2. , . , , , 3. , , . , , , , , , 4. . , . , 5. , (, 1997). 6. :
, , : , , : DSM - IV 7. , , (.. ) (.. , -). : . 8. , , , , , (.. 5%
,) . : 9. ( , ) / ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ), , . 10. 11. , , ( ). . , , .
12. . (). 80% . , . 13. : , , . . . , . 14. . . . , . . 15. , . , .
16. A M . 1 . . . 17. , . , , , , . 18. ( ). 19. : Martin Seligman
. 20. Abramson , , . 21. : . . (), . 22. : eck, . , , , , . 23. . .
. . 24. Freud (1917) , . 25. , ( ), , . . 26. , . , , . , . . , . .
27. - , : 28. 29. 30. . . ( ... ). - 31. 32. . . . 33. . . () . . .
. ( ). . . .... 34. ( ) . . . , . . . (Ludewig, 1992) 35. . .
(Weber and Retzer, 1991). 36. - . . . . . 37. ( , ), . , . , ( )
(Schlippe and Schgweitzer, 2008) 38. . . - - , . . , , . 39. , . ,
. . . 40. ; . , . , . , , . . 41. . . .. ( ). . . - .. - ; 42. .
43. . ( ). ( ). 44. : Judith Beck Socratic questioning Guided
discovery Collaborative empiricism , . 45. Teen Suicide is
Preventable Talking About Dying-- any mention of dying,
disappearing, jumping, shooting oneself, or other types of self
harm Recent Loss-- through death, divorce, separation, broken
relationship, self- confidence, self-esteem, loss of interest in
friends, hobbies, activities previously enjoyed Change in
Personality-- sad, withdrawn, irritable, anxious, tired,
indecisive, apathetic Change in Behavior-- can't concentrate on
school, work, routine tasks Change in Sleep Patterns-- insomnia,
often with early waking or oversleeping, nightmares Change in
Eating Habits-- loss of appetite and weight, or overeating Fear of
losing control- acting erratically, harming self or others Low self
esteem-- feeling worthless, shame, overwhelming guilt, self-hatred,
46. 47. To DSM-1V I, , II, , III, 48. ( 2-3 ). (rapid-cycling). . ,
, , . . 49. ( ). . . (depakine). . 50. . . . 51. - . . . . 52. . ,
. 53. , . . , . 54. - , , . stress. stress (,, ) . 55. /. . (.. ),
. , , , . (.. ). 56. : : : , , , . . . 57. . . . , . 58. - / . . .
. 59. . . . , . 60. . - Bullying ( ). , . . , . 61. , , -. . , . ,
. , . / ( , ). 62. . , , , . ( ) . 63.
