REPUBLIQUE DU BURUNDI MINISTÈRE DE L’INTERIEUR

NDIYEMEJE GUHARANIRA ISUKU NO GUTUNGANYA NEZA IMICAFU

MYANDAGARO 2015

PROGRAMME PAVAGEC/O PARCELLE SetemuAvenue NyabisinduNgagaraBUJUMBURAT: +257 79 179 150

PROGRAMME PAVAGEC/O PARCELLE SetemuAvenue NyabisinduNgagaraBUJUMBURAT: +257 79 179 150

PARTENARIATBELGIQUE-BURUNDI

Aka gatabo kateguwe n’umugambi wo gukora amabarabara ashashwemwo amabuye ufadikanije n’ishirahamwe OPDE mu ntumbero y’inyigisho zerekeye ubuzima busanzwe mu mugambi w’iterambere ry’imibano n’ubutunzi mu ma komine ya Kamenge, Kinama na Cibitoke biciye mu kwubaka amabarara ashashwem-wo amabuye hakoreshsjwe abantu benshi.

Uwo mugambi ukorera muri ayo makomine guhera mu mwaka w’2010 kandi muri kino kiringo, igitigiri kirenga 3100 vy’abako-rabiga barakwirikiranye inyigisho zo kw’ishure-shantiye, izijanye n’imyuga, izerekeye inyifato runtu hamwe n’ukwiyungunganya mu buzima bwa misi yose.

Ico twomenyesha kandi n’uko inyigisho zerekeye isuku no gu-tunganya neza imicafu zaronkejwe abakorabiga hamwe na 50 batowe ku mitumba no mu makaritiye canke ababaserukira bo muri ayo makomine.

Bujumbura, Burundi, Myandagaro 2015

IBIRIMWO Intangamarara ................................................................................4

1. Indwara zituruka kw’isuku rike ......................................................5

1.1 Indwara zica mu kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke .........................5

1.2 Izindi ndwara (malariya, indwara zandukira) ...........................7

1.3 Indwara n’ivyaduka bifatiye kw’itituka ry’ibidukikije ................9 Imyuzurira ...............................................................9 Itituka ry’isi ndimwa ................................................10 Itituka ry’ibiyaga n’inzuzi ..........................................11 Itituka ry’ikirere ......................................................11

2. Isuku ryokorwa gute ? ................................................................12

2.1 Ingene indwara zandurwa n’uburyo bwo kuzirinda ...................12 Igicapo cerekana uburyo indwara zandukira ................12 Uburyo bwo kwikingira izo ndwara ............................13

2.2 Mbega isuku ryokorwa gute ? ...............................................14 Gukaraba neza n’amazi meza .....................................14 Isuku ry’amazi i muhira .............................................15

2.3 Kwubaka utuzu twa sugumwe tubereye .................................17 Akazu ka surwumwe kumisha ....................................18 Gutunganya neza imicafu ..........................................19 Ingaruka mbi zifatiye kukugira isuku rike ni nyishi .......21

Gusozera ......................................................................................22

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IntangamararaIsuku ni iki ?

Iyo tuvuze isuku bisigura kwubaha ubuzima bwawe n’ubwabandi, ubw’umu-ryango wawe n’ubwo ibidukikije.

Inyifato nziza mubijanye n’isuku zishingiye ku mingenzo iteza imbere ukubaho neza kwacu; kwikingira indwara no gukingira ibidukikije.

Kugira isuku rero ni ugukingira amagara yawe nayo abakwegereye mukugirira isuku umubiri, ibifungurwa n’amazi dukoresha. Vyongeye, ni ugutunganya neza aho tubaye (gukura amazi yacafuye hamwe n’imicafu) kugira dukinge ikwiragi-zwa ry’indwara n’itituka ry’ubutunzi kama.

Aka gatabo kadufasha gutahura ico ari co indwara ziva kw’isuku rike hamwe n’inyifato ibereye twogira kugira twirinde izo ndwara.

Uko ibiharuro bivyerekana mu Burundi...

• Indwara yo gucibwamwo iri mu ndwara za mbere zica abana bari musi y’imyaka itanu

• Malariya niyo ndwara ya mbere ituma haba kugwaragurika mbere n’impfu mu miryango

• Ibitigiri vy’abagira isuku mu mitumba bigeze ku bice 14 kw’ijana mu bisagara naho bigeze ku bice 33 kw’ijana.

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1. Indwara zituruka kw’isuku rike

1.1 Indwara ziva ku mazi mabi n’ izica mu kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke

Indwara ziva ku mazi mabi n’izandurwa ziciye mu kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke n‘ukuvuga iki ?

Indwara ziva ku mazi ziterwa n’ugukoresha canke kunywa amazi arimwo imi-gera y’indwara. Kwandura biciye mu kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke navyo bitu-ruka ku gufungura ikintu cose cakoze ku mazirantoke kigafunguranwa imigera canke imigera yavuye muri ya mazirantoke. Indwara zo gucibwamwo nka kore-ra, amacinya, tifoyide, ubukangwe, canke igitigu c’ubwoko A na E biri muri bene izo ndwara ziterwa n’amazi mabi arimwo imigera canke zandurwa ziciye mu kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke. Amazi y’ibidengeri aratera nayo nyene indwara zitari nke ; twovuga nka malariya, inzoka zo mu nda canke mu rukoba

Amazi yanduye imigera ni ukuvuga iki ?

Turakenera amazi mu bikorwa vyacu vyinshi vya misi yose: amazi yo kunywa, yo gukinjika, yo kwoga canke yo kumesura, n’ibindi. Ariko, birashika ko amazi dukoresha aba « acafuye » bisigura ko ayo mazi ashobora kuba yanduye imi-gera bivuye ku nyifato zitabereye z’abantu: nko kuyagomororeramwo imicafu yo mu binogo vy’utuzu twa sugumwe, kudatunganya neza imicafu, kwituma aho umuntu abonye hose. Ayo mazi rero aba arimwo imigera n’ibindi bitera indwara nk’ubumara buva mu mahinguriro amwe amwe.

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Izo ndwara zandurwa gute ?

• Mu kunywa amazi yanduye imigera mibi

• Biciye ku minwe yanduye imigera mibi

• Mugufungura ibiribwa vyanduye imigera mibi

• Mu buryo butaboneka biciye ku bikoko bimwe bimwe

• Mukudatunganya neza utuzu twa sugumwe (kwituma aho ariho hose, kudakoresha neza akazu ka sugumwe n’ibindi).

Imigera ni iki ?

Imigera ni utunyabuzima dutoduto tutaboneka n’amaso tukaba tuba hose mbere no mu mibiri yacu. Imigera myinshi iri mu mibiri nta ndwara itera, mbere imwe irafasha kugira imibiri yacu ikore neza.

Ariko iyindi migera irashobora gutuma umuntu yandura indwara zitari nke ahanini biciye mu kanwa (amazi yanduye, imfungurwa zanduye, intoke zicafuye) canke biciye mu bikomere bitavuwe canke vyavuwe nabi.

Twikingiye iyo migera,tuba twirinze izo ndwara.

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1.2 Izindi ndwara

Malariya

Malariya ni indwara yandurwa biciye mu migera iri mu maraso ikaba yandukira cane. Mu 2012, abantu barenga ibihumbi amajana atandatu barishwe niyo ndwara kandi ibice 85 gushika kuri 90 kw’ijana baba muri Afrika yo munsi ya Sahara.

Ingene malariya yandukira Malariya yandurwa biciye mu kuribwa n’umubu. Umubu uriye umuntu arwaye, ukurayo amaraso arimwo imigera itera malariya. Uwo mubu, iyo uriye uwundi muntu akomeye, umusigamwo iyo migera, uwo muntu agaca arwara inyuma y’imisi mike.

Irwirirana ry’imubu

Mu kurwira, imibu ita amagi ahantu hakanye, muri ayo magi hagaheza hakavamwo imibu. Ahantu hari amazi adatemba, imicafu irunze, ishamba, isuku rike, niho kenshi hatuma imibu irwirirana.

Abantu baba aho hantu nibo cane cane barwara malariya kuko imibu iba iharwiriye.

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Kurwanya Malariya Kurwanya Malariya bisaba kurwanya irwirirana ry’imibu cane cane mu gusukura aho tubaye. Dutegerezwa kwirinda :

• Ibidengeri vy’amazi (amazi adatemba)

• Ibirundo vy’ imicafu bituma hashobora kuba amazi adatemba

• Amashamba yegereye inzu.

Igihambaye muri vyose ni ukuryama mu musegetera urimwo umuti wica imibu.

Izindi ndwara ziturutse kw’ikoreshwa ry’amazi mabi :

Amazi arimwo imigera mibi aratuma iyo migera y’indwara yinjira mu mubiri ndetse igakwega indwara zikomeye cane, nk’inzoka n’izindi.

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1.3 Indwara n’ivyaduka bifatiye kw’itituka ry’ibidukikije

Guta imicafu aho ariho hose ni bibi cane kandi biratuma haba ugukomereka no kwandura izindi ndwara z’ivyuririzi.

Kurunda imicafu ahantu hatazwi bituma haba irwirirana ry’udukoko dushobora gutera indwara zitari nke (isazi,imbeba,inyenzi, inda, inyondwe…).

Impanuka zivuye ku myuzurira y’amazi

Imifurege idasukuye canke irunzemwo imicafu, ituma haba imyuzurira y’amazi iyo imvura iguye. Ayo mazi aca yironderera inzira agashwara amabarabara, inzu n’izindi nyubakwa rusangi, akazibomora.

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Itituka ry’isi ndimwa Imicafu imwe imwe imara igihe kirekire cane itarabora. Iyo micafu iba iriko yonona isi mu kuyitwara akanovera.

Imicafu irarwirirana mw’isi ikanamarayo imyaka amajana n’amajana. Ahenshi turasangayo imicafu itabora mu gihe twimvye canke turimye. Imwe muri iyo micafu ifise ubumara bukaze cane bwanduza isi bugafata ibirimwa n’amazi mu nyuma bukanduza amagara yacu mu gihe tubifunguye canke tunyoye amazi.

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Itituka ry’ibiyaga n’inzuzi

Kwanduza amazi bica mu buryo bubiri :

1. Kwanduza amazi kwibonekeza mu gusukura imicafu iyo ariyo yose mu nzuzi, mu biyaga canke mu mifurege itwara amazi gushika mu biyaga canke mu nzuzi.

2. Kwanduza amazi kudashoka kwibonekeza navyo bivuye :o Ku mazi yimiminuriye mw’isi no mu mazi yo mu kuzimu

nk’uko bisiguye kw’ishusho iri aho hejuru (guhebera imicafu mw’ishamba canke kuzika iyo micafu mu kuzimu).

o Amazi atemba: biva cane cane kw’iyanduza ritewe n’ibikorwa vyegereye ikiyaga canke uruzi (kwituma mu mazi canke iruhande yayo, kuyamesuriramwo, gutabiza ifumbire y’ikizungu canke kuragira iruhande y’inzuzi n’ibiyaga, kwubaka ahegereye cane inzuzi canke ibiyaga,…).

Itituka ry’ikirere

Guturira imicafu iva mu ngo canke iyo ariyo yose bituma impwemu duhumeka zandura navyo bikadutera indwara zitari nke nko guhema nabi, hasima, kurwara amahaha,…

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2. Isuku ryokorwa gute?

Muko twobitegera neza, twobanza gutahura ingene indwara zandukira n’ingene

twozikingira.

2.1. Ingene indwara zandurwa n’uburyo bwo kuzirinda

Igicapo cerekana uburyo indwara zandukira

Amazirantoke canke amase y’ibikoko bituma haba irwirirana ry’indwara na cane cane izo gucibwamwo. Iyo myanda yanduje iminwe, hanyuma umuntu agafungura adakaravye neza, aca yandura izo ndwara. Vyongeye, iyo myanda ironona isi, ibiterwa tutibagiye amasoko y’amazi. Mu gihe umuntu akoresheje canke afunguye ivyimburwa atabironze neza, arandura naho nyene izo ndwara. Mu gihe akoresheje ayo mazi arimwo imigera mibi, haba mu kwoza ibikoresho vyo mu nzu canke mu kuyanywa, araheza akandura izo ndwara atakibuza. Eka n’igihe iyo myanda yandagaye aho ariho hose, insazi ziyivako zitwaye imigera zikaruhukira ku bifungurwa canke ku bikoresho vyo munzu, ziraheza zigasigako ya migera. Kubera ivyo, umuntu akoresheje ivyo bikoresho canke akihereza ivyo bifungurwa araheza naho nyene akandura izo ndwara.

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Uburyo bwo kwirinda izo ndwara

Ni ukwama witwararika na ntaryo isuku ukongera ukariteza imbere aho ubaye kuko isuku niryo soko ry’amagara meza.

Kwisunga amategeko y’isuku :

• Gukaraba n’amazi meza n’isabuni igihe cose uvuye mu kazu ka sugumwe, ugira ufungure canke uteke, uhejeje gutegura umwana ahejeje kwituma,…

• Gufundikira imfungurwa, kuzironga imbere yo kuzifungura mbisi canke kuziteka, kuzikingira udukoko n’inyamaswa.

• Kwoza n’uguhanagura neza ibikoresho vyo mu gikoni ukoresheje isabuni n’igitambara ciza.

• Gutegekanya ikibanza cagenewe umwanda mukuru arico bita akazu kasugumwe kubatswe neza.

• Ivyo vyose umuntu abikurikije aba yinkingiye izo ndwara kandi atibagiye isuku ry’aho abaye.

Kugira isuku ry’amazi :

• Kugira isoko ry’amazi meza akoreshwa mu ngo (nk’aya REGIDESO, isoko rikingiwe, amazi ya rusengo, …).

• Gutwara no kubika amazi mu gikoresho ciza kandi gifundikiye.

• Kuvomesha amazi igikoresho cabigenewe.

• Iyo hari amakenga ko amazi yanduye imigera mibi, umuntu ategerezwa kuyateka akabira kugira iyo migera ipfe. Ababishoboye mbere barashobora gukoresha umuti w’ikizungu bita chlore canke naho bakayanikira ku mishwarara bita UV (ultra violet) mu gikoresho kibonerana.

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2.2. Isuku ryokorwa gute ?

Gukaraba neza n’amazi meza

Gukaraba neza iminwe bituma imigera mibi yanduza indwara igabanuka. Ariko naho iyo ukaravye nabi, imigera irasigara igatera indwara.

Umuntu akaraba neza gute ?

Gukaraba neza bikorwa uku gukurikira :

• Gukaraba neza n’amazi meza

• Gukaraba n’isabuni

• Gukaraba iminwe yose icarimwe. Umuntu yokaraba ryari ?

Umuntu ategezwa gukaraba igihe cose :

• Agira ategure ibifungurwa

• Imisi yose imbere yo gufungura

• Igihe cose avuye mu kazu ka sugumwe

• Igihe cose ahejeje guhindurira canke gutegura umwana ahejeje kwituma !

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Ariko kandi ntitwokwibagira gukaraba neza :

• Inyuma yo gukora ku bifungurwa bibisi na cane cane inyama, ibitungwa, ivyamwa canke amafi

• Inyuma yo kwimyira , gukorora canke kwasamura

• Inyuma yo kwegeranya umwavu

• Imbere n’inyuma yo kuvura imvune canke uruguma.

Isuku ry’amazi i muhira

Uburyo Amazi yandura :

• Kuvomera amazi mu kintu kidapfundikirwa

• Kubika amazi mu hira mu kintu kidapfundikiye

• Kudaha nabi amazi.

Ivyo kuzirikana...

Gukaraba neza n’isabuni bituma imigera mibi yanduza indwara zitari nke zigabanuka cane cane izifatiye ku gucibwamwo n’izindi.

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Icokorwa :

• Kuvomera amazi mu kivomesho gisukuye kandi gipfundikirwa neza

• Kuyabika mu gikoresho ciza, gipfundikirwa kandi giteretse ahataramutse

• Kudaha amazi n’igikoresho cabigenewe kandi utayakozemwo.

Kwandura indwara birava ku :

• Kwumutsa nabi ivyombo

• Kumesura nabi canke kwanikira nabi impuzu (kutamesuza isabuni no kwanikira impuzu hasi).

Icokorwa :

• Duhejeje kwoza ivyombo twovyumukiriza ahantu hataramutse habigenewe (ku kagege, ku meza,…)

• Vyoba vyiza twanikiye ivyombo ku zuba kuko ryica imigera.

Ivyo kuzirikana...

Guteka amazi akabira bituma aba meza.

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2.3. Kwubaka utuzu twa sugumwe tujanye n’ahantu

Uturorero tw’utuzu twa sugumwe twokwubaka :

• Akazu ka sugumwe ka Kirundi gakinga kwanduzwa kw’amazi n’isi naho katabuza isazi kwanduza ibidukikije

• Akazu ka sugumwe keza gategerezwa gusukurwa imisi yose kandi hategerezwa kuba amazi n’isabuni vyo gukaraba iminwe basohotse.

Utuzu twa sugumwe duhinguwe dukinga iyanduzwa ry’isi n’amazi bivuye ku masazi. Dutegerezwa kuba tugizwe n’ikinogo, idare idu-gishijwe n’ibikoresho biramba n’umuringoti usohora umwuka mu-gabo uriko akayungiro kabuza udukoko kwinjira cane cane imibu n’amasazi.

Ariko aka kazu ka surwumwe gasaba kwamana amazi i muhira.

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Akazu ka surwumwe kumisha

Mwari mubizi ?

Akazu ka sugumwe gashobora kuba nk’ihinguriro ry’intabire zidasanzwe mu gutabira ibiterwa, izo ntabire zikaboneka ku buntu. Amazirantoke n’amasobwe y’abantu bimaze kubongera, bivamwo intabire nziza naho abantu benshi bata-rabimenya. Iyo micafu isanzwe irimwo ivyunyunyu nkenerwa ku biterwa nka azote, fosifore na potasiyumu. Gutyo, intabire ziva muri iyo myanda zishobora gusubirira intabire z’ikizungu zitari nke kandi umwimbu ukaguma ari wawun-di canke ukanongerekana. Turetse n’ivyo, izo ntabire ziva muri iyo micafu zi-rashobora gukoreshwa mu gusubiza isindimwa akanovera. Ariko mu gukoresha izo ntabire, ni ngombwa gutandukanya umwanda mutoya n’umwanda mukuru mu gihe turiko turituma.Ako kazu ka surwumwe kumisha gafasha gutanga iyo ntabire.

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Gutunganya neza imicafu ivuye mu ngo

Kwegeraniriza imicafu mu bibanza vyabigenewe bituma aho umuntu abaye ha-gira isuku, indwara zifatiye kw’isuku rike zikagabanuka, bukaba mbere n’uburyo bumwe bw’ukwubahiriza amategeko y’aho umuntu abaye.

Uburyo burashe bwo gutunganya imicafu ni ubuhe ?

Ni nkenerwa rero gukoresha uburyo burashe mu gukura imicafu. Muri rusangi :

• Gushira imicafu aho yagenewe, kutayiturira, kutayita mu miserege no mu nzuzi, kutayihamba mu kuzimu n’ibindi, nivyo vyerekana imigenzo myiza ibereye ituma amagara y’umuntu canke ayo ibitungwa n’ibiterwa atabangamirwa. Dusabwa rero kugabanya urugero rw’imicafu mukwirinda gutekera ibidakenewe mu bihe vy’ingendo. Nk’akarorero, ivyo umuntu aguze vyotekerwa mu biseke aho kubitwara mu tumwanya. Atari uko, umuntu yokwitaho cane ibitwarwa bitarinze gutekerwa.

• Kwiyumvira ingene ikintu cosubira gukoreshwa imbere yo kugita. Hariho ibikoresho bimwe bimwe bishobora gusubira gukoreshwa: aho ni nk’amacupa, amabesani yamenaguritse ashobora gukoreshwa mu kurima imboga tutibagiye imicafu ibora ishobora guhingurwamwo ifumbire, n’ibindi.

• Gushira imicafu mu bibanza vyabigenewe, bikingiye, mu gutandukanya imicafu ibora n’iyitabora.

Ibwirizwa rivuga riti :

Gushira imicafu mu bibanza bitabigenewe (nko mu miserege) bihanwa n’ihadabu riri hagati y’ibihumbi mirongo itanu n’ibihumbi amajana umunani (50 000 na 800 000) mu mafaranga y’amarundi canke umunyororo w’amezi abiri (2) gushika ku myaka itanu (5).Tubisanga mu ngingo za 51 na 144 ziri mw’itegeko rigenga ibwi-rizwa ry’ibidukikije rya Repubulika y’Uburundi nimero 1/10 ryo kuwa 30 Ruheshi umwaka wa 2000

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Igihe hasanzwe hari uburyo bugenewe gutunganya ivy’imicafu :

• Abantu bokoresha ubwo buryo bwo kwegeranya imicafu mu kuyisobanura, kuyisubiza agaciro, no gushira ibisigarira vyayo mu bibanza bikingiwe kandi vyabigenewe.

• Kuriha intererano zisabwa n’abajejwe kwegeranya iyo micafu kugira ico gikorwa gishobore kubandanya.

• Gutekera iyo micafu mu magunira yagenewe ico gikorwa, ashobora guterurwa mu gihe abagenewe kuyijana ahateguwe baje kurangura ico gikorwa.

Ibwirizwa rivuga riti :

Kudakoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya imicafu mugihe busanzwe buhari bihanwa n’ihadabu riri hagati y’ibihumbi mirongo itanu n’ibihumbi amajana atanu (50 000 na 500 000) mu mafaranga y’amarundi canke umunyororo uva ku mezi abiri (2) gushika ku myaka itanu (5). Tubisanga mu ngingo za 120, 121 na 153 ziri mwitegeko nimero 1/10 ryo ku wa 30 Ruheshi umwaka w’ 2000.

Mu gisagara ca Bujumbura, gukoresha ubwo buryo n’itegeko

Gukoresha ubwo buryo bwo gutunganya imicafu ni ugukingira ababanyi ingaruka zifatiye ku ndwara zishobora kwiyadukiza.

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Ingaruka mbi zifatiye kukugira isuku rike ni nyishi :

• Kwama kwa muganga, kuriha amahera y’ibipimo nayo imiti ; ivyo bituma umuntu ataba akirangura imirimo nk’uko bisanzwe, agashahara ntaco kaba kakimumarira, atakaza akazi canke urudandazwa rugahagarara, atagishobora gusanura inyubakwa zononekaye, n’ibindi.

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GusozeraImigenzo myiza ifatiye kw’isuku ituma indwara ziva kw’isuku rike zigabanuka, igatuma abantu baba ahantu hasukuye kandi bakagira n’amagara meza.

Uwo ariwe wese arafise uruhara ku vyerekeye amagara yiwe n’ay’abandi. Gu-tyo, iyo migenzo itegerezwa kuraba bose atanumwe avuyemwo mu ntumbero yo gutunganya ubuzima bwiza mu karere abantu babayemwo.

Iyo migenzo myiza ifatiye kw’isuku no gukinga indwara itegerezwa kugenda irahanahanwa kuva ku bayifise gushika ku batayifise mu gutanga impanuro zifatiye ku biganiro mu miryango, mu bagenzi, mu babanyi na cane cane ku vyerekeye inyifato umwe umwe yogira kugira ngo agire amagara meza.Aka gatabu gafasha rero bamwe n’abandi gutahura ingene idwara zandukira, n’uburyo bwokoreshwa mu kuzikinga kugira bagire amagara meza.

Nimuyage ibiri muri aka gatabu mwongere mubihanehane bizobagirira akama-ro kanini cane!

Mukeneye izindi nsiguro, egere abajejwe amagara y’abantu canke amavuriro abegereye aho mu ma komine iwanyu.