2. General requirements for work equipment Any equipment used
by an employee at work is generally covered by the term work
equipment. The scope is extremely wide and includes hand tools,
power tools, ladders, photocopiers, laboratory apparatus, lifting
equipment, fork-lift trucks, and motor vehicles etc. 09/20/14
2
3. General requirements for work equipment Employers must
ensure that work equipment is suitable, maintained, inspected if
necessary, provided with adequate information and instruction and
only used by people who have received sufficient training 09/20/14
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4. Suitability of work equipment and CE (Conformit Europene)
marking When work equipment is provided it has to conform to
standards which cover its supply as a new or second-hand piece of
equipment and its use in the workplace. This involves: its initial
reliability the place where it will be used the purpose for which
it will be used. 09/20/14 4
5. Suitability of work equipment and CE marking There are two
groups of law that deal with the provision of work equipment: One
deals with what manufacturers and suppliers have to do. The CE
marking ("Conformite Europeenne") certifies that a product has met
EU health, safety, and environmental requirements, which ensure
consumer safety. 09/20/14 5
6. Suitability of work equipment and CE marking The other deals
with what the users of machinery and other work equipment have to
do Its primary purpose is to protect people at work. Under user law
employers have to provide safe equipment of the correct type,
ensure that it is correctly used and maintain it in a safe
condition 09/20/14 6
7. Suitability of work equipment and CE marking When buying new
equipment, the user has to check that the equipment complies with
all the supply law that is relevant. The user must check that the
machine is safe before it is used. 09/20/14 7
8. Prevention of access to dangerous parts of machinery
Employers must to take effective measures to prevent access to
dangerous parts of machinery or stop their movement before any part
of a person enters a danger zone 09/20/14 8
9. Prevention of access to dangerous parts of machinery The
term dangerous part has been established in health and safety law.
In practice, this means that if a piece of work equipment could
cause injury and if it is being used in a predictable way, it can
be considered a dangerous part. The risk assessment carried out to
identify hazards presented by machinery. 09/20/14 9
10. Prevention of access to dangerous parts of machinery The
risk assessment should evaluate the nature of the injury, its
severity and likelihood of occurrence for each hazard identified In
most cases the objective of risk reduction measures is to prevent
contact of part of the body or clothing with any dangerous part of
the machine, for example by providing guards. 09/20/14 10
11. Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks Some
pieces of work equipment involve specific risks to health and
safety where it is not possible to control adequately the hazards
by physical measures alone, for example the use of a bench-mounted
circular saw or an abrasive wheel 09/20/14 11
12. Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks
09/20/14 12
13. Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks In all
cases the hierarchy of controls should be adopted to reduce the
risks by: eliminating the risks; or, if this is not possible taking
physical measures to control the risks such as guards; but if the
risks cannot be adequately controlled taking appropriate software
measures, such as a safe system of work. Or use PPE The hierarchy
of control is a sequence of options which offer you a number of
ways to approach the control of hazards. 09/20/14 13
14. Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks
Repairs, modifications, maintenance or servicing is also restricted
to designated persons. A designated person may be the operator if
he/she has the necessary skills and has received specific
instruction and training. Another person specifically trained to
carry out a particular maintenance task, for example dressing an
abrasive wheel, may not be the operator but may be designated to do
this type of servicing task on a range of machines. 09/20/14
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15. Use and maintenance of equipment with specific risks People
using and maintaining work equipment, where there are residual
risks that cannot be sufficiently reduced by physical means,
require enough information, instruction and training to operate
safely. 09/20/14 15
16. Information, instruction and training The information and
instructions are likely to come from the manufacturer in the form
of operating and maintenance manuals. It is up to the employer to
ensure that what is provided is easily understood, and set out
logically with illustrations and standard symbols where appropriate
09/20/14 16
17. Information, instruction and training The extent of the
information and instructions will depend on the complexity of the
equipment and the specific risks associated with its use. They
should cover: all safety and health aspects; any limitations on the
use of the equipment; any foreseeable problems that could occur;
safe methods to deal with the problems; any relevant experience
with the equipment that would reduce the risks or help others to
work 09/20/14 17
18. Information, instruction and training Everyone who uses and
maintains work equipment needs to be adequately trained. The amount
of training required will depend on: the complexity and level of
risk involved in using or maintaining the equipment; the experience
and skills of the person doing the work, whether it is normal use
or maintenance. 09/20/14 18
19. Information, instruction and training Training needs will
be greatest when a person is first appointed but will also need to
be considered: when working tasks are changed, particularly if the
level of risk changes; if new technology or new equipment is
introduced; where a system of work changes; when legal requirements
change; periodically to update and refresh peoples knowledge and
skills; following an accident. 09/20/14 19
20. Information, instruction and training Supervisors and
managers also require adequate training to carry out their function
The training and supervision of young persons is particularly
important because of their relative immaturity, unfamiliarity with
a working environment and lack of awareness of existing or
potential risks. 09/20/14 20
21. Maintenance and inspection 09/20/14 21
22. Maintenance Work equipment needs to be properly maintained
so that it continues to operate safely The amount of maintenance
will be required in the manufacturers instructions and will depend
on the amount of use, the working environment and the type of
equipment 09/20/14 22
23. Maintenance Maintenance management should focus on those
parts which deteriorate and need to be maintained to prevent health
and safety risks. These techniques include the following:
Preventative planned maintenance Condition based maintenance
Breakdown based maintenance 09/20/14 23
24. Preventative planned maintenance This involves replacing
parts and making necessary adjustments normally set by the
manufacturer, so that there are no hazards created by component
deterioration or failure. Vehicles are normally maintained on this
basis. 09/20/14 24
25. Condition based maintenance this involves monitoring the
condition of critical parts and carrying out maintenance whenever
necessary to avoid hazards which could otherwise occur. 09/20/14
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26. Breakdown based maintenance here maintenance is only
carried out when faults or failures have occurred. It is essential
to ensure that maintenance work can be carried out safely. This
will involve the following: competent well-trained maintenance
people; the equipment being made safe for the maintenance work to
be carried out. 09/20/14 26
27. Breakdown based maintenance necessary procedures are
required to make and keep the equipment safe and perform the
maintenance tasks. This can often involve a formal permit-to-work
scheme correct tools and safety equipment being available to
perform the maintenance work without risks to people. For example
special lighting or ventilation may be required. 09/20/14 27
28. Inspection an inspection is, most generally, an organized
examination or formal evaluation exercise to ensure continued safe
operation an official process of checking that things are in the
correct condition or not competent person for inspection would
normally be an employee, 09/20/14 28
29. Inspection but there might be circumstances where an
outside competent person would be used. The inspection must be
done: after installation for the first time; after assembly at a
new site or in a new location and thereafter; at suitable
intervals; each time special circumstances occur which could affect
safety 09/20/14 29
30. Safety Inspection
31. Safety Inspection
32. Safety Inspection
33. Safety Inspection
34. Safety Inspection
35. Operation and working environment To operate work equipment
safely it must be fitted with easily reached and operated controls,
provided with adequate markings and warning signs. These are
covered by PUWER 98, which applies to all types of work equipment.
09/20/14 35
36. Controls Equipment should be provided with efficient means
of: starting or making a significant change in operating
conditions; stopping in normal circumstances; emergency stopping as
necessary to prevent danger. 09/20/14 36
37. Controls All controls should be well positioned, clearly
visible and identifiable Markings should be clearly visible and
remain so under the conditions met at the workplace. 09/20/14
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38. Controls (a) Start controls It should only be possible to
start the work equipment by using the designed start control (b)
Stop controls The action of normal stopping controls should bring
the equipment to a safe condition in a safe manner. 09/20/14
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39. Controls (c) Emergency stop controls Emergency stop must be
provided where the other safeguards in place are not sufficient to
prevent danger (d) Markings Markings on equipment must be clearly
visible and durable. 09/20/14 39
40. Two-hand Control Emergency Switch
41. MMaacchhiinnee HHaazzaarrddss Pictures or Graphs Within
This Area Unguarded Rotating Parts of Machine Loose Clothing
42. Unguarded Rotating Parts of Machine 33.. MMaacchhiinnee
HHaazzaarrddss
43. Controlling the Mechanical Hazards Following are the
control measures: 1. Engineering controls. 2. Administrative
controls. 3. Personal protective equipment.
44. Controlling the Mechanical Hazards The most effective
controls are engineering controls that physically change a machine
or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the hazard. If
this is not feasible, administrative controls may be appropriate.
This may involve changing how employees do their jobs.
45. Engineering Controls Engineering controls include the
following: Elimination/minimization of the hazard Substitution of
equipment or process to decrease hazard Isolation of the hazard
with interlocks, machine guards, or other means; and Removal or
redirection of the hazard such as with exhaust ventilation.
46. Administrative Controls Administrative controls include the
following: Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe
work practices; Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to
control heat stress and ergonomic hazards); Monitoring the use of
highly hazardous materials; Alarms, signs, and warnings; and
training
47. PPE Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a
control method in the following circumstances: When engineering
controls are not feasible or do not totally eliminate the hazard;
While engineering controls are being developed; When safe work
practices do not provide sufficient additional protection; and
During emergencies when engineering controls may not be
feasible.
48. Engineering Control Machine Safeguarding To determine the
proper safeguarding method, determine: Type of operation Size &
shape of stock Method of handling Physical layout of work area Type
of Material Production requirements or limitations
49. BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING Requirements for Safeguards Be
securely attached Create no new hazards Withstand operational
conditions Allow for safe routine maintenance Allow for safe
operator adjustments Withstand environmental conditions Provide
protection from falling objects Prevent contact with hazardous
conditions Create no interference in the conduct of work
50. METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING Safeguards Are Grouped Under 5
Classifications: 1. Guards 2. Devices 3. Locations/Distance 4.
Feeding and ejection methods 5. Miscellaneous aids
51. METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING Guards: Guards are barriers
which prevent access to danger areas, there are four general types:
Fixed guards Interlocked guards Adjustable guards Self-Adjusting
guards
52. Fixed guards 1.Guards A fixed guard has no moving parts and
should, by its design, prevent access to the dangerous parts of the
machinery it may be constructed of sheet metal, screen, bars,
plastic, or any other material This guard is usually preferable to
all other types because of its relative simplicity. 09/20/14
52
58. 1.Guards METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING Fixed Guards:
ADVANTAGES Can be constructed to suit many different applications
In-plant construction is often possible Can provide maximum
protection Usually requires minimum maintenance Can be suitable to
high production operations
59. 1.Guards METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING Fixed Guards:
LIMITATIONS May interfere with visibility Can be limited to
specific operations Machine adjustments and repair often require
guard removal, thereby necessitating other means of protection for
maintenance personnel
60. Interlocked Guards: Interlocked guards are designed to
automatically shut off the machine if the guard is opened or
removed AUTOMATIC AUDIBLE ALARM AUTOMATIC VISUAL ALARM
1.Guards
61. Interlocked Guards: 1.Guards When this type of guard is
opened or removed, the tripping mechanism and/or power
automatically shuts off or disengages, the moving parts of the
machine are stopped, and the machine cannot be started until the
guard is back in place. 09/20/14 61
62. 1.Guards 09/20/14 62
63. 1.Guards METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING Interlocked Guards:
ADVANTAGES Can provide maximum protection Allows access to machine
for removing jams without time consuming removal of fixed guards
LIMITATIONS Requires careful adjustment and maintenance May be easy
to disengage jams
64. Adjustable Guards: 1.Guards Adjustable guards are useful
because they allow flexibility in accommodating various sizes of
stock. Provides a barrier that may be adjusted to facilitate a
variety of production operations 09/20/14 64
65. 1.Guards 09/20/14 65
66. Adjustable Guards: 1.Guards ADVANTAGES Can be constructed
to suit many specific applications Can be adjusted to admit varying
sizes of stock LIMITATIONS Hands may enter danger area Protection
may not be complete at all times May require frequent maintenance
and or adjustment The guard can be defeated by the operator May
interfere with visibility
67. Self-Adjusting Guards: 1.Guards The openings of
self-adjusted guards are determined by the movement of the stock.
As the operator moves the stock into the danger area, the guard is
pushed away, allowing an opening that is large enough to admit the
stock. When the stock is removed, the guard returns to the rest
position. Adjusts automatically to the work Accommodate various
sizes of stock May require additional operator training
Self-Adjusting guards are typically used on: Radial arm saws Table
saws Circular saws Jointers Similar equipment
69. Self-Adjusting Guards: 1.Guards METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING
ADVANTAGES they make varying sizes of work accessible to the point
of operation Have wide variety of applications LIMITATIONS
Protection may not be complete at all times May require frequent
maintenance and or adjustment May interfere with visibility
70. METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDIN Devices: Devices fall into
following general types: G Presence-Sensing devices Pullback
devices Restraint devices
71. METHODS Devices: OF MACHINE GUARDING Devices may perform
one of several function: Stop a machine if a body part is in danger
Restrain or withdraw a hand if it is in danger Require activation
by the use of both hands Provide a barrier synchronized to the
operation
72. Presence-Sensing: 2. Devices Typically operate on
Photoelectric, Radiofrequency, Electromechanical principle to
disengage the machine when something is detected in the hazardous
area. These are typically installed on press and other machinery.
PRESS PRESS ACME PRESSES
73. 2. Devices METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING
74. Pullback devices 2. Devices Pullback devices utilize a
series of cables attached to the operator's hands, wrists, and/or
arms. This type of device is primarily used on machines with
stroking action. When the slide/ram is up between cycles, the
operator is allowed access to the point of operation. When the
slide/ram begins to cycle by starting its descent, a mechanical
linkage automatically assures withdrawal of the hands from the
point of operation. 09/20/14 74
75. 2. Devices 09/20/14 75
76. 2. Devices 09/20/14 76
77. Pullback devices ADVANTAGES Eliminates the need for
auxiliary barriers or other interferences at the danger area
LIMITATIONS 2. Devices Limits movement of operator May obstruct
work space around operator Adjustments must be made for specific
operations and for each individual Requires close supervision of
the operator's use of the equipment
78. 2. Devices Restraint The restraint (hold-back) device
utilizes cables or straps that are attached to the operator's hands
and a fixed point. The cables or straps must be adjusted to let the
operator's hands travel within a predetermined safe area. There is
no extending or retracting action involved. Consequently,
hand-feeding tools are often necessary if the operation involves
placing material into the danger area. 09/20/14 78
79. 2. Devices 09/20/14 79
80. Restraint devices ADVANTAGES Simplicity of use LIMITATIONS
2. Devices Limits movement of operator May obstruct work space
around operator Adjustments must be made for specific operations
and for each individual Requires close supervision of the
operator's use of the equipment
81. 3. Location/Distance Safeguarding: METHODS OF MACHINE
GUARDING Position Dangerous Areas of Machines So That They Are Not
Assessable During Normal Operations. Examples Include: Position
Hazard Areas Against a Wall Locate Hazards Out of Reach of
Operators Design Stock Feeding Openings Away From Hazards Position
the Operators Control Station Away From Hazards
82. 4. Feeding and Ejection Methods: Automatic and
Semiautomatic feeding and ejection of parts are other ways of
safeguarding machine processes. These methods eliminate the need
for the operator to work at the point of operation. In some
situations, no operator involvement is necessary after machine is
set up. In other cases, operators can manually feed the stock with
assistance of a feeding mechanics. Properly designed ejection
methods do not require any operator involvement after machine
starts to function.
83. 5.Miscellaneous Aids While these aids do not give complete
protection from machine hazards, they may provide the operator with
an extra margin of safety. Awareness Barriers Protective Shields
(protection from flying debris) Hand-Feeding Tools Administrative
Controls Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 09/20/14 83