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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal SystemPowerPoint® presentation to accompany:
Medical AssistingThird Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Introduction Bones provide the
body with structure and support
206 bones with joints and connective tissue
Divisions Axial – 80 bones
Skull Vertebral column Rib cage
Appendicular – 126 bones
Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skeletal System
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure
Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves
Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure (cont.) Compact bone looks
solid Structures can be
observed with a microscope
All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure (cont.)
Classification by shape Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs
Femur (thigh bone) Humerus (upper arm bone)
Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles
Carpals (wrist bones) Tarsals (ankle bones)
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure (cont.)
Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage Ribs Frontal bone
Irregular bones Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure: Gender Differences Male Skull
Larger and heavier
Forehead shorter
Face less round
Jaw larger
Mastoid processes more prominent
Male pelvic bones Heavier and thicker Pelvic Basin Narrow
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Male pelvic cavity Narrower and longer Less roomy and more
funnel shaped Male sacrum
Narrower Sacral promontory projects forward
Male coccyx Less movable
Bone Structure: Gender Differences (cont.)
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your KnowledgeMatch bone to classification.___ Humerus L.
Long bones___ Rib S.
Short bones___ Femur F.
Flat bones___ Pelvic bones I.
Irregular bones___ Carpals___ Frontal bone___ Vertebra___ Tarsals
FL
IS
IF
S
L
ANSWER:
Very Good!
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Functions of Bones Give shape to body parts
Support and protect soft structures Examples – brain, lungs, heart
Allow body movement, because skeletal muscles attach to them Allow for voluntary movement
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Functions of Bones (cont.)
Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells – hematopoiesis
Store calcium
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available.
Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?
Correct!
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Growth Ossification – process of bone
growth
Intramembranous ossification Bones begin as tough, fibrous
membrane Bone-forming cells called
osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone (located in skull)
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bony Structures Rigid foundation Projections and processes for muscle and
ligament attachment Depressions and hollows for articulations – the
connection of bones at joints Openings for blood vessels and nerves
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Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle
Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Head An enlargement on the end of a bone
Process A prominent projection on a bone
Suture An interlocking line of union between bones
Trochanter A relatively large process
Tubercle A small, knoblike process
Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skull Two bone types:
Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the skull
Facial – form the face
“Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels Tough membranes that connect the
incompletely developed bones
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
___ Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression
___ Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones
___ Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull
___ Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
___ Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle
___ Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone
C
A
F
B
D
E
ANSWER:
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skull: Cranial Bones
Frontal – anterior
Parietal – top and most of the sides
Occipital – back
Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull
Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor
Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body Malleus Incus Stapes
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skull (cont.)
Mandible – forms the lower jaw bone
Maxillae – form the upper jawbone
Zygomatic – form the prominence of the cheeks
Nasal bones – fuse together to form the bridge of the nose
Click to see Skull
Palatine – form the anterior portion of the palate
Vomer – a thin bone that divides the nasal cavity
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Spinal Column
7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Spinal Column (cont.)
Cervical vertebrae Smallest and lightest Located in the neck
region First one is atlas Second one is axis
Thoracic vertebrae Join the 12 pairs of ribs
Lumbar vertebrae Have very sturdy
structures
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Spinal Column (cont.)
Sacrum A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused
vertebrae Coccyx
A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae
Considered unnecessary More commonly called the tailbone
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each.
Thoracic – 12
Lumbar – 5 Sacrum – 5 fused
Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused
Cervical – 7ANSWER:
Right!
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Rib Cage
Sternum Breastplate Forms the front middle
portion of the rib cage Joins with the clavicles
and most ribs Xyphoid process
Cartilaginous tip
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Rib Cage (cont.)
12 pairs of ribs All are attached
posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
True First seven pairs of
ribs Attach to sternum by
costal cartilage
False Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 Attach to the costal
cartilage of rib pair 7 Floating
Rib pairs 11 and 12 Do not attach anteriorly
to any structure
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
___ The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.
___ The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.
___ The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.
___ False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.
___ Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process.
T
T
ANSWER:
Fcartilaginous
Fseven
Fdo not attach anteriorly to any structure.
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands
Shoulders – pectoral girdles Clavicles Scapulae
Upper limb or arm bones Humerus Radius Ulna
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.)
Hand 8 carpals per hand 5 metacarpals per hand 14 phalanges per hand
3 in each finger 2 in each thumb
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your KnowledgeMatch the following:
___ Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle
___ Radius B. Arm bones
___ Humerus C. Hands
___ Carpals
___ Scapula
___ Ulna
___ Phalanges
___ Metacarpals
A
BB
B
C
CC
AANSWER:
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet
Hipbones Coxal bones form
the pelvic girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis
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Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
Bones of leg Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
Bones of the foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones
___ Tibia ___ Patella
___ Ilium ___ Ischium
___ Femur ___ Metatarsals
___ Pubis ___ Fibula
___ Calcaneus ___ Tarsals
B
B
B
A A
A
C
C
C
B
ANSWER:
Super!
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Joints Junctions between bones Classification based on
structure Fibrous joints
Connected together with short fibers
Between cranial bones and facial bones
Sutures – fibrous joints in the skull
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Joints Cartilaginous
joints Connected
together with a disc of cartilage
Between vertebrae
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Joints Synovial joints
Covered with hyaline cartilage Held together by a fibrous joint
capsule lined with synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other
Freely movable Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like
structures called ligaments
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints
____ Between cranial bones and facial bones
____ Covered with hyaline cartilage
____ Between vertebrae
____ Freely movable
____ Sutures in the skullA
BC
C
A
ANSWER:
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders Arthritis – general term meaning joint
inflammation Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease,
primarily of weight-bearing joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed
Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone
Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback)
Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease
Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue
Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak
Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue.
The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder?
Nice Work!
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
In Summary Skeletal system
Two divisions Bone growth through ossification Functions
Supports the body Protects internal organs Attachment for muscles for movement Stores minerals Produces new blood cells by hematopoiesis
Joined by three types of joints
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
End of Chapter
Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame.
~ Virginia Woolf