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Rethinking Nutrient Management in Ci1es Lawrence A. Baker University of Minnesota Low Impact Development Conference August 20, 2013

Rethinking nutrient management in cities

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This talk examines new directions in managing nutrients in cities. It was presented at the 2013 Low-Impact Development Conference

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Page 1: Rethinking nutrient management in cities

Rethinking  Nutrient  Management  in  Ci1es  

Lawrence  A.  Baker  University  of  Minnesota  

Low  Impact  Development  Conference  August  20,  2013  

Page 2: Rethinking nutrient management in cities

Why  do  we  need  to  rethink  nutrient  management  in  ci1es?  

1.  Nutrient-­‐impairment  has  high  societal  costs:  Ø Recrea1on  Ø Drinking  water  Ø Fisheries  

2.  Current  stormwater  management  does  not  seem  to  be  effec1ve  at  reducing  nutrient  impairment  

3.  Our  non-­‐renewable  phosphate  reserve  will  become  depleted  over  the  coming  decades.  

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Number  of  nutrient  impaired  lakes:  150    

Number  of  restored  lakes:  1  

Satellite-­‐inferred  lake  clarity  in  the  Twin  Ci1es  region,  1998  

hTp://water.umn.edu/lwc/lwc2.html  

We  are  making  li,le  progress  to  reduce  lake  eutrophica5on  

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Things  may  get  worse:    nutrients  +  heat  =  blue-­‐greens  (Michalak  et  al.  2013)  

Page 5: Rethinking nutrient management in cities

End-­‐of-­‐pipe  treatment  has  been  expensive  and  not  very  effec5ve  at  reducing  nutrients.  

Page 6: Rethinking nutrient management in cities

 3.  Tree  leaves    to  street  

2.  Lawn  to  street  

1.  External  inputs  to  watershed  

 4.  P  removal  by    street  sweeping  

 7.  Lawn  to  groundwater  

So  let’s  “think’  upstream.  

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0.0   1.0   2.0   3.0   4.0  

Pre-­‐ban  fer1lizer  

Labrador  retriever  

Rat  terrier  

Poly-­‐P  

Atm.  Deposi1on  

P  input,  kg/yr  

                                                                 Flux  #1:  P  inputs  to  watersheds  

Minnesota’s  P  fer5lizer  law  reduced  P  inputs  to  lawns  

0.5  ha  lawn    1  dog  

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Growing  turf  

Soil  inorganic  P   Soil  organic  P  

Fer1lizer  P  

Runoff  soluble  P  

Runoff  par1culate  P  

Exported  clippings  

Mowed  grass  

Leaching  

Conceptual model of P cycling in lawns. Baker, Wilson, Fulton, and Horgan, 2008.  

Lawn P cycle

                                                       Flux  #2:  Lawns  to  streets.  An  ecological  process  model  for  lawns  could  aid  development  of  targeted,  tailored  homeowner  educa5on  

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Baker et al., 2008; based on Nowak et al. 2006.

High nutrient export

Lawn-­‐to-­‐street  fluxes  are  probably  dispropor5onate  

Source:  TCHEP  

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28.3  

15.7  9.6  

24.6  

11.4  10.4  

low  maintenance  neat  and  orderly  privacy/seclusion  beauDful  yard  supports  wildlife  naDve  plants  

Lawn  fluxes:  Effec5ve  homeowner  educa5on  could  be  tailored  to  homeowner’s  lawn  management  preferences.  

Data  from  the  Twin  Ci1es  Household  Ecosystem  Project  (tchep.umn.edu)  

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Flux  #3:  Moving  upstream  (trees  to  streets):    How  green  are  trees?  

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TP  =  2.06x  -­‐  0.12  R²  =  0.83  

COP  =  1.40x  -­‐  0.13  R²  =  0.88  

0.0  

0.2  

0.4  

0.6  

0.8  

0.15   0.20   0.25   0.30   0.35   0.40  

P  yield,  kg/ha

-­‐yr  

Canopy  fracDon  

Trees  may  be  an  important  source  of  nutrients  to  streets  

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0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

0   20   40   60  

Lake  clarity,  m

 

Tree  canopy  cover,  %  

10:1  20:1  

Watershed:  Lake  ra1o  

Do  green  trees  cause  green  lakes?  

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Could  street  sweeping  be  an  efficient  way  to  reduce  nutrient  inputs  to  stormwater?    

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Processing  Waste  

Food  Food  Waste  

Sewage   Biosolids  

Treated    water  

Irriga1on  or  

biosolids  

Agricultural    products  

Compost  or  animal  animal  feed  

 P  fer1lizer  

Will  we  need  to  create  a  circular  economy  for  P?  

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Twin  CiDes  

1.  Most  food  consumed  in  the  Twin  Ci1es  is  produced  in  MN,  making  findings  ac5onable  

2.  Regional  analysis  of  top-­‐down  &  bo,om-­‐up  conserva5on  scenarios    

3.  Site-­‐specific  analysis  could  guide  implementa5on  of  circular  P  economy     Agricultural  region  

Can  we  connect  the  flows  of  P  between  farms  and  ci5es,  crea5ng  a  “circular  economy”  ?  

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Human  food  1.67  

Pet  food  0.55  

Sewage  2.52  

Other  P  inputs  1.37  

Turf    fer1lizer  0.12  

Biosolids    1.46  

Effluent  1.14  

Pet  waste  0.17  

Atmospheric  dep.  0.11   Landfills    1.71  

Food  (0.25)  and  lawn  (0.05)  waste  

Stream    export  0.11  

Urban  landscapes  

Sewage  treatment  plants  

Households  &  Commercial  

Mississippi  River  

Agricultural  system  (dairy  and  hogs)  

Ag.  fer1lizer  0.22  Animal    feed    0.04  

Animal  products  0.12  

Sep1c  system  0.23  

Soil  acc.    0.66  

Most  P  in  the  TC  is  buried  in  landfills.  We  could  move  from  4%  reuse  of  P  to  2/3  reuse  with  exis5ng  technologies  (Baker,  2011)  

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0%   10%   20%   30%  

Milk  Meat,  poultry,  fish  

Grains  Total  vegetables  Non-­‐fluid  dairy  

Non-­‐caloric  sweeteners  Fats  and  oils  

Fruits  Nuts  

Sources  of    dietary  P  

Lean  flesh;  9%  

Bone;  51%  

Other;  39%  

P  content  of  steer  

Losses  during  processing    

Urban  food  

Con1nuing  work:  Circular  economy  for  P  (Peterson  and  Baker)  

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Take  home  messages:  

1.  End-­‐of-­‐pipe  stormwater  treatment  is  not  very  effec1ve  and  not  cost  efficient  for  nutrients  

2.  Moving  “upstream”  may  work  beTer:    External  nutrients  to  watersheds    Lawns  à  streets  

           Trees  à  streets  

3.  It  may  be  necessary  to  create  a  “circular  economy”  for  P,  to  prevent  a  brown  devolu1on  

4.  In  Minnesota,  closing  the  P  loop  may  favor  peri-­‐urban  agriculture  

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Urban  flowpath  group:  Jacques  Finlay,  Sarah  Hobbie,  Bob  Sterner,  Ben  Janke,  Daniel  Nidgorski  

Twin  Ci1es  Household  Ecosystem  Project  

Heidi  Peterson    

Sponsor  acknowledgements:  •   NSF  grants  BCS-­‐0908998(TCHEP)  and  DEB9714833  (CAP-­‐LTER)    •   MPCA/EPA  319  program  grants:                  CON000000021155  and  CON000000021183  •   Ins1tute  on  the  Environment  “Discovery”  grant  

R-­‐L:  Ross  Bintner,  Chris  Buyarski,  Sarah  Hobbie,  Paula  Kalinosky