of the Welsh economy on recycling alone does not address critical resources issues, as they are often lost in the recovery process (e.g. shredding of electronics once precious metals are removed).

All of the proposals put forward under

the critical resources banner would also be of relevance to essential resources. Once companies are engaged in coping with resource challenges through building resilience to criticality they inevitably become more aware of resource issues in general and are more likely to see opportunities for innovation throughout their business. Furthermore, taking a non-sectoral approach will mean that cross-fertilisation of resource innovation into sectors with less critical resource issues, such as construction, will be possible.

Key Message 11: Developing a circular economy and better resource stewardship has a broader influence on ‘essential’ resources, the everyday management of which underpins all production in Wales.

Sustainable Growth ResourcesSustainable growth resources are introduced here as a novel concept designed to prioritise areas for the long-term planning of Welsh development. The notion is based on a more literal interpretation of ‘critical resource for Wales’ – what are the resources critical to the continued sustainable development of Wales as a whole? This is a fundamentally different question to understanding ‘critical resources’ as defined earlier, and thus requires a term to differentiate it.

It is suggested that sustainable growth resources for Wales should fulfil three criteria: (1) Wales has a distinct inherent advantage over other areas in that resource, and (2) developing the

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resource has the potential to develop a new industry for Wales, making it a global leader in that niche, and (3) the resource has the potential to provide economic growth with a low environmental impact. It is envisaged that these sustainable growth resources would then have priority in long-term planning.

Key Message 12: Sustainable growth resources offer a different avenue of opportunity for Welsh Government policy, and are in-line with the development of a low carbon Wales. By understanding the unique resources that Wales can offer, Welsh industry sectors with a genuine global advantage can be developed that have resilience to resource issues designed into them.

Tidal range power and hydrogen fuel cells are identified here as two sustainable growth resources for Wales as they meet the criteria stated above. Wales has inherent advantages (extensive tidal ranges in Wales with suitable geography; hydrogen research centres, fuelling points, related manufacturing, compact infrastructure and links to major English centres), and the potential for sector growth (both are technologies not fully developed across the world, but at a suitable level to be upscaled) in both. Furthermore, tidal range power and hydrogen fuel cells have environmental advantages over many competing technologies in their area (e.g. fossil fuels and conventional automobiles, respectively). This designation is far from exhaustive and serves as an issue raiser for further discussion.

Sustainable growth resources have the advantage of enabling focused efforts in waste strategy, the green

economy, business innovation, resource management, and ecosystem services towards a shared goal set of goals. This can lead to the breakup of silos in Welsh Government decision-making, thus facilitating a more rapid shift towards sustainable prosperity (see Key Message 8). Finally, developing sub-sectors from the ground-up enables the installation of all the best practice and mitigation approaches outlined in MCRW from the inception, leading to world-leading, sustainable and resource resilient sectors for Wales that cluster innovative companies and skilled personnel in Wales.

Key Message 13: Tidal range energy is the clearest sustainable growth resource opportunity for Wales, and hydrogen as a fuel carrier is identified as another.

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Figure S.2. Importance of the most critical resources to GVA of Welsh economy sectors. Resources are given in descending order of importance to sector GVA. Sectors are given in descending order of their reliance on the resources in terms of GVA. The colour denotes global supply risk from red to yellow, with red having the highest to yellow the lowest.

Figure S.1. Criticality matrix for Welsh Economy based on the approach outlined in section 3. Resources scoring both highly for importance to the Welsh Economy and supply risk are most critical. The colour denotes the criticality, from red being most critical to green being least. The size dimen-sion for each resource indicates environmental impact, with larger dots indicating greater environmental impact.

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Figure S.3. Criticality martix for the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Welsh Priority Sector based on the approach outlined in section 3. Resources scoring both highly for importance to the sector and supply risk are most critical. The colour denotes the criticality, from red being most critical to green being least. The size dimension indicates environmental impact, with larger dots indicating greater environmental impact.

Figure S.4.. Criticality matrix for the ICT Welsh Priority Sector based on the approach outlined in section 3. Resources scoring highly for both impor-tance to the sector and supply risk are most critical. The colour denotes the criticality, from red being most critical to green being least. There is no size dimension due to the data for environmental impact not existing on a sub-sector level.

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Figure S.5. Graphical examples of results from using the business tool based on 2 hypothetical products. Global supply risk (as calculated using Table 3.2) is indicated by colour, from red being most critical to green being least. Product 1 has greater critical resource risk than product 2, indi-cated by the greater proportion of red and orange colours.

Product 1

Product 2

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Table S.1.: Most critcal materials for the whole economy and AMM and ICT sectors.

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ReferencesBalkenende, R., Occhionorelli, V., van Meensel, W., Felix, J., Sjölin, S., Aerts, M., Huisman, J., Becker, J., van Antionetter, S., Reuter, M. 2014. Greenlec: Product Design Linked to Recycling. Proceedings of CARE INNOVATION Conference, 2014.

Chamberlin, L., Jamsin, E. and Raksit, A. 2013. Wales and the Circular Economy. Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

Ditze, A., and Scharf, C. 2008. Recycling of Magnesium, ISBN 978-3-89720-957-2, 1st edition 2008, Papierflieger Verlag GmbH

European Commission. 2014. Report on Critical Raw Materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm Accessed 18/8/14.

Gunn, G. 2014. Critical Materials Handbook. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 261-283.

Neelameggham, N, R., Brown, B. Magnesium. 2014. In: Guss, G. ed. Critical Metals Handbook. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 261-283.

Welsh Government. 2009. One Wales: One Planet. The Sustainable Development Scheme of the Welsh Assembly Government. Available at http://www.cynnalcymru.com/library/one-wales-one-planet-sustainable-development-scheme-wales Accessed 11/12/14.

Welsh Government. 2010. Towards Zero Waste. One Wales: One Planet. The Overarching Waste Strategy

Document for Wales: June 2010. Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/desh/publications/100621wastetowardszeroen.pdf Accessed 22/12/14.

Welsh Government. 2013. Wales Waste Prevention Programme. Available at http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waste_recycling/prevention/waste-prevention-programme/?lang=en Accessed 11/12/14.

Welsh Government. 2014. Well-bring of Future Generations (Wales) Bill: Bulletin July 2014. Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dsjlg/publications/140725-future-generations-bill-bulletin-july-14-en.pdf Accessed 22/12/14.

Mapping Critical Resources for Wales17


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Ecodesign Centre (EDC),PDR at Cardiff Metropolitan University,Cardiff,CF5 2YB,United Kingdom

029 2020 [email protected]

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