Health Choice, Vaccine Choice

Why  we  must  all    preserve  the  Right  to  Choose  

Vermont Coalition for Vaccine Choice

•  Volunteer  ci8zen  advocates  –  Parents,  grandparents,  physicians,  nurses,  teachers,  midwives  

– Nonpar8san,  nondenomina8onal;  we  have  members  all  over  the  poli8cal  and  religious  spectrum  

•  Came  together  in  2012  to  preserve  Vermont’s  “philosophical  exemp8on”  to  vaccina8on  –  1979  law  enacted  when  school  vaccina8on  laws  were  wriIen  

– Allow  a  parent  to  refuse  one  of  more  vaccines  aLer  being  fully  informed  on  risks  of  procedure  

Backdrop

•  Health  Reform  focus  on  pharmaceu8cal  supply  •  Vermonters  (and  others)  tend  to  pursue  more  natural  alterna8ves  to  wellness  

•  Liberty  being  restricted  in  unprecedented  ways  from  many  angles,  9/11  

•  Vaccines  being  pushed  on  a  worldwide  basis  as  THE  key  growth  segment  of  pharma  and  “the  economy”  

Liberty: “The Conversation”

"It’s  not  a  le+-­‐thing,  it’s  not  a  right  thing  –  it’s  an  American  thing.  We  Americans  need  to  start  talking  to  each  other.”  

Vermonter Audrey Pietrucha, - http://greenmountainscribes.wordpress.com/2013/08/15/on-liberty-starting-the-conversation/

Health Liberty / Health Choice

“I am not anti-vaccine; rather I am pro-health, pro-informed decision-making and pro-individual liberty.” (link)

-­‐  Stephanie  Foisy  Mills,  DC,  (NH)  

Raw Milk

•  hIp://farmtoconsumer.org/raw_milk_map.htm  

Individual Rights and Informed Consent

Individual Rights and Informed Consent May,  2013:  Portland,  Oregon  voters  strike  down  fluoride    

Individual Rights and Informed Consent “Right  to  Know”  /    GM  Food  

Individual Rights and Informed Consent Vaccines  /  “Immuniza8ons”  

“The microbe is nothing, the terrain is everything.”

•  French  physiologist,  Dr  Claude  Bernard  (1813-­‐1878)  •  Pasteur  claimed  that  the  microbe  caused  the  disease  •  Béchamp  maintained  that  the  disease,  the  disturbed  func8oning  of  the  organism  enabled  the  microbe  to  thrive.    

•  Pasteur’s  approach,  which  won  the  day,  demands  that  in  terms  of  treatment  methods,  the  pathogenic  microbes  must  be  aIacked  by  external  means  

Recommended  reading:    hIp://www.samanthaflower.co.uk/phdi/p1.nsf/pages/1080:PDF_Bechamp_Pasteur.pdf/$file/PDF_Bechamp_Pasteur.pdf  

The Immune System

•  A  complex  network  of  specialized  cells  and  organs  that  dis8nguishes  between  self  and  foreign  molecules  inside  the  body.    

•  A  malfunc8oning  immune  system  can  cause  allergies  or  arthri8s  and  can  fail  to  stop  the  growth  of  cancer  cells.  

Immunology

hIp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-­‐self/  

R

Organs of the Immune System

Tonsils and adenoids

Lymph nodes

Bone marrow

Appendix

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Peyer’s patches

Spleen

Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes

R

Cells of the Immune System Bone graft

Multipotential stem cell

Hematopoietic���stem cell

Platelets

Macrophage

Erythrocytes Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Megakaryocyte

Mast cell

Basophil

T lymphocyte

Natural killer cell

Dendritic cell

B lymphocyte

Lymphoid progenitor cell

Myeloid progenitor

cell

Monocyte

Marrow

Bone

R

The Immune System

and the Nervous System

Thymosins

Macrophage

B cell

T cell

Thymus

Brain

Bone���marrow

Neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways

Immunotransmitters (feedback, regulation and modulation)

Lymphokines Monokines

Balance is Key to a Healthy Immune Response

Dr.  David  Jockers  

Revolving door

hIp://www.geke.us/VennDiagrams.html  

Federal Liability Shield US Childhood Vaccine Injury Act –  Limited  civil  lawsuits  against  vaccine  manufacturers  aLer  DPT,  polio  seIlements.  

– Began  in  1988  (DPT,  polio,  MMR).  

– Vaccine  Injury  Compensa8on  Program/Tax  •  Funded  via  $0.75  “vaccine  excise  tax.”  •  Vaccine  Injury  Table  (legal  presump8on  of  causa8on  for  

certain  vaccines  and  condi8ons).  

•  $2.7  billion  paid  out  for  vaccine  injuries.  Sta8s8cs  reports:  hIp://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensa8on/sta8s8csreports.html#Stats  Search/read  claims  reports:  hIp://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/search_vaccine  

2013    

+2  vaccines    IN  UTERO    

(flu  and  Tdap),  +Adult  vaccine  push  

*  *  

*  discon8nued  

Pharma (AAP) Claim: “The Science is Clear.

Vaccines are Safe and Effective”

NOVEMBER,  2012  

Why  provide  a  warning  if  the  paMent  or  parent  cannot  say  no?  

Are Vaccines Perfectly Safe? “Unavoidably Unsafe”

hOp://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/09-­‐152.ZS.html  

The Vaccine Injury Table –  Legal  presump8on  of  causa8on  for  certain  vaccines  and  condi8ons,  including:  •  Brain  damage  •  Paraly8c  disorders  •  Anaphylaxis  •  Seizures  •  See  more  at:  hIp://www.ebcala.org/unanswered-­‐

ques8ons/vaccine-­‐epidemic#sthash.slRG4L8Z.jxJtRQuN.dpuf  

Institute of Medicine Report, 2011

•  Independent  review  of  the  current  epidemiological,  clinical,  and  biologic  literature  

•  There  were  no  recommenda8ons,  only  findings  

Findings in 2011 Report:

•  85%  of  reac8ons  studied  had  inadequate  data  •  Absence  of  evidence  is  not  evidence  of  absence  

Over 25,000 Reported Reactions/Yr

VAERS  data  Only  1-­‐10%  of  Rxn  are  reported  

Are Vaccines Effective? Pertussis: One example

•  Vermont's  vaccina8on  rates  have  consistently  increased  over  the  years  (including  in  2011/2012).  

•  Many  other  states  and  countries  have  also  seen  a  resurgence  of  pertussis.  Theories/science:  –  Vaccine  failure  –  Emergence/selec8on  of  new  strains  

•  The  na8on's  top  health  authori8es  have  officially  stated  that  exemp8ons  have  played  no  part  

•   90%  of  Vermont  pertussis  cases  had  been  vaccinated  –  Silent  reservoirs  of  infec8on  

hIp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar8cles/PMC2863393/.  hIp://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar06may-­‐2.pdf  hIp://blindedbythelighI.blogspot.com/2013/01/the-­‐perfect-­‐storm-­‐how-­‐increase-­‐in.html  hIp://www.beyondconformity.co.nz/_blog/Hilary's_Desk/post/Whooping_cough_and_chameleons/  hIp://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/ar8cle/6/5/00-­‐0512_ar8cle.htm  

Vaccines: No liability, Gov’t “cooperation” “Vaccines  are  no  longer  a  sleepy,    low-­‐profit  niche  in  a  booming  drug  industry…  

The  lure  of  big  profits,  advances  in    technology  and  growing  government    support  has  been  drawing  in  new    companies…”  

“It's  going  to  be  characterized  as  a    golden  era,  says  Emilio  Emini,    Pfizer  Inc.'s  head  of  vaccine  research.”  

Addicted to Drugs

•  World  drug  market  is  nearing  $1  trillion    –  Vaccine  market  

•   $87  bn  by  2022  •  High  margins  (no  liability)  

•  US  consumes  60%  of  pharmaceu8cals  – Direct  to  consumer  marke8ng  –  “the  worried  well”  and  seniors  

•  No  new  an8bio8cs  developed  •  Chronic  disease  skyrocke8ng  –  Especially  in  our  children  

“Affordable Care” Act

•  All  approved  vaccines  must  be  covered  •  2%  bonus  to  hospitals  that  make  the  vaccina8on  rate  “goals”  

•  Increased  reimbursement  for  vaccine  administra8on  

•  Pharmacists  (new  Vermont  bill  for  age  7  and  up)  

The Vaccine Gravy Train •  DHHS  largest  federal  agency  $$$  •  CDC  $$$  •  NIH  patents  •  80%  of  the  Vermont  Health  Department  comes  from  Federal  Grants  

•  100%  of  the  vaccina8on  program  comes  from  Federal  Grants  

•  Na8onal  Childhood  Vaccine  Injury  Act  •  “Affordable  Care”  Act  

Healthcare versus Sick Care Farmer versus Pharma

•  Current  healthcare  system  is  broken  •  Vermont  is  one  of  the  healthiest  states  in  the  US,  but  pharmaceu8cal  and  

insurance  corpora8ons  have  far  too  much  influence  on  our  medical  system.      –  Sick  care  and  pharmaceu8cals  –  Skyrocke8ng  costs  –  Affronts  to  our  freedoms  

•  Vermont’s  health  care  policy  should  be  shaped  by  our  choices  and  by  the  Hippocra8c  Oath  of  first  do  no  harm  

•  Every  Vermonter  has  a  right  to  clean  water,  clean  air,  pure  food,  and  access  to  medicines    –  including  natural  medicines,  vitamins  and  supplements  that  cannot  be  patented  

and  sold  for  profit  •  TODAY,  primary  care  physicians  in  Vermont  include  DC’s,  ND’s  and  MD/DO  

The Hippocratic Oath

•  One  of  the  oldest  binding  medical  documents  •  “I  will  apply  diete8c  measures  for  the  benefit  of  the  sick  according  to  my  ability  and  judgment;  I  will  keep  them  from  harm  and  injus8ce.  I  will  neither  give  a  deadly  drug  to  anybody  who  asked  for  it,  nor  will  I  make  a  sugges8on  to  this  effect.”  

•  Chemotherapy/Pharma?  

Should We be Concerned? •  Every  US  manufacturer/supplier  of  pediatric  vaccines  has  pled  guilty  to  fraud  within  the  last  3  years.  – Bribery  of  doctors  – Lying  to  the  FDA  – Hiding  clinical  trial  data  – Fraudulent  marke8ng  – For  products  for    which  they  can  be  held  liable…  

hIp://www.omsj.org/blogs/bribery-­‐big-­‐pharma  hIp://www.vaxchoicevt.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2012/08/pharma-­‐fraud-­‐update8-­‐29-­‐2012.docx  hIp://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-­‐03-­‐05/health-­‐drugmakers-­‐fraud-­‐fines/53372792/1  

“This  is  yet  another  example  of  a  drug  manufacturer  that  makes  unsubstan8ated  claims  about  drug  benefits,  despite  the  danger  of  such  statements  to  the  public.  This  office  is  commiIed  to  pursuing  companies  who  violate  our  consumer  protec8on  laws  and  expose  Vermonters  to  harm,”  said  AIorney  General  Sorrell  on  the  Pfizer  seIlement  in  2013.  

Pharma Fraud

•  Lyrica  remains  a  blockbuster  drug  for  Pfizer  despite  unlawful  promo8on.  –  hIp://vtdigger.org/2013/02/19/ag-­‐sorrell-­‐announces-­‐that-­‐pfizer-­‐will-­‐

pay-­‐vermont-­‐611000-­‐as-­‐part-­‐of-­‐zyvox-­‐and-­‐lyrica-­‐seIlement/  –  hIp://seekingalpha.com/ar8cle/1516292-­‐biIer-­‐pill-­‐of-­‐expiring-­‐

patents-­‐to-­‐swallow-­‐for-­‐pfizer  

Who Is Going to Protect You…?

Be an Informed Health Consumer

•  Read  pa8ent  informa8on  for  prescrip8on  meds.    

•  Read  the  fine  print  before  signing  a  contract.    •  Read  food  labels.  •  Take  8me  to  ensure  you  are  making  informed  decisions  on  any  health  choice  you  make.  

Why are we not Better Informed About Vaccines?

•  Vaccines  are  for-­‐profit  pharmaceu8cal  products.  

•  Vaccine  makers  and  those  who  administer  them  have  been  granted  total  liability  protec8on  by  the  federal  government.  

•  Vaccines  are  meant  to  ar8ficially  induce  the  immune  system  to  produce  an8bodies.  

What is in that vial? hIp://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/B/excipient-­‐table-­‐2.pdf  

Hepatitis B Vaccine (3 hrs after birth)

•  Babies:  3  doses  recommended  

•  Vaccine  Court  findings:  – Systemic  Lupus  

– Mul8ple  Sclerosis  Be  Aware!  No  Warning  

appears  in  government  required  literature.    

Forced Vaccination

•  An  example  of  extreme  governmental  viola8on  of  bodily  sovereignty,  health  liberty  and  parental  rights.    

•  Fully  informed,  voluntary  health  choices  and  your  fundamental  human  rights  are  being  deliberately  challenged.    

•  Time  is  running  short.  

Forced Medication

•  Already  being  “tested”  in  Courts  –  Vaccines  –  Psychotropic    and  ADHD  Drugs  

•  2006:  "Principles"  governing  forced  treatment  of  adolescent  children,  Art  Caplan  (again)  -­‐  hIp://virtualmentor.ama-­‐assn.org/2007/01/oped1-­‐0701.html  

–  Chemotherapy  •  Slaughter  of  the  Innocent  by  Jenny  Marsh  •  hIp://www.alterna8vehealth.co.nz/cancer/chemo/sheep.htm  

HealthCare is a Human Right

End Corporate Personhood

Emergency Powers Act

“This is not about individual rights, it’s about Public Health”

“Exemptions” / Opt Outs

www.NVIC.org  and  www.NVICadvocacy.org  

*childhood  vaccina8on  only!    

Individual Rights and Informed Consent

•  There  is  no  Federal  requirement  for  informed  consent  rela8ng  to  immuniza8on  

•  State  laws  govern  the  power  of  the  health  department  and  the  rights  of  ci8zens  to  “opt  out”  

•  Childhood  vaccine  exemp8ons  are  “under  aIack”  •  Adults  need  to  be  aware  their  rights  are  unprotected  without  specific  legisla8on  

•  Conscien8ous  Objec8on  

Vaccines  /  “Immuniza8ons”  

Flu Vaccine Mandates

Proof  s8ll  needed  to  jus8fy  pushing  flu  jab  on  healthy  individuals!  Good  overview:  hIp://barbfeick.com/vaccina8ons/vaccines/flu_vaccine.htm  

Maine •  LD  694  (HP  523)  "An  Act  To  Encourage  Transparency  in  Disclosing  the  Ingredients  in  Vaccina8ons  for  Children  to  Parents  and  Guardians"  Sponsored  by  Representa8ve  Andrea  Boland  

•  LD  941  (SP  287)  "An  Act  To  Prohibit  Mandatory  Immuniza8ons"  Sponsored  by  Senator  Douglas  Thomas  

Wisconsin •  Bill  AB247:  prohibits  any  employer,  including  the  state  and  local  governments,  from  demo8ng,  suspending,  discharging,  or  otherwise  discrimina8ng  against  an  employee  or  contractor  for  refusing  to  be  vaccinated  against  seasonal  influenza  

Bills to add Conscientious/Philosophical Exemptions

•  New  Jersey:  A1368  •  New  York:  A  6359,  S  3934  

Vermont: “Healthiest State” 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

Healthy  Behaviors  lead  to  Healthy  People  •  Exercise  •  Smoking  

•  Alcohol  •  Pure  Water  

•  Pure  Air  •  Whole  Foods  

Vermont, 2011 3 fatalities after vaccination (VAERS reports)

February,  2011  –  Boy,  age  5    

•  Epilepsy  and  cerebral  palsy  

•  Shots:  DTaP,  IPV,  VZV  

•  Found  dead  in  bed  20  hours  aLer  vaccina8on  

December,  2011  –  Girl,  age  7    

•  Healthy  

•  Shots:  Fluzone  

•  Died  5  days  later  of  “myocardi8s  of  unknown  e8ology”  

December,  2011  –  Male,  age  52  

•  Medical  history  unremarkable  except  for  psychiatric  disorder  

•  Shots:  HepA/B  combo  (“twinrix”)  

•  Died  21  days  later  of  liver  failure  

Alarmist?

•  “Of course, it’s important for parents to understand the risks and benefits, and I have absolute respect for their right to make their own decisions… But I don’t think that being alarmist contributes to overall public health. Vaccines have saved countless lives.”

–Harry Chen, Vermont Health Commissioner

as quoted by Seven Days Newspaper, 1/11/2012

Not Good Enough?

•  “Although many children in Vermont have had most of their vaccinations, little more than 60 percent have had all of the doses for all of the vaccines recommended for their age group.”

–Harry Chen, Vermont Health Commissioner

as quoted by Seven Days Newspaper, 4/27/2011

Vermont, 2012 •  Effort  to  remove  Vermont’s  philosophical  vaccine  

exempMon  –  Vermont  Dept.  of  Health  Immuniza8on  Advisory  CommiIee  

–  Allopathic  Medical  Industry  Lobbyists  

•  Pfizer  •  Vermont  Associa8on  of  Hospitals  and  Health  Systems  (VAHHS)  

•  American  Academy  of  Pediatrics  (AAP)    

•  Fletcher  Allen  •  Vermont  Medical  Society  

–  Vermont  Ethics  Network  

–  Coordinated  statewide  media/PR  campaign  star8ng  in  2011  

Vermont: Act 157 of 2012

•  Vaccine  Exemp8ons  preserved    –  Overwhelming  133-­‐6  house  majority  vote.  

•  Grassroots  Voices  of  The  People  –  This  upset  George  Till  (D-­‐Jericho):    

•  “They  were  in  the  building  every  day,  in  people’s  faces*.”    •  Claims  that  whooping  cough  outbreak  due  to  exemp8ons.  

•  Health  Dept.  directed  to  focus  on  educa8on,  using:  –  “evidence-­‐based  educaConal  material  provided  by  the  department  of  health  regarding  immunizaCons,  including  informaCon  about  the  risks  of  adverse  reacCons  to  immunizaCon”    

*  Slate  Health  and  Medicine  Online  ar8cle  -­‐  2/21/2013  

Vermont •  Exemp8ons  (philosophical  and  religious)  since  1979  

•  2012:  BaIle  to  keep  exemp8ons  •  Senate:  25-­‐4  to  remove  philosophical  exemp8on  •  Thousands  par8cipated  in  their  own  democracy  •  House:  133-­‐6  voted  to  keep  philosophical  exemp8on  

•  Con8nued  “witch  hunt”  and  tracking  of  all  refusers  

Divide and Conquer

Medical Politics at School

 Efforts  to  s8r  fear  of  outbreaks,  divide  communi8es   Financial  Rewards  and  Punishments   School  “Health  Liaisons”   Access  to  records  through  LDS  (Dept.  of  Educa8on)   Bill  to  force  consolida8on  of  school  districts/enhance  the  concentra8on  of  decision  making  power   “Voices  for  Vaccines”  –  nonprofit,  pharma-­‐supported  parent  corpora8on  encouraging  parents  to  speak  out  and  discriminate  against  vaccine  refusers    

Parental Rights at Stake

•  “the  government’s  interest  in  protecCng  children  from  geFng  the  measles  should  trump  parents’  interest  in  making  medical  decisions  for  their  kids”  

• Parents making informed choices = acting in child’s best interest. • Using public education or employment to force medical political agendas restricts our liberty.

•     August  2013  Media  Blitz  •     5  other  ar8cles  in  Vermont  alone  •     Gray  Media  Co.  of  Boston  

2013 Vermont Bills •  H.138  /  S.102  (Till,  Mullin)  

–  Transfer  of  power  from  Legislature  to  Health  Commissioner/Agency  (loss  of  democraMc  voice)  

–  Forced  Vaccina8on  if  rates  drop  below  “90%  Trigger”  •  Includes  Adult  employees,  Volunteers  and  Children  •  For  any  ONE  vaccine  •  School  by  School  

–  How  do  you  determine  which  10%  get  to  exercise  their  rights?    

–  Unvaccinated  already  go  home  during  epidemics.  

Is Preventative Care as Simple as “A Lifetime of Vaccines”?

•  Marketing vaccines to pregnant women •  36 shots by age 6 (kindergarten) •  17 more shots for adolescents •  10 more shots for adults •  300 vaccines in the “pipeline”

Vaccines are Not Seat Belts

•  They  are  more  like  air  bags.    •  They  can/do  go  off  at  the  wrong  8me  or  explode  too  forcefully.    

•  They  can  cause  death  or  disability.    •  That  is  why  most  vehicles  today  have  switches  to  turn  airbags  on  or  off,  and  why  Vermont  allows  philosophical  exemp8on.  

Informed Consent •  You  have  the  right  to  be  given  full  informa8on  about  the  benefits  and  risks  of  a  medical  treatment  before  agreeing  to  the  treatment.  

•  You  have  the  right  to  voluntarily  agree  or  to  refuse  to  the  medical  treatment.  

•  Nuremberg  prohibits  scien8fic  experimenta8on  without  informed  consent.  

•  United  Na8ons  declara8on  on  bioethics                          and  human  rights  in  2005.  

hIp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar8cles/PMC2352998/  hIp://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf    hIp://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-­‐URL_ID=31058&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html  

Intensive Lobbying for Vaccine Mandates

•  Mandatory  Flu  vaccines  (NJ,  MT,  IL,  MO,  CT,  PA)    

•  Mandatory  Meningi8s  vaccine  (IL,  KS,  NE,  MO,  NY,  TX,  TN)    •  Mandatory  HPV  (Human  Pappilloma  Virus)  vaccine  (NY,  KY,  SC,  

GA,  FL)    

•  Mandatory  Hepa88s  vaccines  (MN)    •  Mandatory  TDaP  vaccine  (NE,  VT)    

•  Plus:  –  Bills  to  allows  addi8onal  prac88oners  (e.g.  optometrists  or  pharmacists)  to  

administer  vaccines  (CA,NC,  GA,  OH,  OR,  NJ,  VT)    

–  Elimina8on  of  parental  consent  requirement  for  some  vaccines  (NY,  TX)    

–  Restric8on  or  removal  of  exemp8ons  (OR,  NJ,  VT  

–  Restric8ve  changes  in  vaccina8on  tracking  system  (ID,  ND,  MT,  TX)  

What’s Next?

•  300  vaccines  under  development  •  More  vaccines  to  be  added  to  the  “schedule”  •  Pediatricians  “firing”  pa8ents  •  Adult  vaccina8ons  as  a  pre-­‐requisite  for  employment:  –   Vermont  Teachers  –   Vermont  Health  Care  Workers  

•  “Ethical”  arguments  against  parental  choice  

Genetic Modification

•  GMOs  are  “gene8cally  modified  organisms”  –  Plants  or  animals  created  using  gene  splicing  techniques  of  biotechnology  (also  called  gene8c  engineering,  or  GE).    

– Merges  DNA  from  different  species,  crea8ng  unstable  combina8ons  of  plant,  animal,  bacterial  and  viral  genes  that  cannot  occur  in  nature  or  in  tradi8onal  crossbreeding.  

–  FDA:  “all vaccines and biological products contain contaminating DNA derived from the cell substrate used for manufacture”  

Our Microbiota

“The  history  of  science,  and  in  parCcular  medical  science,  is  a  history  of  progress  and  change  over  Cme.  The  medical  orthodoxy  of  one  generaCon  is  viewed  as  quaint  history  by  the  next  generaCon.  The  great  thing  about  science  is  that  it  is  subject  to  constant  reflecCon,  experimentaCon  and  self-­‐correcCon.  There  will  be  advances  in  medical  science  and  today’s  orthodoxies  will  no  doubt  be  viewed  differently  in  the  future.”    

-­‐  Vermonter  Mitchell  Pearl  

What Can You Do?

•  Register  for  updates  through  www.NVICadvocacy.com  

•  Talk  to  your  lawmakers  

•  Broadcast  widely  the  need  for  conscien8ous  objec8on  clauses  – Childhood  vaccina8on  programs  

– Employment  – Emergency  Powers    

Thank You!