The paradigm of sustainable tourism

Alhilal Furqan

Tourism PlanningSchool of Architecture Planning and Policy DevelopmentInstitut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)

Content Global tourism Jafari’s ‘platform’ model Institutionalization of

sustainable tourism

Introduction The paradigm of sustainable tourism emerged, and is

still evolving, as a result of developments. From 1950s to 2000s tourism, one of the world’s largest

industries. Global tourism generating 67 m direct jobs, (US$1.28 t.),

(or 3.7%) to global GDP. Indirect (Transportation), 195 m. jobs, a US$3.53 t. 10.2 per cent, to global GDP. The environmental and sociocultural sustainability of the

tourism industry is focused.

Source: World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

Pattern of geographic expansion

Stage 1:Between and within the more developed countries (MDCs) #post-World War II.

I. In 2000, travel among the MDCs accounted for more than 70% of all international tourism traffic, or about 500 million tourist trips.

II. Europe, North America and Australia/New Zealand.

III. Japan and the so-called Asian ‘tigers’ of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong.

Stage 2:From more developed to less developed countries (LDCs) # 1960s

I. Tourists from the MDCs, or ‘North’, travelled in significant numbers to LDC destinations, or ‘South’.

II. North American tourists came to Caribbean basin ‘sun-lust’ destinations.

III. Europeans come to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean basins.

IV. Developing countries such as Barbados, Bahamas, Antigua, Fiji, Cyprus, the Maldives and Seychelles dependency on the tourism sector (Termed the international pleasure periphery)

V. 2000s, approximately 25% international tourist from MDCs visiting LDCs primarily within the pleasure periphery.

Stage 3:Between and within the less developed countries # 1990s

I. Emergence of a significant middle class within the less developed world and involves its travel between and within the LDCs.

II. China provides the most dramatic number of outbound tourists increasing from 620 000 in 1990 to 9.2 million in 2000. Projects 100 million Chinese outbound tourists by 2020.

Jafari’s ‘platform’ model

Jafari’s ‘platform’ model

1 •Advocacy platform

2 •Cautionary platform

3 •Adaptancy platform

4 •Knowledge-based platform

1. Advocacy platformI. Economic benefits

revenues jobs

II. Sociocultural and environmental benefits

Preserve culture and envi.

2. Cautionary platformI. Economic costs

II. Sociocultural and environmental costs

III. Destination life cycle model

Contrasting tourism contentions of the advocacy and cautionary platform

3. Adaptancy platformI. Identified the potential negative impacts of

tourism.II. Perceived solutions marks the beginning of the

adaptancy.III. Alternative tourism. IV. Alternative tourism opposite to mass tourism,

(supporting locally owned small-scale enterprises rather than those that are externally owned.

V. Ecotourism manifestation of alternative tourism that emphasizes attractions based on the natural environment.

4. Knowledge-based platformI. Sustainable development

II. Sustainable tourism

Institutionalization of

sustainable tourism

1. External (non-tourism) institutionsGlobal organizations

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Tourism Programme* is mandated by the UN Commission on Sustainable Development to facilitate the implementation of Agenda 21.

UN Commission on Sustainable Development focused on the issue of sustainable tourism.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Tourism Committee*.

Regional organizations. Environmental organizations

2. Tourism-related institutionsWorld Tourism Organization (WTO)

I. UN-WTOII. World Travel and Trade Council

(WTTC)III. Pacific Asia Travel Association

(PATA)IV. National and subnational

recognition

Summary

Every place in the world is now a tourist destination for which the issue of sustainability is relevant.