Solid Waste Management - Presentation Slides

Solid Waste Management

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WASTE

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION الصناعي اإلنتاج

• Change the natural cycle of materials• Use more and more materials • Produce an ever increasing amount of waste

WASTE

• any material „thrown away”• regarded as useless and unwanted (at a certain time and

place)


PROBLEMS

• We loose our non-renewable natural resources

• We throw away a lot of material and energy present in waste

• We produce waste having a changed composition and characteristics as the raw materials used

• We pollute and poison the environment


PROBLEMS CAUSED BY IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE

Threat to public healthrodents, insects = vectors of diseases (transmit pathogens)

Þ typhoid, plaguepoisonous materialsflammable materials

Irreversible environmental damage in ecosystemsterrestrial and aquaticair pollution (incineration)water pollution (land burial)

Technical and environmental difficulties + administrative, economic and social problems


PROBLEMS WITH LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTE

Þ too little space for disposalÞ costsÞ harm to the environment and public healthÞ landfills are unreliable in long runÞ Aesthetics (Beauty)Þ public opposition


INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT IS NEEDED

• source reduction• reuse• resource recovery• composting• Incineration (firing)• landfill


WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solve the technical and environmental difficulties, administrative, economic and social problems

Tasks to be done:–Planning–Design–Construction–Operation of facilities for

In the field of:–Collecting,–Transporting,–Processing,–Disposing of the waste material


TYPES OF WASTES

residential industrialcommercial

Agricultural زراعي

Mining تعدين

Construction إنشاءات

Municipal solid waste Hazardous waste


MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Refuse (municipal solid waste)All non-hazardous solid waste from a communityRequires collection and transport to a processing or disposal siteOrdinary refuse: garbage + rubbish

GarbageHighly decomposable food wasteVegetable + meat

RubbishGlass, rubber, tin cansSlowly decomposable or combustible material – paper, textile, wood

TrashBulky waste material that requires special handlingMattress, TV, refrigeratorCollected separately


Municipal solid waste

Ordinary refuse Trash

Garbage (15%)

Rubbish (85%)

Routine collection Special collection

Treatment or processing

Resource recovery and recycling

Final disposal


USA:300 million t/yr refuse (1990?) = 1.2 million tons/person/year= 4000 km long convoy of 10-ton trucks

Hungary:Total waste: 84 million t/yr (2001)Municipal solid waste: 4 million t/yr (2001)Population: 10.2 million (8.2 t/pe/yr; 0.4 t/pe/yr)


COMPOSITION OF URBAN SOLID WASTE

paperhard wasteplasticsmetalsfood wasteglasswoodother

• 0,6 – 1,2 m3 waste / day / person• 120 – 250 kg / m3 without compaction• 40-50% is paper© www.asia-masters.com

HAZARDOUS WASTE

can cause serious illness, injury, deathserious threat to the environment

TOXIC WASTEGenerated by industryPoisonous even in small amountArsenic (As) زرني&&خ, asbestosاإلسبست , heavy metals, dioxin, chloroform, etc


HAZARDOUS WASTE

REACTIVE WASTESUnstable, tend to react vigorously with air, water, etc.Reaction causes explosions, form toxic vapour and fumes

IGNITABLE WASTEOrganic solvents عضوية benzene, toluene – مذيباتBurn at relatively low temperaturesPresent an immediate fire hazard

CORROSIVE آكلة مادةStrong alkaline and acidic substancesDestroy materials and living tissues by chemical reaction


HAZARDOUS WASTE

reactive wastesignitable wastecorrosive

• Can cause immediate harmful effects on living organisms or on the physical environment

• Problems related to transport, storage and disposal • Must be managed with special care


HAZARDOUS WASTE

INFECTIOUS معدية Biological waste materialHuman tissue from surgery, used bandages and hypodermic needles, microbial materialsWaste from hospitals and biological research centers

RADIOACTIVE مشعةIonizing radiation harms living organismsPersist in the environment for thousands of years before decay appreciablySeparated from other wastes


COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT

80% of the cost of waste management is spent for collection and transport

PROPER STORAGE PRIOR TO COLLECTION

– To protect public health (rodent, insects, odor)– Aesthetic reasons– Municipal waste – containers with tight lids– Containers and storage areas have to be washed– Waste has to be removed at least weekly – Individual residences – galvanized metal or plastic

containers.– Apartment residences – larger portable containers – can be

removed and emptied into collection trucks.



COLLECTION OF WASTEresponsibility of the local municipalityrefuse collection vehicles

enclosed, compacting type with a capacity of 15 Cubic meters (m3)

compaction: 50% reduction

frequency of collection and the point of pickup depends:type of communitypopulation densityland use in the collection area

combined collection of garbage and rubbish is cheaper for recycling it is essential/important to separateseparated collection!!! (paper, metal, plastic, glass, organics, chemicals, batteries).


TRANSPORT VEHICLES AND TRANSFER STATION

WASTE TREATMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

Goals:1. Reduce the total volume and weight of material that

requires disposalHelp to conserve land resources

2. Change the form or characteristic of wasteComposting, neutralizing, shredding, incineration (burning)

3. Recover natural resources and energy in the waste material

Recycling and reuse!!! (it takes 17 trees to make 1 ton of paper)

Requiring extra costs!


REDUCE, RECYCLE, AND REUSE

Reduce waste production:“consuming and throwing away less” – partly proactive!

•better design of packages: 10%•recycling programs: 30%•composting: 10%•Integrated (complete) waste management: 50%

ReuseUsage of the product itself without changing it’s form and composition. Works rather for trash than for daily garbage (old cloths, machinery, bottles, jars, boxes, tools…)



RecycleUsage of the resources (matter and energy) stored in the waste by processing it.

Recyclable garbagenewsprint (paper: 50% by weight, 70% by volume)glassaluminum cans and other metalsrubberplasticorganic material – food waste



We have to separate recyclables in the households Packaging has to be minimized Recycled products has to be preferred Lot of people don’t care

– Extra attention is needed– Not enough information available for public

Not enough appropriate recycling centers No separated transport (cost is high)


RECYCLING

-Not yet economical (regulations can help)Does not eliminate the waste disposal problem

non recyclable residueRequires selectionRecycled paper is never as good as new but can be used

+Protection of environment (eg. less harvesting of trees)Save our resources (they are less and less)Al cans, glass, rubber, plastic – more and better technologies for recyclingEnergy saving (96% of E is saved by recycling Al cans)


SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL

• On-site disposal• Composting• Incineration• Open dumps• Sanitary landfills


ON-SITE DISPOSAL

MECHANICAL GRINDING OF KITCHEN FOOD WASTE

devices in the ww pipe system from a kitchen sinkground and flushed into the sewer system

- reduces the amount of handling food waste - easy and quick

- problem is transported (wwtp has to dispose)- hazardous liquid chemicals- illegal dumping in urban sewers


COMPOSTING

• biochemical process• organic materials decompose to a humuslike

material• aerobic organisms• in mechanical digesters• presence of oxygen• T can reach 65 c because of aerobic microbial action• V reduction = 50%• end product is compost or humus – utilizable

–like potting soil–earthy odor–can be used as soil conditioner


COMPOSTING

stabilize the organic material agricultural use no air pollution we save land need for separation of organic waste


COMPOSTING

1. Sorting and separating• Isolate the organic, decomposable part

2. Size reduction• Shredding and pulverizing

• Relatively uniform mass of material• Optimize biological activity• Better handling, moisture control, aeration

3. Composting4. Product upgrading5. Marketing (low market need)


COMPOSTING

Open field composting

5-8 weekspile of solid waste (<3 m wide, < 2 m high)mixed at least twice a week – aeration65 °C – destroy most of pathogensrequire large areas (250 000 pe – 24 ha)


COMPOSTING

Enclosed composting

Faster – 1 weekRequires less landOne or more enclosed tanks equipped with stirring devices rotating flows for mixing and aerationAir can be used (blown into the waste)


INCINERATION

Reduction of combustible waste to inert residue by burning at high temperatures (900-1000 °C)

Chemical processCombustible part is combined with O2 CO2 + H2O (oxidation)Releases energy

For complete oxidationwaste must be mixed with airproper temperature for a certain length of time


INCINERATION

Residue

• Ash• Glass• Metal cans• Other unburned substances• 20% of the original waste volume• Gaseous products• Fly ash (cinders, mineral dust, soot)


INCINERATION

- effective conversion of large volumes of combustible

waste- Simple and robust process - Heat produced can be recovered

- Stream or electricity- Existing fossil fuels are preserved- Good in densely populated urban areas where large

sites suitable for landfilling are not available- May destroy certain types of hazardous waste material


INCINERATION

- need for separation of organic waste- air pollution- toxic ash- devices to trap the pollutants expensive- incineration itself is very expensive- adequate chimney heights are needed- suitable temperature is needed- high level technical supervision and skilled emloyees- use only in larger towns


AIR POLLUTION FROM INCINERATION

nitrogen oxidessulfur oxidescarbon monoxideheavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg)dust


INCINERATION

Burning 25% of USA’s waste = recycle and compost 75%

Economic viability depends on the sale of energy produced by burning

volume reduction with 75-95%maintenance and waste supply problems Þ 50%

525 incineration plants in Europe in 1991Lots of them are simple mass burning systems without energy recovery


LandfillingFor the practice of filling a body of water to

create new land, see Land reclamation. For other uses, see Landfill (disambiguation).

"The dump" redirects here. For other uses, see The Dump.

A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump or dumping ground and historically as a midden) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.


Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).

A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses. Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or liquefaction of the ground in a large earthquake.


Operations

Typically, in non hazardous waste landfills, in order to meet predefined specifications, techniques are applied by which the wastes are:

1. Confined to as small an area as possible.2. Compacted to reduce their volume.3. Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil.


ProblemsOne of the problems of landfills is pollution of

the road from dirty wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill. To reduce this, wheel washing systems are used to clean the wheels as the vehicle exits the landfill. Poisonous leachate can also leak from the landfill contaminating nearby soil and groundwater. Methane gases are flammable and explosive if exposed to heat.


Waste Treatment

Waste treatment refers to the activities required to ensure that waste has the least practicable impact on the environment. In many countries various forms of waste treatment are required by law.



Solid Waste Treatment

The treatment of solid wastes is a key component of waste management. Different forms of solid waste treatment are graded in the waste hierarchy.


Waste Water Treatment• Agricultural waste water treatment

Agricultural wastewater treatment is treatment and disposal of liquid animal waste, pesticide residues etc. from agriculture.• Industrial wastewater treatment

Industrial wastewater treatment is the treatment of wet wastes from manufacturing industry and commerce including mining, quarrying and heavy industries


• Radioactive waste treatmentRadioactive waste treatment is the treatment

and containment of radioactive waste


The End


Environment

Solid Waste Management - Presentation Slides