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Handbook-1

2011 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& - 1500

wefzdk; ( 600 ) usyf

yHkESdyfa&;ESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;

pmayAdrmef pmwnf;rSL;csKyfu

rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 07492 jzifh yHkESdyfí

rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 03911 jzifhxkwfa0onf/

*s DwDpDyH kE S dy fpuf½H kwGif yH kE S dy fonf/*s DwDpDyH kE S dy fpuf½H kwGif yH kE S dy fonf/*s DwDpDyH kE S dy fpuf½H kwGif yH kE S dy fonf/*s DwDpDyH kE S dy fpuf½H kwGif yH kE S dy fonf/*s DwDpDyH kE S dy fpuf½H kwGif yH kE S dy fonf/

2009 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmrlqk2009 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmrlqk2009 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmrlqk2009 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmrlqk2009 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmrlqk

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Ä wpfrsKd;om;vHk; usef;rmBuHUckdifa&;ESifh ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;/


Handbook-3

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Ä twdwfut&dyfvkdygvmcJh 21

Ä ol&JNrdKU ac: xD;vif;NrdKU 28

Ä rxifrSwfbJ a&mufvdkYvmol 39

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Ä wGef;tm;jzifh a&GUcJh&aom apwem&Sifq&mb0 96

Ä wm0efawGMum;u *kPfjr§ifhol 123

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Ä a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0if a&TuGeftkyf

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Ä &wufu,ftjzmjzm aeY&ufrsm;rSmv 192

Ä vGrf;&wJhNrdKUol 207


Handbook-4

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orkdif;wGifwJh NrdKUav;qD

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onf/ NyD;awmhrS rdrdwm0efxrf;aqmif&rnfh NrdKUodkYc&D;quf

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&yfem;um rauG;wdkif; pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;Xme (wdkif;pDrH

1


Handbook-5

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vnf;wif c&D;onfvnf;pD; 'kwd,urÇmppfvufusef csuf

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'DZifbm tnmaqmif;at;at; eHeuf (6) em&DwGif

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um;ay:rS ajrBuD;jyifodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf cav;udkjyef,l\/

2

3


Handbook-6

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4

5


Handbook-7

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6 7


Handbook-8

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eufurf;yg;wkdY0,f tonf;w,m;,m; &ifwzkdzdkjzifh um;BuD;

ud kpD;&onfum; aMumufp&maumif;vSonf/ qifBuD;

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xrif;qkdifwGifjzpfonf/ yckuúLrS oli,fcsif;\aus;Zl;aMumifh

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wGif pm;&onf/

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trdudkuRefawmf&Hzef&Hcg Munhfrd&onf/ om;udkxrif;cGHUí

auR;vkduf? tarupm;vkdufESifhudk uRefawmfawGU&onf/

uav;rSm MunfMunfvifvifESifh &Sdaeonf/

xrif;pm;NyD;í uRefawmfwdkY0dkif;twGuf uRefawmfu

xrif;zkd;usoifhaiGay;acs&efjyKawmh xrif;qkdifykdif&SiftrBuD;

u um;q&mu&Sif;ay;NyD;oGm;NyD[k ajymvmcJhonf/ ]]wkd;u

om;trdtwGuf xrif;zk d;[if;zd k;udk &Sif;ay;yg&ap}} [k

uRefawmfu xrif;qdkifydkif&Sif {nhf0wfjyKwnfcif;ay;vmaom

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xef;vsufcJwkdYudk oHk;aqmif&onf/

]]q&m...q&mu uRefrwkdYom;trdtwGuf usoifh

xrif;zkd;udk &Sif;ay;cJhw,fvdkY qkdif&SifuajymjyvdkY odcJh&w,f

q&m/ tm;emp&mq&m&,f? ay;cJhwJhaiGtwGuf 'DuaiGudk

jyefay;yg&ap usrwdkYom;trdtwGuf vrf;c&D;rSm ulnDay;

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q&m? b,fawmhrSvJ rarhygbl;q&m...}}

om;onf rdcifu om;i,fudk csDrvsufESifh uRefawmfh

xHa&mufvmcJh? pum;ajymcJh? xrif;pm;p&dwftwGuf ydkufqHudk

ay;vmcJhonf/ uRefawmfvufumjyvsuf r,lcJhyg/ pum;

tenf;i,fajymrd&ygonf/

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u0rf;omrd&ygw,f/ onfa,me,fa'otwGuf uRefawmf

[mvmjcif;aumif;wJh c&D;onfwpfOD;jzpf&ygap...vdk Y

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vdkY um;q&muajymjywmudk od&ygw,f/ t&m&SdqkdvkdYom

,Hkvkduf&w,f/ touft&G,fuvJi,fi,f vlyHkuvJacsmacsm

aemf...uRefrwkdYom;trdukd ckvkdapwemrsm;pGmeJY ulnDay;cJh

wJhtwGufvJ aus;Zl;wif&rIwpfcktjzpf vlBuD;rdbawGu

qkay;ovkd qkay;yg≈..q&mhb0wpfavQmuf oGm;av

8

9


Handbook-9

&m a&mufav&mt&yfrSm rsufESmjrifcspfcifygap? toHMum;

oem;ygap? ol,kwfrmeJYvGJvdkY olawmfaumif;rsm; vlaumif;

rsm;eJY awGU&ygap...vkdYom uRefrqkawmif;ay;yg&apawmh

aemf q&m...}}

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oufom vrf;BuHKpD;wpf&GmESifh wpf&Gmc&D;oGm;rsm;ygwum;[k

uRefawmfoabmaygufvmcJhrd&ygavonf/

xrif;qkdifuxGuf vrf;ab;0J,mwGifjrif&onfrSm

wGJzuftxufwef;ausmif;? usef;rma&;aq;cef;? jynfolY&Jwyf

zGJUpef;wkdY&Sdonfudk qkdif;bkwfBuD;rsm;t& od&onf/ wvIyfvIyf

ESifh armif;ESif&if;c&D;qufaepOf obm0awmawmifa&ajrudk

uRefawmfonftm;yg;w& jrif½IcGifh&aeonf/ opfyifjrifhBuD;

rsm;wGif oZifyef;wkdYudkjrif&onf/ obm0awmyef;awmifyef;

&eHYwkdYudk&onf/ vwfqwfat;jraomavudk ½I½dIuf&onf/

MunfEl;csrf;ajrUp&mjrifuGif; tjzmjzmudkMunfh½I&if; awmxdyf

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aygufudkjrifawGU&jyefonf/

tdyJh tdyJhESifhyif awmifajctqif;wGif tnmbef;?

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aom &Gmudka&mufvmonf/ us,fjyefYonhf a&T0ga&mifpyg;cif;

wkdY0,faumuf&dwfodrf;aeMuonfudk jrif&onfrSm aysmfp&m

toGifjzpf&onf/ &GmudkvGefNyD;aomf awmifpOfwef;wpfckudk

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aerif;BuD;u xGufvmoa,mifa,mif&Sdvkduf aqmif;wdrfwkdYu

zHk;vTrf;oGm;vkdufESifh aeudkjrif&onfr&SdvS/

onfvkdESifh awmifpG,fwpfckudk csKd;auGUvkdufawmh ]]xD;

vif;NrdKUrS vdIufvSJpGmBudKqkdyg\}} [laom NrdKUw0ifqkdif;bkwf

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oifhoGm;rdcJh&ygavawmhonf/ vufrSem&Dudk Munhfrdvkdufawmh

nae (4) em&Dxkd;cgeD;NyDjzpfavonf/ vmcJh&onfhc&D;udk

wGufqMunhfvdkufrdonf/ (10) em&Domc&D;wGif onfrkd; q&m

jroef;wifh\ ]]yHkawmifyHknmoGm;awmvm;}} um; uRefawmfh

twGuf r[mc&D;&SnfBuD;ygwum;[kom qkdvkduf&ayawmh

onf/

wpfzefvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHonf yHkawmifyHknmorkdif;?

ausmufacwforkdif;? waumif;rS ukef;abmiftxd ukd,fhxD;

ukd,fhMuXmef;ESifhaecJh wkd;wufcJhaomorkdif;? vGwfvyfa&;

twGuf jynfaxmifpkaoG;? ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmefjzifh ajymif

ajrmufpGmjyefvnf&,lcJhaom orkdif;? vGwfvyfa&;udk umuG,f

apmifha&SmufcJhaom orkdif;aMumif;xGef;ajymifonhf EkdifiHjzpf

onf/ a&ajrMoZmaumif;? Owkaumif;? o,HZmwaumif;rsm;

jynhf0pHkvif*kPfwifEkdifaom EkdifiHjzpfonf/ onfodkYaom EkdifiH

wGif;u &efukefom;uRefawmfonf yHkawmifyHknmorkdif;ESifh

10

11


Handbook-10

yHkawmifyHknm&yf0ef;a'o&Sd jrefrmhorkdif;wGif tvGefpdwf0if

pm;bG,f&m aumif;vSonfh ]]xD;vif;}} qkdaom NrdKUav;qD

a&mufvkdYvmcJh&ygNyD/

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;wGif ta&;ygonhf

tcef;u@wpfcktaejzifh xm0pOf&Sifoefatmif BudK;yrf;Mu

&rnhf jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfarG;zGm;EkdifcJh&mvnf;jzpf wjznf;

jznf;ESifh wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,froGm;Ekdif&avatmifa&m vlod

enf;vSao;aomfvnf; *E¦0ifNrdKUav;wpfjrdKU jzpf&aMumif;udk

azmfxkwfay;vdkvSaom orkdif;cspfol? EkdifiHcspfol uRefawmf

onf xD;vif;NrdKUudk a&muf&SdvmcJh&ygavonf/

vuf0JokE´&ESifh rwlaom a,mrJZmNrdKifc&D;onfvuf0JokE´&ESifh rwlaom a,mrJZmNrdKifc&D;onfvuf0JokE´&ESifh rwlaom a,mrJZmNrdKifc&D;onfvuf0JokE´&ESifh rwlaom a,mrJZmNrdKifc&D;onfvuf0JokE´&ESifh rwlaom a,mrJZmNrdKifc&D;onf

uRefawmfwkdYpD;vmcJhaom c&D;onfESifh ukefpnfwif

aqmifonfh csufyvufum;BuD;u NrdKU\tv,f xrif;qkdif

wef;wGif *dwfqHk;onf/ c&D;onfrsm;ESifh um;py,f,mwkdY

um;pD;eif;vkdufygvmMuonfh c&D;twGufum;cusoifhaiGrsm;

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uRefawmfh0efxrf;awGrSef; od&onf/ taMumif;rSm olwkdY\

tusÐb,fbuf &ifbwfay:0,f uRefawmfwkdY½Hk;Xme\ ½Hk;

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]][kwfygw,f...uRefawmf &JjrifhvdIifyg}}

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aerd&ao;onf/ tajymif;ta&TU trdefYpmxGufNyD;onfESifh

,if;trdefYpmudk uRefawmf,laqmifvmcJhonf/ nTefMum;a&;rSL;

(pDrH)u uRefawmfESifh oufqkdifaom rauG;wkdif;? wkdif;½Hk;

twGufa&m uRefawmfxrf;aqmif&rnfh NrdKUe,f? uRefawmfESifh

vJvS,fwm0efxrf;aqmif&rnfh NrdKUe,frSL;tajymif;ta&TU

twGufyg pmrsm;udk uRefawmfom,laqmifoGm;yg&ef ay;tyf

cJhonfum; uRefawmfomvQifodygonf/ odkYpOfvsuf b,fvkd

jzpf&ygvdrfh[k awG;aerdonf/

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cJ h Muol om;onfrdcifu uRefawmf htm;vma&mufum

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aemufaeYwGif olwdkY&Gm (qifpG,f&Gm) udk ajcvsifukef;aMumif;

12

13


Handbook-11

c&D;quf&ef&Sdao;aMumif;? aemufrS uRefawmfhxHvma&muf

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vnf; uRefawmfaumufcsufcsrd&avonf/

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onf/ uRefawmfu um;q&mESifh py,f,mwkdYtm; EIwfquf

onf/ vdyfpmygtwkdif; uRefawmfwnf;ckdaexkdif&rnhftdrfodkY

uRefawmfh½Hk;0efxrf;jzpfolwkdYESifhtwl ajcvsifavQmufumvmcJh

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14

15


Handbook-12

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aeYvnfuwynhfESpfa,mufwkdY a&mufvmcJhMuonf/

16

17


Handbook-13

onfvrf;c&D;ESifh onftoJ (onf;) pGJcsufyvuf

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vmcJhwJhq&mudkawmh tHhMorqHk;aygifq&m&,f...

rJZma&TvDqDtjypf&SdvdkY e,fESif'ufcHcJh&wJh trwfBuD;

vuf0JokE´&om&SdaecJhao;&ifjzifh trwfBuD;upum;qkdvdrfh

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&nf&G,fcsufvJ&Sd tcspfvJNidNyD; avQmufvSrf;cJhavonfvm;

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udka0vif;tajymu ZmwfxJtNidrfhxJu pum;odkYES,f

wefqmqifvsufajymvmae&if;u rNyD;qHk;ao;? aemufquf

wGJpum;wpfcsKdUudk qufvufajymvmcJhjyefonf/

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&wmqkdawmh taMumif;awmh{uef&Sdvdrfhr,fxifyg&JU...}}

uRefawmfhtm;wm0efvTJajymif;ay;oGm;rnhf OD;ausmfausmf

udkMunhfvsuf &,fp&mvkdvkdESifh pum;pç vmcJhjcif;vnf;jzpf

onf/

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]][m...}} [k uRefawmfujzpf&vsufESifh...

a,mrJZmNrdKifc&D;onf uRefawmf bmudkrSjyefrajymjy

jzpfvkdufawmh/

wu,fwrf;tm;jzif h vuf0JokE ´&trwfBuD;E Si f h

uRefawmfonfawmBuD;jrufrnf; rJZmqkdonhft&yfa'orsm;

qD a&mufvmMu&yHkjcif;vnf;rwl/

rJZma&TvDa&muftrwfBuD;u &mZmtjzpf'PfoifhcJh

aví rJZmNrdKifqDa&muf&onf/

uRefawmf&JjrifhvdIifuawmh Xmeqkdif&mjypfrIwpfpH k

wpf&mvnf; r&SdcJhovdk ESvHk;om;ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; tcspf

ab;'Pf tcspf&efpG,fwdkYvnf; roifhcJh/

wpfckawmh uRefawmfajym&rnfxifonf/ vuf0JokE&

trwfBuD;u rJZma&TvDrSmraysmfydkufcJh/

uRefawmfufawmhrl *E¦0ifrSwfwrf;&Sdayrifh toGm;

tvmcufcJvGef;ojzifh jrefrmhorkdif;wGif wefzkd;vnf;BuD;vS

18

19


Handbook-14

um jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om; jynfoljynfom;taygif;wkdY

ta&;r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfvSaom ]]wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk; aoG;pnf;

nDnGwfa&;}} twGuf emrnfausmfMum;xif&Sm;oifhygvsuf

rxifr&Sm;jzpfumvlodvnf; tvGefenf;aeao;onhf

]]xD;vif;}} NrdKUav;tm; tao;xm;xif&Sm;vmap&atmif

azmfxkwfay;&efudkom t"duxm;onfudkawmh avmavm

q,fü olwkdYawGodEkdifMuvdrfhOD;rnf rxifay/ orkdif;a&;tjrif

jzifhvnf; uRefawmfrSef;qum aysmfaerdonfuawmh trSef/

xkdYxuf...*E¦0ifNrdKUol arMunfvGifcsKdu uRefawmf

a&muf&SdvmrnhftaMumif; BudKwifíaMu;eef;pmwpfapmif

ydkYxm;cJhonfqkdjyefawmh...

pOf;pm;p&mawGu trsm;BuD;...ESifh..

aMomf..e,fESiftjypf'PfaMumifh rJZma&TvDqDa&muf

cJh&avaom vuf0JokE&trwfBuD;ESifh rwlnDaom a,mrJZm

NrdKifc&D;onf uRefawmf&JjrifhvdIifygay/

twdwfu t&dyfvkdygvmcJhtwdwfu t&dyfvkdygvmcJhtwdwfu t&dyfvkdygvmcJhtwdwfu t&dyfvkdygvmcJhtwdwfu t&dyfvkdygvmcJh

olwkdYwpfawGtdrfodkY jyefoGm;cJhMuNyD;í uRefawmfbk&m;

0wfjyKjzpfcJhonf/ aMu;pnf½dkuf trQawGa0NyD;csdef uRefawmf

tdyf,m0ifawmh n (10) em&Dxkd;NyD;cJhNyD/\

ESpfxyfwkdufcHtdrfBuD;ay:0,f uRefawmfwpfa,muf

wnf;tdyf&onf/ OD;av;odef;wkdYrdom;pk um;atmufxyfwGif

olwkdYtcef;ESifh olwkdYjzpfMuonf/ ntdyfnae {nfhonfrsm;

a&mufvmwnf;cdkMuvQif tdrftay:xyfrSmyif ae&may;NrJ

[kajymcJhonf/ OD;av;odef;wkdYrdom;pku þodkYyiftdyfaeus[k

qdkcJhonf/ &yfa0;u {nhfonfrsm; vma&mufrSomvQif tdrf

tay:xyfudk toHk;jyKovkdrsK d;jzpf&onf/ tay:xyfü

bk&m;cef;? bk&m;ausmif;aqmifawmfxm;&Sdonf/ NyD;awmh

tdyfcef;oHk;cef;xm;&Sdavonf/ odkYjzpfí q&mrBuD;vdIifajymjy

csuft& jrwfpGmbk&m;ociftm; qGrf;? yef;? a&csrf;? qDrD;udpö

ESifh ntcgbk&m;0wfjyKMuaom tcsdefrsm;rSwyg; tdrftay:

xyfonf jyLwif;wHcg;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfxm;avhr&Sd/ odkYayr,fh

aeYpOfawmh wHrsufpnf;vSJ Murf;wkdufjcif;awmh 0wå&m;rysuf

[kqkdygonf/

ta&SUt&yfudkacgif;jyKí tdyf&mukwifudk pDpOfxm;

onf/ vuf0JbufaxmifhwGifjzpfonf/ acgif;&if;bufESifh

ab;bufwGif vG,fvG,fulul wHcg;zGifhí&onf/ acgif;&if;

buf jyLwif;wHcg;udkzGifhvkdufawmh jymodkvjynhfcgeD; v\

tvif;a&mifu &Tef;vufom,maeonf/ tdrfNcH0dkif;odkYt0if

NcH0if;wHcg;BuD;teD;u tkef;yifwkdY&Sd tkef;oD;rsm;ESifh tkef;ckdif

rsm;udk va&mifjzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrifae&onf/ ESif;&nfwkdY

zsef;xm;aom tkef;vuf? tkef;&GufwkdYrsm; a&Tpufa&Tajymuf

a&T&nfaiG&nfaomufaeovdk jzpfaeonf/

tdyf&mukwifab;buf jyLwif;wHcg;udk zGifhvkdufaom

tcg [dk;...taemufbuf&Sd jym&nfrdIif;rdIif; taemuf½dk;r

20

21


Handbook-15

wHwkdif; csif;awmifwef;jrifhBuD;udk va&mifjzifhjrifawGU&onf/

teD;&S d o&ufyifrS opf&Gufwkd Yuvnf; wvufvufESif h

ta&mifawGu a&Ta&mifjzpfvkduf aiGa&mifjzpfvkdufESifh jzpf&

onf/ ESif;&nfwkdY usqif;cJhíjzpfonf/

]]om,mvSyvkdufwm}} [k uRefawmhfEIwfrS wD;wkd;

a&&Gwfrdvm&onftxd jzpf&onfESifh onfvkd½Icif;rsKd;udk ,ck

rSom xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jrifrdzl;&jcif;vnf;jzpf&onfrkdY tdyf&rnf

udk ESajrmovdkjzpfaerdonf/ ae0ifrsKd;csKyfonfESifh tdrfwdkif;

vkdvkdwHcg;awGydwfxm;Muonf/ at;vGef;í[k qkdonf/ ,ck

vnf; 0ef;usifudkMunhfae&if;rSmyif tat;"mwfu ½dkufcwf

vTrf;rkd;vmonfaMumifh jyLwif;wHcg;wkdYudkydwfcg tdyfawmhrnf

[k tdyf&mukwifay:0,f vSJvkdufrdawmhonf/

a&eHqDvomrSef rD;tdrfudkNidrf;um tdyf,m0ifcJhNyD/

awmfawmfESifh tdyfraysmfcJh? vmcJhNyD;aom &efukefrS xD;vif;NrdKU

odkY c&D;tm;pOf;pm;rd&wmaMumifhvnf;ygonf/ jzwfausmfcJh&

onfh tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;aom yHkawmifyHknmawmifwef;jrifhBuD;

wkdYudk jrifa,mifaerdonf/ uRefawmf½Hk;tzGJU0efxrf;wkdYu

ajymcJhMuaom pum;wkdYudkvnf; jyefvnfMum;a,mifvmrd&

jyefonf/

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cJh&wmqkdawmh taMumif;awmh{uef&Sdvdrfhr,fxifyg&JU...}}

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jrifa,mifxifa,mifvmrd&jyefawmhonf/

nTef Mum;a&;rSL; (pDrH) rS q&mOD;oef;azonf

tajymif;ta&TUudpöü tcuftcJrjzpfapa&;tvkdYiSm twwf

EdkifqHk; pDpOfay;cJhonf/ apwemrsm;pGmxm;wwfaom q&mu

arMunfvGifcsKdESifh uRefawmhfudk olY½Hk;cef;üawGUqHkay;cJhonf/

trSefu q&monf0efxrf;a&;&mESifh ywfoufvmvQif jrefrm

wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd zGifhvSpfNyD; pDrHudef;OD;pD;½Hk;rsm;? zGifhvSpf&ef

usefrsm;? NrdKUe,fpDrHudef;rSL;rsm;? 'k-NrdKUe,fpDrHudef;rSL;rsm;wdkY

tm; NrdKUe,ftrnfESifh vlyk*¾dKvftrnfudkyg rvGJEkdifavmuf

atmif odxm;onf[kajymí&onhf tBuD;tuJwpfOD;ygay/

q&mOD;oef;azonf apwema&m oabmxm;yg

aumif;onhftjyif ½dk;om;wnfMunfvSonf/ vkdtyfonfrsm;

vkdtyfrnfrsm;udk ulnDay;wwfavhvnf;&Sdonf/ tpkd;&Xme

BuD;wpfckwGif tBuD;qHk;nTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyfBuD;ukd 0efxrf;wkdif;

od&Sdxm;wwfMuouJhodkY q&mOD;oef;aztm;vnf; odaeMu

onf/ q&mOD;oef;azonf 0efxrf;rsm;udk omreftcsdefrsm;

wGif OD;? a':wyfí ac:avhr&SdbJ cifrif&if;ESD;aomoabm?

vlwef;pm;rcGJjcm;wwfaom oabmrsKd;jzifh udk? r b,fol

b,f0g[lí csKdomMunfat;aomtoHjzifh y#doE¨m&jyKum

ac:qkdwwfonfh cifrifp&m cspfp&mav;pm;p&m q&mygay/

]]uJ arMunfvGifcsKd? 'Du udk&JjrifhvdIifwJh? vltiftm;pDrH

udef;a&;qGJa&;u@ (Man Power Planning Section) uaygh?

udk&Ju &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdw,f? olYqE´t& arMunfvGifcsKd&JU

xD;vif;NrdKUudk tajymif;ta&TU (Transfer) ,lwJhol? orD;u

22 23


Handbook-16

olYudkwwfEkdiforQ ajymjyulnDay;apvkdygw,f/ udk&Ju vlawmf

wpfOD;ygyJ? 'Dvkdac:awGUajymjy&wmuvJ q&mwkdY&JU pDrHudef;

a&;qGJa&;Xmeqkdwmu twwfEdkifqHk;csdefnd§NyD; zGifhvSpfqJyJaygh?

XmeydkiftaqmuftOD;? NrdKUe,fOD;pD;t&m&Sdaetdrfqkdwm wkdY

uvJqkdawmh NrdKUe,fawGrSm aea&;xkdifa&;udpö tcuftcJ

wpfcsKdU&Sdae&w,f/

vufa&wjyifpD;qkdwmvdk nDtpfudkarmifESrozG,f

pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; oabmtaeeJY wpfOD;udkwpfOD; ,dkif;yif;tul

tnDay;EkdifMuapvdkYygyJuG,f/

[k txufygtwkdif; q&muajymay;cJhonf/

odkYESifh arMunfvGifcsKdudk yxrOD;qHk; teD;uyfawGUodcGifh

&cJhonf/

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nDaxGpGm tqkdyg rdef;uav;onf MunfMunfomom pdwf

oabmxm;? vSycspfMunfcsifp&m tNyHK;ydkif&Sif? csKdomaom

pum;ajymoHav;ESifh udkufnDvSonf/

cifrif&if;ESD;&rItp oabmtaejzifh olrESifhuRefawmf

onf bm;vrf; (r[mAE¨Kv yef;NcHvrf;) &Sd ]]a&Trif;orD;}}

vufzuf&nfqkdifodkY oGm;a&mufcJhMuum ESpfOD;om;pum;awG

ajymjzpfcJhMuonf/ vufzuf&nfaomuf rkefYpm;&if;? &if;ESD;

oGm;Mu&ygonf/

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vmcJhonfh olYtoHudk uRefawmfuyifpwifí tac:ta0:udk

jyifay;jzpfonf/ Xmewdkif; 0efxrf;tcsif;csif;vnf;jzpfum

olpdrf;rsm;vnf; r[kwfMuojzifh rpdrf;MuavonhfoabmESifh

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wm MumcJhNyDrkdYyg}} [k &if;ESD;rIjyKcJhjzpfygonf/

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&efukefpD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvfBuD;wGif wufa&mufynmoif,lcJh

zl;MuolwdkYvnf; jzpfcJhMuygvsuf rqHkqnf;jzpfcJhMu/ uRefawmf

u olrxuf (3) ESpfapmum bGJU&cJholjzpfonf/ uRefawmfu

(Day) aeY ausmif;om; ac: &efukefausmif;om;jzpfum olr

rSme,frSausmif;oljzpfí taqmifaecGif h&oljzpf&onf/

wpfzef twef;csif; ESpfcsif;rwlojzifhvnf; rodruRrf;jzpfcJh

Mu&jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ awGUqHkMu&ef qHkEdkifcGifh&Sdygvsuf uH

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ausmif;awmfBuD;u bGJU&cJ h NyD;aemuf jrefrmEk difiH

0efxrf;a&G;cs,favhusifha&;tzGJUu ac:,lcJhaom &mxl;0if

tifwmAsL;rsm;udk a&;ajz? EIwfajz ajzqkdatmifjrifcJhNyD; tvkyf

cefYxm;awmhvnf; uRefawmfu olrxufapmum 0efxrf;jzpf

cJh&onf/ 0efBuD;rsm;½Hk;&Sd pDrH b@m0efBuD;Xmevufatmuf

pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&; OD;pD;Xme (½Hk;csKyf) wGif tvkyf0ifawmhvnf;

uRefawmfu olrxuf (3) ESpfapmíaeonf/

onftxJ 0efBuD;rsm;½Hk;BuD;twGif;&Sd uRefawmfwkdY½Hk;csKyf

qkdonfuvnf; u@awGursm;? tcef;awGu rsm;vSonf/

24

25


Handbook-17

ajrnDxyfrSmvnf; &Sdonf/ tay:xyfrSmvnf; &Sdonf/ onf

odkYES,fjzpf&onfomru jzpfcsifawmh olrutay:xyfwGif

&Sd u@rsm;rSm wm0efusonfrdkY ajrnDxyfrSm wm0efausaom

uRefawmfESifh uawmfawmfESifh rqHkawGUjzpfovkd jzpfMu&av

onf/

½Hk;csKyfrSm (5) ESpfyif &SdcJh&NyDjzpfaom uRefawmfhtm;

vnf; uRefawmfhabmf'g taygif;toif;wpfcsKdU\ ajymoHudk

awmh uRefawmfMum;zl;cJhovkdvkdawmh&Sdonf/ topfcefYtyf

vmcJhaom 'kwd,-pDrHudef;rSL; rdef;uav;awGxJrSmawmh

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jrefrmqefqefav;ESifh tifrwefacsmvSonf[k ajymMuonf

udk Mum;rdonf/

odkYayr,fh olr ESifh uRefawmfonf awhawhqkdifqkdif

uGJuGJjym;jym; rSwfrSwfom;om;awmh rawGUjzpfcJhrd[k uRefawmf

xifonf/ ajymvkduajymapawmh[kom ajym&awmhrnhf

taMumif;omjzpfawmhonf/ uRefawmfhrSmvnf; ½Hk;uqif;vQif

EkdifiHjcm;bmomwuúokdvfudk nydkif;tcsdefydkif; ausmif;wufcGifh

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bmom&yfudk,lum wufa&mufynmoif,laeol wpfOD;vnf;

jzpfae&jcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpf&ygonf/

rnfodkYyifjzpfap ckawmh uHMur®mt& qHkvmMu&ygNyD/

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twGuf tdyfrufvSvSrufEkdifygap[k qkawmif;&if;u rMumrD

rSmyif uRefawmftdyfaysmfoGm;cJh&avawmhonf/

26 27


Handbook-18

ol&JNrdKU (ac:) xD;vif;NrdKUol&JNrdKU (ac:) xD;vif;NrdKUol&JNrdKU (ac:) xD;vif;NrdKUol&JNrdKU (ac:) xD;vif;NrdKUol&JNrdKU (ac:) xD;vif;NrdKU

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ajymcsifawmhonf/ rxívnf; rjzpf/ udk,hfrdbudk,hftdrf

udk,fh,mr[kwf[laom todpdwfu Edk;qGojzifh vl;vJumx

jzpfcJh&onfESifh rdbwkdYaus;Zl;udk atmufarhvmrd&ao;onf/

rdbarwåmudkydkí odem;vnfvmrd&onf/

tdrftay:xyfMurf;jyif? atmufxyfodkYtqif;avScg;?

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vmMuolawG}}

]]aMomf...[kwfuJh [kwfuJhygcifAsm}}...[k uRefawmf

acgif;ndwfrdonf/

]]'Dvkd...udk&Ja&...'Du OD;Munfwifh? ZeD;jzpfolu

a':arvGifjrifhwJh? tv,fwef;jyq&meJY q&mrwkdYaygh/ olwkdY

rSm orD;av;wpfa,muf xGef;um;w,f/ tJ'Dh orD;av;u

&efukefrSmt&m&Sdrav;qkdygawmh? nwkef;u udk&JwynfhawG

ajymMuwJhpum;xJrSmvJygNyD;om;? udk&J 'DNrdKUudkajymif;a&TU

a&muf&Sdvmr,fhhtaMumif; oHBudK;pmudk BudKwifay;ydkYcJhol[m

'Du q&m? q&mrwkdY&JU orD;yJaygh...}}

]]aMomf...aMomf...}} [kom todtrSwfjyKrd&if;

av;pm;orIjyK&moabmESihfvnf; uRefawmfacgif;ndwfum

&SdaerdcJhonf/

]]udk&Ja&...'Du qwfxrif; (qwfqefESifh aumuf

n§if;qeftjzLa&maESmí aygif;xm;)? b,maMumf? Al;oD;aygif;

aMumfwkdYu q&mq&mrwdkYu udk&Jpm;zkdY,lvmay;MuwmuGJU/

'Du xrif;aMumfffylylav;eJY ,kefom;aMumfu OD;av;odef;wkdY

tdrfu pDpOfxm;wm at;at;aq;aq;pm; jznf;jznf;pm;?

rdwfqufpum;awGajymqkdMu&if;ayghuG,f...}} [laom

OD;av;odef;\ pum;oH/

28

29


Handbook-19

]]aus;Zl;wif&ygw,fAsm...azmfa&GwJhtodpdwfeJY ckvkd

wul;wu,laqmifum a&mufvmMuwmudkyJ uRefawmfu

xyfrHaus;Zl;wifaMumif; pum;qkdyg&ap...}} [k qdkrdonf/

rwfwyf&yfaeMu&if;rS tm;vHk;xkdifjzpfMuonf/

]]cPaemf...OD;eJY a':a':wkdY}} [kajymum tdrftay:

xyf&Sd&mwufcJh txkyfwpfxkyfudkqGJum jyefqif;cJhonf/

]]'gu &efukefvufaqmifyg...ykpGefajcmufygcifAsm..

OD;eJY a':a':wkdYrdom;pktwGuf rdwfqufvufaqmifqkdygawmh

nuvJ uRefawmfhrdwfaqGeJY uRefawmfh0efxrf;awGudk ay;NyD;yg

NyD...'DrSmu ykpGefajcmufu &Sm;w,f? aps;BuD;w,fqkdvkdY..}}

txufyguJhodkYajym&if;u uRefawmfonf olwkdYtm;

ykpGefajcmufxkyfudk vufaqmiftjzpfay;tyfcJhonf/

]]tm;em;p&muG,f...ta0;BuD;u o,fvm&w,fvdkY

...}} [k a,musfm;jzpfoluajymqJrSmyif ZeD;jzpfoluvnf;

]]tef;...'DbufrSmawmh ykpGefajcmufu&Sm;wmtrSef

yJ? aps;vJjrifhw,f/ q&may;wJh ykpGefajcmufudk Amvacsmif

aMumfvkyfNyD; OD;OD;zsm;zsm; q&mawmfBuD;ausmif;udk qGrf;[if;

ydkY&r,f...}} [k ajymcJhao;onf/

]]aMomf...q&m q&mrwdkYcifAsm...uRefawmfhudk

q&mvkdYrac:bJ udk&JvdkYbJac:Ekdifygw,f/ emrnftjynhftpHk

uawmh ]]&JjrifhvdIif}} yg/ azaz OD;&JacgifjrifheJY arara':nGefY

nGefYvdIifwdkY&JUom;wpfOD;yg/ azaz ararwdkYu i,fi,fuwnf;

u 'DaeYwkdifatmif uRefawmfhudk ]]udk&J}} vkdYyJac:Muwm/

ausmif;aepausmif;tyfawmhrS &JJjrifhvdIifvkdYrSnfhac:cJhMuwm

yg/ uRefawmfeJY odMucifrifMuolawGuvJ ]]udk&J}} vkdYyJac:a0:

Muwmrsm;ygw,f...}}

onfodkY uRefawmfuajym...olwdkYuvnf; ]]0ifyg?

xGufyg? vmvnfyg? vkdtyfwm&Sd&ifvJajymjyyg...wwfpGrf;

orQ ulnDay;yghr,f...}} [k tjyeftvSefajymqkdMu&if;u

eHeuftdyf,mx tapmpmudk uRefawmfpm;onf/ olwkdYZeD;

armifESHonfvnf; OD;av;odef;wkdYESifh pum;pjrnfajym a&aEG;

Murf;aomuf&if; pum;vufqHkawG uscJhMuao;onf/

olwkdYZeD;armifESHonf olwkdYtdrfodkY jyefcgeD;wGif pmtkyf

wpftkyfvufaqmifay;onf/ EIwfqufpum;qkd&if;...

]]udk&J...ckvdk a&mufvmwJhwpfckduf xD;vif;qkdwJh

a&S;a[mif;NrdKUav;? &mZ0ifxJu NrdKUav;taMumif;udk odap

csifvdkY OD;u,lvmcJhwm...at;at;aq;aq; zwfMunhfyg

OD;...}}

]]aMomf...[kwfuJhyg cifAsm...aus;Zl;wifygw,f..

uRefawmfuvJ odcsifaewm MumygNyD wu,fhudk aus;Zl;wif

&ygw,fcifAsm..}}

olwkdYZeD;armifESH jyefoGm;cJhMuawmh tdrf\rD;zdkaqmif

&Sd&mrS nDtpfroHk;azmfwkdY uRefawmfhxHa&mufvmcJhMuonf/

]]q&m OD;&J &Sifh...olwkdYorD; rrarMunfvGifcsKdu

tawmfacsmwm vSwmaemf...OD;OD;q&meJY aumif;aumif;

odvm;...cifvm;? rrarcsKd&JU rdbESpfyg;qdkwmu orD;wdkY&JU

30

31


Handbook-20

q&m? q&mrawGav pmtoiftjyvJawmfMuw,f/ oabm

apwemvJaumif;Muw,f&Sifh}}

tBuD;r eef;jrifhvdIifu þodkYES,fpum;qkdvmcJhonf

ESifh...

]]uJ...pkef;ua0ra&...OD;udk q&mvdkYrac:eJYawmh/

OD;&JvdkYac:csifac: tudkav;vkdY ac:csifac: [kwfzl;vm;..}}

]][kwfuJhyg tudkav; &Sifh}} wJh

]]at;...at;...tpfudkr&SdwJholav;awGrdkY OD;&Ju

tudkav;jzpf&wm 0rf;omw,f/ eef;yxr? eef;'kwd,? eef;

wwd, wkdYa&...}}

olwkdYvnf;NyHK; uRefawmfvnf;NyHK;&TifpGm &SdaecJhMu&av

onf/ NyD;awmh arMunfvGifcsKdESifhuvnf; onfudkvmcgeD;rS

awGUcJh& cifrifcJh&onfhtaMumif;udk ajymjyay;vdkuf&ayonf/

xkdaeYu pae½Hk;ydwf&ufjzpfíwpfaMumif;? um;pD;cJh&

aom EGrf;e,frI'PfaMumifhwpfaMumif;aMumifh uRefawmfonf

aetdrfrSwjcm;odkY roGm;jzpfcJh? reufzefa&mufawmhrS nDtpfr

oHk;azmfESifhtwl xD;vif;wpfNrdKUvHk;udk vSnhfywfavhvmawmh

rnf[k olwkdYawGudkajymxm;onf/ a&aEG;Murf;aomuf&if;u

apmapmuay;xm;cJhaom pmtkyfudkpwifum zwfjzpfonf/

]xD;vif;NrdKU a&TuGeftkyfbk&m;orkdif;}} [k trnfwyf

um bk&m;BuD;a*gyutzGJU tusKd;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;xGef;BuD;

u jyKpka&;om;xm;\/ ed'gef;rSmyif ]]xD;vif;NrdKUorkdif;

a&;jyefvQifvnf; a&TuGeftkyfbk&m;orkdif;rygvQifrNyD; tNrJ

'GefwGJvsuf&Sdjyef&um;}} [k azmfjyxm;av\/ jrefrmwkdYrSm

]]jrefrmESifh yk*H}} cGJjcm;ír&ovkd ]]xD;vif;ESifh a&TuGef½kyfapwD

awmf}} onf cGJjcm;írjzpf[k qkdxm;ay\/

xD;vif;NrdKUav;\ &mZ0ift& rlvtac:rSm (ol&JNrdKU)

[kqkd\/ NrdKUwnfonhfckESpfrSm aumZmouú&mZf (110) ck?

omoemouú&mZf (1292) ckk[kod&\/ a&S;u uav;aus;

awmifndKt&yf t&drn (,ck &mZN*dK[f)rS vma&mufwnfcJh

onf[k qkd\/ yk*Hjynf a&Tavmif;rif;vufxuf eef;ouf

av;ESpfajrmufaomf ]]apmfbGm;rif; eE´&mZm}} trnf&S d

apmfbGm;BuD;wnfonhfNrdKU[k qkdxm;av\/ ,ckrsufarSmuf

xD;vif;NrdKU\ taemufawmifbuf (2 rk difcG J)cef YtuGm

armacsmif;\ ta&SUbufwGifjzpf\/ Mumaomfarmacsmif;

a&vrf;aMumif;ajymif;cJ hojzif h ,cktcg armacsmif;\

taemufbufukef;jrifhrkdYrkdYwGif[kqkd\/

ouú&mZf (453) ckESpfwGif yk*Hjynfh&Sif tavmif;pnfol

rif;wkdif;cef;vSnfhvnfawmfrlvmpOf a,majrt&yfa'oodkY

a&mufvmcJh\/ armacsmif;twkdif; azmifawmfpBuFmjzifh qef

wufcJh\/ xkdt&yfa'oodkYa&muf&Sd uGef;axmufem;aecdkuf

azmifpBuFmOD;&Sd urÁKxD;jzLawmf tvkdvkdyGifhvif;vmawmfrl

onfESifh tqkdyga'oudk ]]xD;vif;}} [kac:wGiforkwfapcJh\/

armacsmif;a&tvsOf azmifawmfOD;0,f Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\

"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;u a&Tig;Muif;a,mifwlpGmaqmifí

uGefYjrL;onfudk ½dk;½dk;uGefjzifhzrf;aomfr&cJh/ ykPÖm;jzL? ykPÖm;ndK

32

33


Handbook-21

[l;&m;ynm&SifwkdYwGufcsufrIt& a&TuGefESifh tkyfzrf;apawmh

rS&cJ h\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ "mwfawmfarGawmfwkd Ytm;

Xmyemí od&d"r®maomurif;BuD; wnfxm;cJhaom apwD

a[mif;ae&müyif XmyemoGif;NyD;vQif apwDawmfwnfapcJh\/

a&TuGefESifh tkyfzrf;rS&onhf"mwfawmf arGawmfwkdYukd Xmyem

jcif;aMumifh ]]a&TuGeftkyfapwDawmf}} [k urÁnf;xkd;rSwf

xD;vif;NrdKUt&yf orkwdynwfawmfrlcJhap\/

'kwd,xD;vif;NrdKUonf yk*Haejynfawmf odef;cGefrif;\

om;awmfa&Tavmif;rif; (yk*Hrif;quf (55) qufwGif (28)

qufajrmuf) eef;wufNyD; av;ESpftMum aumaZmouú&mZf

(110) ESpf? waygif;vjynhfausmf (5) &uf Ak'[l;aeYü apmfbGm;

eE´&mZmwnfcJhaom xD;vif;NrdKUtm; apmfbGm;tqufquf

qufcHcJh\/ om;awmforEÅ&mZm? aemufyknpnfol ponf

jzifhqufcH\/ xkdYaemuf apmfbGm;rif;qufrSm ESpfaygif; (300)

ausmfjzwfaecJhonf[kqkd\/ yk*Haejynf yk*HEkdifiHawmfBuD;

ysufNyD;aemuf cef;ywfapmfbGm;tkyfcsKyfcJhaom xD;vif;NrdKUum;

apmfbGm;qufjywfjyefcJh\/

[Hom0wD bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf ouú

&mZf (933) ckESpfü rkd;aumif;apmfbGm;BuD;\om; OD;apmeHudk

xD;vif;apmfbGm;cefYtyfcJhonfrS ouú&mZf (1119) ckESpfwGif

awmifwGif;pm;bGJUcH apmfbGm;OD;usHtxd apmfbGm; (8) quf

tkyfcsKyfcJh\/

]]tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD; OD;atmifaZ,svufxuf

ouú&mZf (1120) ckESpfwGif ,ckxD;vif;NrdKUae&modkY ajymif;

a&TUcJh\/ OD;usHonf ¤if;nDt&if; oD&dpnfolausmfxifbGGJU&

twGif;0efOD;NzdK;? *kdPf;tkyfq&mawmf toQifaZmw,EÅpaom

ynm&Sdyk*¾dKvfwkdYESifh wkdifyifí ykPÖm;ynm&SdwkdY\ wGufcsufay;

aomtcgt& ouú&mZf (1120) ckESpf? 'DC-122? &ó?

waygif;vjynhfausmf (1) &uf? Ak'¨[l;aeY ae0ifausmftcsdefü

pD&ifzG,ftvHk;pHkESifhwuG wmaygif; 273? awmifaygif; 1953?

rkdufaygif; 5859? vufopfaygif; 46872? tus,ft0ef;&Sd

í we*FaEGaxmifh em&Dwkdif? &m[kaxmifh e&Dwkdifrsm;ESifh ta&SU

rsufESmwGif Ë´mwHcg;? awmifrsufESmwGif ukef;jrifhwHcg;?

taemufrsufESmwGif aZ,smwHcg;? ajrmufrsufESmwGif 0Hom

wHcg;? ¤if; (8) XmewkdYudk (NrdKU) [kac:qkd\/ Xmewpfcktjzpf

owfrSwfí ausmif;? odrf? ½Hk;? tdrf? ewfuGef; ¤if; (5) XmewkdYudk

wpfNydKifeufwnf; wnfaqmufíNyD;avonf...}} [k

xD;vif;NrdKUwnf orkdif;wGifazmfjyxm;av\/

xkdYaMumifh ,ckrsufarSmufüwnf&Sdaeaom þxD;vif;

NrdKUonf ,cifNrdKUa[mif;ae&mrS ajymif;a&TUí NrdKUa[mif;\

trnfjzpfonhf (xD;vif;) NrdKUudkyif xyfqifhcH,lNyD;vQif emr

ynwfowfrSwfum wnfaxmifcJ h jcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,

xD;vif;NrdKUyif jzpfayawmh\/

yxrxD;vif;NrdKUtaMumif; yk*Hjynhf&Siftavmif;pnfol

rif;BuD;uausmufpm a&;xkd;xm;apcJhaom ausmufpmrl&if;

onf ukef;abmifacwf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;vufxufodkY

34

35


Handbook-22

a&mufvmcJh\/ xD;vif;NrdKUwnf apmfbGm;OD;usH\om; NrdKUol

BuD;OD;jrwfpHu tavmif;bk&m;OD;atmifaZ,s\ om;awmf

ti,fbkd;awmfOD;0dkif; ac: A'Hkri;fvufxufwGif ausmufpm

udkaejynfawmftr&yl&odkY ydk Yaqmifay;cJh&\/ ausmufpm

a[mif;rSm yk*Hacwfta&;tom;jzpfí aESmif;vlrsm;twGuf

t"dyÜm,frysuf&avatmif bkd;awmfpyfxkd;ausmufpm[k

jyifqifa&;om;apcJh\/ a&TuGeftkyfbk&m;ausmufpmum; ,ck

tcgrEÅav;NrdKU r[mrkedwHwkdif;twGif; bk&m;BuD;\taemuf

bufwGif wnf&SdaeaMumif;od&Sd&ay\/

txufygwkdYum; taxmuftxm;jynhfpHkpGm&Sdaom &mZ

0ifxJu xD;vif;NrdKUtaMumif;ygay/

acwfopfyx0D0ifoabmjzifh wifjy&ygvQif xD;vif;

NrdKUav;tm; aumif;pGmxifjrifvmEkdifygrnf/

jrefrmEkdifiHajryHkukdMunhfí ajym&ygu rauG;wkdif;

taemufajrmuf,Gef;,Gef;? rEÅav;NrdKUBuD;\ taemufwnhf

wnfheD;yg;wGif awGUjrifEdkifonf/ csif;½kd;rawmifwef;BuD;\

ta&SUbufwGif&Sd\/ ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f (94 'D*&D? 41 rdepf

8 puúefY) ESifh (94 'D*&D? 26 rdepf? 18 puúefYtMum;/ vwåDwG'f

rSm ajrmufvwåDwG'f (21 'D*&D? 24 rdepf? 8 puúefYESifh (21

'D*&D? 53 rdepf? 28 puúefYtMum; wnf&Sdonf/

ta&SUbufwGif aygufNrdKUe,f? awmifbufwGif aqm

NrdKUe,f? ajrmufbufwGif *efYa*gNrdKUe,fESifh taemufbufwGif

csif;jynfe,fwkdYESifh xdpyfvsuf&Sdonf/ NrdKUe,ftus,ft0ef;rSm

pwk&ef;rkdif (515) &Sdum ta&SU-taemuf (23) rkdifESifh

awmif-ajrmuft&Snf (34) rkdifcefY&Sdavonf/ &efukefNrdKUBuD;

ESifh rkdifaygif; (590) ausmfcefYtuGmwGif wnf&Sdayonf/

yifv,fESif h a0;uGmNyD; awmifwef;rsm;txyfxyf

umqD;aeonf/ yifv,fa&rsufESmyiftxuf (1385) ay

tjrifhwGifwnf&Sdaeaom NrdKUav;jzpfonf/ &moDOwktm;jzifh

wpfESpfywfvHk; yljyif;onhftcsdefonf wkdawmif;rI&Sdonf/

ESpfpOfrkd;a&csdefvu® (40 rS 60) twGif; &GmoGef;avh&Sdonf/

awmifay:opfawm? &Gufjywfa&mawm? tifwkdif;awmrsm;

[lí opfawmBuD;rsm;&SdNyD; uRef;? ysOf;uwkd;? ydawmuf?

tifMuif;? opf,m? &if;rm? tif? aESm? axmufBuHU? oif;0if?

vufyH? ½Hk;? opfap;? oeyfcg;? 0g; trsKd;rsKd;wkdYtjyif b,aq;

yifrsm;vnf; aygrsm;pGmaygufa&mufvsuf &Sdavonf/

xD;vif;NrdKUav;odkY vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm t"du

(2) ck&Sdonf/ yxrvrf;rSm rHk&Gm-ykvJ-*efYa*g tNrJwrf;oGm;

uwå&mvrf;ay:&Sd a&rsufeD&GmteD;rS z,fcGmumvm&aom

vrf;jzpfonf/ xkdz,fcGmvmaomvrf;rSm ajrvrf;jzpfum

xD;vif;NrdKUodkY (28) rdkifcefYa0;onf/ rHk&Gm-ykvJ-*efYa*gvrf;

twkdif; rkd;&moDwGifoGm;vmMu&onf/ ykvJNrdKUrSaeí yckuúL

NrdKUodkYoGm;í&onf/ xdkYaMumifh yckuúL-xD;vif;vrf;c&D; (ykvJ-

*efYa*gvrf;rS) um;aEGrdk;aqmif;oGm;vmí&NyD; (147) rkdif

a0;onf/

'kwd,vrf;c&D;rSm aqmif;ESifh aEG&moDwdkYwGif oGm;vm

36

37


Handbook-23

í&aom ajrom; (yckuúL-ayguf-xD;vif;) vrf;jzpfum (96)

rdkifa0;onf/

tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&ygvQif a&S;a&S;umvrsm;rS &mZ0if

xJu NrdKUuav;yifjzpf\/ pdrf;pdkvef;qef;aeonfh awmawG

awmifawG? jymvJhaeonfh rkd;aumifuif;BuD;? 0g*Grf;qkdifawGvdk

a&GUvsm;aeonfh wdrfawmifwdrfvdyfawGESifh ndKUrdIif;vsuf

vGrf;pzG,fNrdKUav;vnf;jzpfíaeavonf/

xdkYjyif..xD;vif;NrdKUav;onf...

rxifrSwfbJa&mufvdkYvmolrxifrSwfbJa&mufvdkYvmolrxifrSwfbJa&mufvdkYvmolrxifrSwfbJa&mufvdkYvmolrxifrSwfbJa&mufvdkYvmol

wm0ef0wå&m; vkyfxHk;enf;rsm;ESifhtnD wm0efvTJ

ajymif;jcif;tydkif;ESifh uRefawmfu vufcH,ljcif;tydkif;wdkY NyD;

pD;cJhNyD/ odkYjzpfí ,cifNrdKUe,fOD;pD;rSL;ESifhtwl ,ck OD;pD;rSL;

uRefawmfonf NrdKUe,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfaom NrdKUe,fygwD

,lepf? NrdKUe,fjynfolYaumifpD? vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;? w&m;pD&if

a&;? Oya'a&;&mtzGJUwdkY&Sd yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;xH "avht& oGm;

a&muf*g&0jyK EIwfquf&onf/ oduRrf;cifrif&if;ESD;rIudk tp

jyK&onf/ tm;vHk;vdkvdku azmfazmfa&Ga&G &SdvSonf/ ½kd;½kd;

om;om; rSefrSef&nf&nfawGom jzpfMuonf/ oabmxm;wdkY

aumif;yHk&onf[k uRefawmfxifjrifrdavonf/

yxrueOD; ½kH;pwuf&onfh &ufowåywf ½kH;zGifh&uf

twGif; uRefawmfonf aetdrfESifh½kH;? ½kH;ESifhaetdrfom jzpfae&

onf/ ½kH;odkY ajcvsifavQmufumoGm;onf/ pufbD;rpD;jzpf/

pufbD;rpD;jzpf&onfhtaMumif;udkvnf; ajymjyOD;rS jzpfrnf/

xdkpOfu xD;vif;NrdKUav;onf tdrfajc (588) ESifh

vlOD;a& (3100) om&Sdonf/ t"du &yfuGufBuD; 2 ckowf

rSwfxm;onf/ NrdKUv,f uwå&mvrf;rBuD;\ ta&SUbufydkif;

udk &yfuGuf (1)? taemufbufjcrf;udk &yfuGuf (2) [kac:

onf/ odkYayrJh trSeftm;jzifh 4 ydkif;&Sdonf[k ajymí&onf/

ajrmufukef;ydkif; (uefawmfav;) ESifh NrdKUuGuftopf azmfxkwf

xm;&m (uGufopf) ydkif;[lí NrdKUcHwdkYu cGJjcm;í ajymwwfMu

ao;onfhtwGufaMumifh av;ydkif;&Sdonf[k qdk&jcif;yifjzpf

onf/

NrdKU\ awmifbufydkif;rSjzpfap? ajrmufbufydkif;rSjzpfap

oGm;MuvmMu&&mwGif NrdKUv,favmufwGif NrdKUv,foHwHwm;

BuD;&Sdonf/ ukef;jrifhESpfckMum; tedrfhqHk;tydkif;wGif wnf

aqmufxm;onf/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh pufbD;pD;vQif awmif

bufydkif;qdkvQif awmifydkif;oefYoefY ajrmufbufydkif;qdkvQif

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awmfu &yfuGuf (2) wGif aexdkifNyD; NrdKUv,foHwHwm;BuD;\

awmifbufydkif;jzpfum uRefawmfh½kH;u oHwHwm;BuD;\ ajrmuf

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c&D;u pufbD;udk qif;wGef;um wuf&onf/ xdkYaMumifh uRefawmf

onf pufbD;rpD;jzpfacs/

a&mufcgp&ufrsm;wGif ½kH;ESifhtdrf? tdrfESifh½kH;? aeYESifhn

avmufudkom owdxm;rdovdk jzpf&onf/ ,if;wGif txl;

ojzifh owdxm;rd&onfuawmh nwmu &SnfvGef;vSonf[k

38 39


Handbook-24

taotcsmajymí &onf/ aqmif;vv,fvnf; jzpfaeonf/

uRefawmf rSwfom;xm;rdzl;aom taMumif;wpf&yfvnf; &Sd

onf/ urÇmajrmufjcrf;wGif usa&mufaeaom EdkifiHwdkYwGif

'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeYnwmonf t&SnfqHk;[k jrefrmEdkifiHa0'

tzGJUcsKyfu qdkxm;onf/ nae 4 em&DcefYqdkvQifyif rdk;ucsKyf

NyD/ csif;awmifwef;jrifhBuD;\ awmifajcwGif&Sdaeívm;rod?

aerif;BuD;u uG,fonfESifhtarSmifxku pdk;rdk;vmcJh&awmh

onf/ onftxJ vQyfppfrD;u rvif;Edkifao;aom NrdKUav;

jzpfaejyefawmh xD;vif;rJZmt&yf\ aqmif;nrsm;um;

&SnfvGef;vSacsawmhonf/

vomrSeftdrfESifh za,mif;wdkifudk tm;xm;um npm

pm;? n 8 em&DcefYqdkvQifyif wpfNrdKUvHk; wdwfqdwfNidrfouf

um qlqlnHnHtoHwdkY rMum;&awmh/ tat;"mwfudk umuG,f

&ef rdrdwdkY tdrfwHcg;rsm;tm; naerdk;csKyfvQifyif ydwfxm;Mu

um vrf;BudK vrf;Mum; vrf;rBuD;wdkY 0,f,lolenf;&onf/

½kyf&Sif½kHr&Sd? jrif;vSnf;r&Sd? qdkuúm;r&SdaomNrdKUav;jzpfonfrdkY

aqmif;umvnbufonf wdwfqdwfNidrfoufvGef;um &Sdae

avonf/

uRefawmfum; nbufa&mufvQif vomrD;tdrfjzifh pm

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r*¾Zif;a[mif;? 0w¬Kta[mif;awGudk iSm;&rf;apum zwfjzpf

onf/ nwdkif;eD;yg;vnf; ]]'Hkrif;} wD;cwfoDcsif;qdkrd&onf/

tdyf&m0if rD;rSdwf? rsufpdydwfaomfjim; csufjcif;qdkovdk

tdyfíraysmf? n 10 em&DausmfcefYqdkvQif armacsmif;taemuf

buf awmifpOfawmwef;qDrS qif;vmMuaom awmacG;[loH

wkdYum; aqmif;nOfh,Hnrsm;wkdif;rSm Mum;ae&onf/ Mumvm

aomf awmacG;awGu awmwef;ukef;jrifhrS qif;vmMuum

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a&mufvmavh&S donfudk cefYrSef;íodaewwfNyD/ acs(*sD)

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iSufuav;\ om,maomjrnfoHuvnf; nwkdif;vkdvkdMum;

ae&onf/ olwkdYawGum; xD;vif;qkdaom awmNrdKU? xkdYaemuf

awmifay:NrdKUav;u aqmif;nrsm;\ zGm;zufawmfrsm;[kajym

&rvm;rod? awmobm0 tqifwefqmawG[lívnf;

wifpm;íqkd&rnfxifonf/

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nrsm;wGif uRefawmfonf ckwifab;jyLwif;wHcg;udk tom

t,mzGifhMunhfrdvQifjzifh tat;"mwfu ododomompdrfhueJ

at;atmifaqmif;avu ,laqmifvmonf/ n..n udkif;

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BuD;rsm;ay:&Sd tjrifhydkif;opf&Gufrsm;rS atmufydkif;opf&Gufrsm;

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u,f&Tif&Tif yGifhzl;awGqifum yGifhcsifwkdif;yGifh? vScsifwkdif;vS

40

41


Handbook-25

qD;ESif;pdk&TJonfh tcgor,aywnf;/ oZif cGmndKoif;&eHYxHkí

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cdkufwrQ csrf;aomat;jraom aqmif;jzpfaeonf/ ]]rcsrf;yg

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vmcJhaom AE¨Kvaqmif? csnfapmifESifhr&avmuf[kqkdum

bBuD;odef;wkdYuxkwfay;vmcJhonfh *Grf;aqmifESifh a,mwif;

wdrfapmiftrnf& csnfxnfapmifBuD;oHk;xnftygt0if pkpk

aygif;apmif ig;xnftxyfxyf NcHKxm;cJhonfyifvQif tat;

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azmfvQif vufuat;&onfudk ay:onfESifhcsufjcif;od&onf

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uRefawmfhtzkdY nwmt&SnfqHk;v tat;qHk; tcsrf;qHk;vudk

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vjymodkudk &moDtvkd rum&[kqdk\/ zkoQeu©wfESifh

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um vrf;avQmufjzpfawmhonf/

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onf/ ESif;jrLawGu xHk;pHtwkdif;zHk;vTrf;um ydwfqD;íaeonf/

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xGufvd k Yomaeawm honf/ vlpi fpp fu

e*g;jzpfvm&NyDqkd&awmh rvdkyif/

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tkd;rsm;wkdYwGif&Sdaeaom a&wkdYonftay:,Hwif;íaeonf/

naeydkif; ½Hk;uqif;vQif armacsmif;wGifuRefawmfa&csKd;onf/

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a&aEG;ESifhpyfum a&csKd;ukd,fvufoefYpif&jcif;rsKd; jzpf&awmh

onf/ a[ref\at;pdrfhrIu ajrmufjyefavESifhtwl tonf;

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tcsrf;ESifh tvGrf;udk vrf;avQmuf&if;u owd&rdvmonf/

42 43


Handbook-26

tvGrf;tuJqHk;ESifh tcsrf;toJqHk; a,m&yfrJZm xD;vif;NrdKU

av;\ aqmif;&ufrsm;udk BuHKae&ol uRefawmfhrSmawmh udk,fh

qEÉSifh udk,frkdYomjzpfí tjypfajymírjzpfawmh/ &efukefudk

jrefajy;csifpdwfu ay:vmrdcJhonfuawmh trSef? qE´\&nf

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onfvkdESifh xD;vif;wpfNrdKUvHk;udkvnf; ESHYESHYpyfpyfa&muf

cJh odEdkifcJh&ygNyD/ NrdKUe,f&SdygwD? aumifpDuzdwfMum;aom

tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;? Xmewdk Y\ vkyfief;qkdif&mudpö&yfESif h

oufqkdifaom tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;? tm;upm;yGJqkdif&m tpnf;

ta0;yGJrsm;? vlrIa&;? omoema&;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom tpnf;

ta0;yGJrsm; ponfwkdYudk wufa&muf&jcif;ESifhtwl Xmeqkdif&m

tBuD;tuJrsm;ESifhvnf; jrefjrefqefqef odvm&ovkdjzpf&

awmhonf/

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aomtm;jzifh jynfolYaumifpDESifh teD;uyfpyfqkdif qufoG,f

tm;jyKaqmif&Guf&jcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/

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aMumuf&w,fAs odvm;..cifAsm;uawmh wu,fygyJ.../

44

45


Handbook-27

rauG;a&mufcdkuf zkef;qufvkdufygOD;/ trBuD;u udk&Judk

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46

47


Handbook-28

a&mufaomf ½Hk;twGif;&Sd pm;yGJtvGwfwpfckay:0,f pm;p&m

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NrdKUe,fpDrHudef;rSL;tjzpf wm0efeJY ajymif;a&TUvmcJhwmygq&m}}

...qkdaompum;ygay/

48 49


Handbook-29

onfodkYajymqkdvmjcif;ESifh wygwnf; &efukef (A[kd

½Hk;csKyf) rS e,fajymif;trdefYpmudk uRefawmfhxHay;tyfvmcJh

onf/

]]½Hk;csKyfrSm tajymif;ta&TUatmf'gatmuf (Order Out)

wmeJY OD;&JjrifhvdIif&JU 'knTefrSL;tarBuD; (ararpk) u uRefrudk

ac:awGUwm? uRefrudkvJ aoaocsmcsmMunhfaevdkufwm

uRefrpdwfxJ wpfrsKd;jzpf&ao;&JU.../

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xD;vif;NrdKUol tppfyJvm;? arG;&yfajrZmwdrSm ckxufwkdif

aexkdifaeolyJvm;}}

[k pum;awGar;vmcJhonf[k ajymvmcJhonf/

]][kwfygw,f&Sif...uRefrarG;zGm;&m ZmwdvJjzpf? ckxd

wkdifvJ rdbESpfyg;wkdY&Sd&m xD;vif;NrdKUrSmaexkdifqJ jzpfygw,f

&Sifh...}}

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ydkNyD;awmif oabmusao;w,f...xD;vif;NrdKUolrS [kwfyg

&JUvm;vdkY? ewfwkdYwkdif;jynfursm; a&mufvmw,fxif&w,f/

tawmfhudkacsmwJh vSwJholav;rkdY...}}

[k 'k nTefrSL;BuD;u aphaphMunhfum ajymvmawmh

arMunfvGifcsK drSm raewwf rxkdifwwfqkdouJhod k YES,f

&SufaoG;awGjzmum acgif;iHkYaerd&ao;onf[kvnf; &,f&,f

armarmajymcJhao;onf/

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w,fxifygh/ udk&Jwpfa,mufawmh Asmrsm;&OD;awmhrSmygyJ/

orD;ue,fajrcHrdk Y udk&Judkapmifha&Smufay;ygaemf/ udk&Ju

pdwf&if;vJtvGefaumif;wmuGJU/ ulnDwwf ,dkif;wwfwwf

aysmfaysmfaewwf oabmaumif;wJh pdwf"mwft&if;cHeJYrkd Y

wpfaMumif;? t&G,fuvJ i,fao;? bGJU&½kyfacsm olYrdbrsm;

uvJ csrf;omolawG ynmwwfawGjzpfjyef? udk&Ju Opömayg

½kyfacsmt&m&SdvJ jzpfjyefqkdawmh pdk;&drfw,fuGJU...rawmf

wa&mfawG rjzpfapcsifbl;/ aemiftem*wfrSmvJ &mxl;BuD;BuD;

eJY wm0efBuD;BuD;awGudk xrf;aqmifEkdifr,fholayyJrkdY vJygw,f}}/

½kH;csKyfu rluvJyJ NrdKUe,ftawGUtBuHKr&Sdao;&if &mxl;

BuD;BuD;awGtwGuf &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhray;bl;qdkawmh ole,fudk

ajymif;a&TUjzpfwm trSefu olYudk &efukefwdkif;twGif;u NrdKU

e,fwpfckckudk ajymif;a&TUay;rdkYygyJ.../

udk&J udk,fwdkifuyJ a,mapou xD;vif;NrdKUudk pdwf0if

pm;owJh? xD;vif;udkyJ oGm;csifowJh...]]ysL}} qdkvm;? ]]awmifom;}}

qdkvm; vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;udk okawoejyKcsifavhvmcsifw,fqdk

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at;av.. olYazazuvJ ordkif;Xmeu t&m&SdBuD;

wpfOD;ayudk;/ olYararuvJ wuúodkvfwpfcku ordkif;uxdu

aygh... ararpkeJYcifrif&if;vJjzpf nDtpfr0rf;uGJvJjzpf..

nDtpfrt&if;awGvdkyJ cspfMu&wm.../

udk&J&JU qEúdkvJ 'DuorD;av;u yHhydk;ulnDay;apvdkyg

w,fuG,f... udk&Ju ]]ordkif;bmomudka&m pD;yGm;a&;bmom

50

51


Handbook-30

&yfudka&m odyfpdwf0ifpm;wJhol.../

at;av... ordkif;tpOfudk rarhwm? ordkif;udkazmf

xkwfwm? ordkif;udktpOfxdef;odrf;wm? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk

awGtcsif;csif; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIudk jzpfapwm.. awG[m

trsKd;*kPf? Zmwd*kPfjrifhrm;a&;eJY ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;?

trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pmrsm; raysmufrysufatmif xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smufa&;wdkYtwGuf r&Sdrjzpf&SdygrS? rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf&Sif

oefxufjrufrSmaygh.. 'grSvJ jynfaxmifpkBuD; rNydKuGJrSm?

tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifNrJrSmav... uRef;eJYudkif;wnf

rSDwJhyrmayghuG,f.../

udk&Ju wpfaumif<uufwpfrsufESmqdkwmvdk orD;wdkY&JU

xD;vif;NrdKUav;rSm &if;&if;ESD;ESD;todtuRrf;vJr&SdbJeJY qEtwGuf

vkyfief;½kH;twGuf owåd&Sd&SdeJYoGm;wmudkyJ tHhMord&w,f...

wu,fygyJuG,f.../

uJ...uJ a&mufvkd&mvrf;c&D;qHk;odkYwkdif ab;roD

&efrc cvkwfrxd ql;rNidyJa&muf&SdEdkif&um EkdifiHhwm0efrsm;

udkvJ ausausyGefyGef xrf;aqmifEkdifwJh 0efxrf;aumif;jzpfEdkif

ygap/ rdbq&morm;eJY udk,fhxufBuD;jrifhwJh vlBuD;t&m&Sd

vlBuD;olrawG&JU jynhfpHkrSefuefwJh pum;awGudkem;axmifvsuf

teaEÅmteEÅig;yg;udk tpOfrarhwJh vdr®ma&;jcm;&SdwJh orD;

tvdr®mav;jzpfygapuG,f...jrefrmrdefuav; yDoygap

uG,f...}}

[lí 'k nTefrSL;BuD;u pum;awGrSmcJh ajymcJhonfESifh

olrtaejzifh ararpkxm;vuftkyfcsD uefawmhrdcJh&aMumif;

olYukd om"k om"k om"k [k om"kawGac:umvQif at;at;

NyHK;NyHK;acgif;udk NidrfhumNidrfhum usef&pfaecJhyHkwkdYukd pHkvifpGm

ajymjycJhonf/

olr ajymjyvmcJhonfh pum;rsm;udk em;qifMu&if;u

uRefawmfwkdYtm;vHk;rSm MunfEl;&TifMunfcJh 0rf;omaecJhMu&

avonf/

tqHk;wGif uRefawmfrSwpfyg; arMunfvGifcsKd &D&Dar

udka0vif;wkdYrSm NrdKUav;ui,fi,f wpfNrdKUxJom;csif;jzpfae½Hk

ru aqGrsKd;eD;pyfawGvnf;jzpfum wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wpftdrf

ESifh wpftdrf rdom;pkcsif;vnf; &if;ESD;cJhMuNyD;rkdY ydkíyifaysmf&Tif

csrf;ajrUp&m aumif;aearawmhonf/

tpm;taomuf0kdif;udk pum;jzpfMu&if;u tm;vHk;\

a&SUarSmufü uRefawmfonf arMunfvGifcsKdudk pum;wpfcsKdU

ajymcJh&onf/

]]'DrSm a':arMunfvGifcsKd...wu,fuawmh arcsKd[m

a':arMunfvGifcsKdjzpfvmcJh&NyDqkdwmudk trsm;uodvmMuyg

vdrfhr,f/ av;pm;wJh oabmeJYygyJ...NrdKUarwåmudkcH,lwJh

oabmudkvufcH&rSmaygh...q&mrvdkYvJ ac:MuvdrfhOD;r,f...

uRefawmfhudk ]]q&m}} vdkYac:aeMuw,f/ 'gudk uRefawmf

vufcHygw,f...

52 53


Handbook-31

'gayr,fh a':arMunfvGifcsKdtaeeJYu uRefawmfhudk

q&mvdkY rac:ygeJYvmAsm...&efukef ½Hk;csKyfrSmvkd udk,fhtcsif;

csif;&if;ESD;aeMuwJh oabmrsKd;eJY ac:ovkdrsKd;omac:ygAsm...}}

]]q&mu q&mygyJ&Sif...}} [k arcsKdu jyefajymvmcJh

ygonf/

]][m..r[kwfao;ygbl;Asm...}} [k uRefawmfqdkcJhrd

onf/

xkdpOftcgwGif &D&Daru Mum;u0ifvsuf

]]'Dvkd q&m&JU...usrwkdYtm;vHk;u q&mhudk q&mhvkdY

yJ ac:Mu&rSmygyJ/ q&mu Xme&JUtBuD;tuJudk; a':arMunf

vGifcsKdusawmh t&m&Sdrav;jzpfvdkY vmwmrSefayr,fh uRefr

wkdYuawmh ]]rrcsKd}} vkdYyJac:aerdrSmyg...EIwfusKd;aecJhNyDudk;?

tpnf;ta0;wkdY bmwkdYrSmqkd&ifawmh owdxm;NyD; a':ar

MunfvGifcsKdvdkY ajym&rSmayghaemf...}}

q&meJY rrcsKd ESpfOD;twGufuawmh 'Dvkdac:Mu&if

aumif;rvm; q&mOD;&JjrifhvdIifqkdwmxuf ]]q&m&J}} aygh? 'grS

r[kwf ]]OD;&J}} aygh r[kwfzl;vm;/

q&mu rrcsKdudkac:zdkY&mrSmawmh udk,fhxuftouf

t&G,ftm;jzifhvJi,f? udk,fhu tBuD;tuJjzpfaejyefqkdawmh

wpfcsKdUuac:Muovkd ]]q&mr}} qkd&ifvJ r[kwfjyefbl;}} [k

pOf;pm;&if; &,faeawmhonf/ aemufrS pum;jyefqufvmcJh

jyefonf/

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u ]]arcsKd}} yJ Opöm/ &NyD q&ma&...a':arcsKd odkYr[kwf

arcsKdayghaemfq&m...tJ'gyJ oifhawmfygw,f/ aumif;yg

w,faemf.../}}

½Hk;tul udka0vif;uvnf; axmufcHcJhonf/

]]ac:csifovdkomac:awmh q&mOD;&Ja&}}...[k &if;ESD;

azmfa&GaomyHkpHjzifh a':arMunfvGifcsKdu 0dkif;zGJUaecJhMuaom

pm;aomuf0dkif;udk tqHk;owfapcJhum tvkyfvkyfMu&ef pwif

[efjyKMuawmhonf/

]]tef;...[kwfyg&JU a':arcsKd...tJ arcsKda&aemf..

[kwfNyDvm;/}}

]][kwfuJhyg&Sifh OD;&J...tJ...udk&J..q&m&J &Sifh...}}

]][kwfuJhyg...[kwfuJhyg Asm rxifrSwfbJ a&mufvdkY

vmola&...}}

csif;-Arm *E¦0ifcspfMunfa&;NrdKUav;eJY orD;ysKd arMunfvGifcsK d

'k- OD;pD;rSL; a':arMunfvGifcsKd ac: arcsKda&mufvmcJh

ojzifh uRefawmfwdkY tm;ydk&SdcJhMu&onf/ rdrd½kH;Xme zGJUpnf;yHk

t& 0efxrf;tiftm;zGJUpnf;yHktwdkif; 0efxrf;tiftm;tjynfh

t0 cefYxm;Edkifa&;udk qufvufwifjyaqmif&Guf&OD;rnf

vnf; jzpfygonf/

uRefawmfqdkonfuvnf; ]]a&Al;aygufwmrvdk... a&

ygzdkYomvdk}} [lonfhpum;uJhodkY rjzpfEdkifqdkaompum;oHudk

jzpfEdkif rajymcsifoljzpfygonf/ vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&mwdkif;wGif

54

55


Handbook-32

rnnf;rnLjzifh atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufatmif twwfEdkifqHk;pGrf;

aqmifcsif? pGrf;aqmifwwfonfh vlpm;rsKd;jzpfygonf/ onfvdk

tm;BudK;rmefwuf pdwf"mwftrsKd;rsKd;udkom uRefawmfBudKuf

ESpfoufavh&Sdygonf/ onfodkYaom oabmxm;jzifhonf NrdKU

e,fav;wGif uRefawmfonf EdkifiHwm0efudk BudK;pm;xrf;

aqmifaeygonf/

trSefawmh uRefawmfhXmeonf þNrdKUe,fav;wGif þ

0efxrf; (4) OD;ESifhyif vkyfief;rsm;udk atmifjrifatmif EdkifEdkif

eif;eif;ESifh xrf;aqmifaejcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ wpfNrdKUe,f

vHk;twGuf tvGefta&;ygaom ta&;BuD;aomvkyfief; pDrHudef;

vkyfief;BuD;rsm;wdkYudk jynfolwdkYu Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum; wufwuf

<u<uESifh atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEdkif

wdkYyif jzpfygonf/ wpfe,fvHk;\ pm;0wfaea&;? pD;yGm;a&;?

ynma&;? usef;rma&;? vlrIa&;tp&Sdaom u@wdkif;wGif

vsmxm;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfhrDzdkYvdkonf/ oufqkdif&mu@

toD;oD;wdkY\ xkwfvkyfrIrsm; wdk;wufzdkYvdkonf/

ukefukefajym&ygvQif atmufajc tajccHtqifh aus;vuf

zGHUNzdK;rIr&SdbJ NrdKUjyzGHUNzdK;rIudk azmfaqmifí r&Edkifay/ ]]uRef;

udkif;rSD udkif;uRef;rSD}}qdkonfh pum;&yftm;vnf; av;av;

eufeuf em;vnfMuzdkYvnf; vdkygonf/ tajccHtkwfjrpf yGm;

pnf;aumif;ygrSvnf; opfaumif;wpfyif? wdkuftdrftaqmuf

tOD;wdkY a0pnfaumif;rGefNrJ cdkifEdkifygrnf/

½kH;vkyfief;awGu rsm;jym;? wm0efrsm;u BuD;rm;us,f

jyefYvSaomfvnf; rarmwrf;? rnnf;nLpwrf; uRefawmfwdkY

BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifMuygonf/ tvkyfvkyfaeMuqJrSmyif arcsKd

onf tNyHK;rysuf? Munf&TifpGm jrifhrm;wufp&m MunfEl;p&m

&,fp&mwdkYudkajymwwf? t&Tef;azmufwwfao;onf/ r.,.u

½kH;rS arcsKdU aqGrsKd;awG pma&;rav;awGuvnf; vmvnfwwf

Muao;awmh ½kH;upnfum;aeonf/ MunfEl;aysmf&Tifp&m

aumif;ae&awmhonf/

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rdyg&JU.. yk*HaejynfawmfBuD;twGuf oufpGefYqHzsm;trIawmf

rsm;udk xrf;&GufEdkifMuwJh usefppfom;? iaxG½l;? ivHk;vufz,f?

anmifOD;zD;qdkwJh ppfolBuD;av;OD;udk trSwf&w,f/ ck..'Du

OD;&J&JU ½kH;rSmvJ vlpGrf;aumif;av;OD;&SdaeNyDvdkY oabmxm;aygh}}

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tcif;BuD;i,f &Sdcg0,fvnf; rz,fraoG nDnmukef;í ukef;Mu

av.. qdkwJh &Sifr[m&|om&&JU uAsmvdkyJ vkyfMuudkifMu&rSm

OD;&J&JU}}

txufygodkYiS,f arcsKdu tvkyfyrf; vlEGrf;udk pdwf

rnpfnL;&ap&ef BuHzefajymwwfavonf/ NyD;awmh.. ]]OD;&J

ysif;aerSmpdk;vdkYyg.. tvkyfawGu rsm;vGef;vdkY pdwfnpfNyD;

&efukefjyefajy;rSjzifh..}}[k rsufapmif;av;csdwfumvnf; ajym

wwfao;onf/

trSefawmhvnf; arcsKd ajymovdk pdk;&drfrnfqdku pdk;&drf

Muayvdrfhrnf/ tvkyfawG ZGwftvkyfawGrsm;NyD; ½kH;qif;um

56

57


Handbook-33

tdrfa&mufjyefawmhvnf; tysif;ajyp&m tarmajzp&m

½kyf&Sif½kHr&Sd tat;qdkifr&Sd tNidrfhr&SdyGJr&Sd? ESpfwpfESpftwGif;

yGJvrf;obiftaejzifh NrdKUay:wGif oHk;BudrfcefYom&Sdwwfonf

[k qdkonf/

onfNrdKUav;udk t&m&Sdtqifh0efxrf;rsm;u awmfawmf

ESifhra&G;cs,fwwfMu/ ae& xdkif& pm;&aomuf& ukefpnf

taxGaxG aps;EIef;wdkYwGif pm;aomufzG,f&m om;ig;? [if;oD;

[if;&Guf opfoD;opfO tpkpkwdkYu t&rf;aygonf/ aps;vnf;

csKdonf/ p&dwfpursm; oufomonfuawmh trSefyif jzpf

onf/ odkYayr,fh qufoG,fa&;cufcJum yGJvrf;obif tyef;

ajy tyef;ajzp&mwdkYu enf;yg;onf/ Mumvmawmh pdwftae

ysif;&dum tjcm;aom ajrjyefYa'o&Sd NrdKUe,frsm;odkY tajymif;

ta&TUtwGuf BudK;pm;um ajymif;a&TUoGm;wwfMuavonf

vnf; jzpf&ayonf/ xD;vif;NrdKUav;wGif Mum&Snfraewwf

Muay/

wu,fyg.. tjcm;aomt&mrsm;udk &Snf&Snfa0;a0;

awG;p&mrvdk? EdkifiHawmfrS vpmp&dwfwdkYudk csxm;owfrSwf

ay;onfudkom Munfhygawmh/ vpmtkyfpktvdkuf cGJjcm;í

cHpm;aponf/ ajrjyefYa'orsm;ESifh rwlacs? cHpm;cGifhydkí ay;

xm;onf/ vlrIa&;tcufcJqHk; NrdKUe,frsm;u trsm;qHk;&NyD;

vlrIa&;cufcJaom NrdKUe,frsm;u 'kwd,jzpfum usefajrjyefY

NrdKUjyrsm;um; cHpm;cGifhrjyKacs/ rlt& xD;vif;NrdKUav;onf

vlrIa&;cufcJaom NrdKUe,frsm;wGif wpfNrdKUtygt0iftjzpf

owfrSwfjcif; cHxm;&onf/ &mcdkifEIef;jzifh tenf;qHk;ESifh tjrifhqHk;

cHpm;ap&ef vpmpau;tqifhtvdkuf cGJa0owfrSwfcHpm;ap

onfudk avhvmod&SdEdkifayonf/

onfvdktaetxm;rsKd;wGif a,me,fajrzGm; xD;vif;

a,molt&m&Sdrav;wpfa,mufu vkdvkdvm;vm;ESifh rdb

ESpfyg;ESifh aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sd&m ZmwdajrodkYjyefvmí trIawmfxrf;

umaeonfudk jrif&awmh uRefawmftm;&Sd&ygonf/ qkd;wkdif

yif aumif;wkdifyifqkdouJhodkY tppt&m&mudk ajymqkdnd§EIdif;

tajz&SmMu&ef tcGifhta&;vnf; jzpf&ayonf/ xkdYxufru

ajym&ygvQif ESpfOD;om;wkdY\ b0ESpfckwkdYonfvnf; &nf&G,f

&myef;wkdifwpfckqDodkYtwlvSrf;í 0rf;ajrmufpGmavQmufvSrf;zkdY

ta&;udk uRefawmfawG;rdumvQif MunfEl;rd&ao;avonf/

oZif 'gndKoif;? aygufvJvufyHyGifhum o&zDtifMuif;

arT;í &ifcwfuHhaumf ydawmufyef;wkdY xHk;vTrf;cJhNyD;cJhNyD/

]]oif;ajr&eHYwBudKif pHum;a&T0gESif h anmifoDwm

a&awmfoGef;csdefrkdY &Tef;apvdkYvdIif...}} tp&Sdonfh pmqkdawmf

OD;MuifO\ uqkefvzGJUudk trSwf&onf/ jrefrmv uqkefqef;

prSmyif ta&;tBuD;qHk;yGJBuD;wpfyGJukd ETJ&onf/

]]NrdKUe,fpDrHudef; &nfrSef;csufrsm;tm; atmifjrifatmif

taumiftxnfazmfa&; ESpfpOfpDrHudef;wm0efay;tyfyGJ}} BuD;

udk NrdKUe,fcef;rBuD;ü usif;yonf/

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Mum;onf/ NrdKUe,fjynfolYaumifpDOuú|BuD;u teD;uyf

BuD;Muyftaumiftxnfazmfa&;udk rSmonf/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;

58

59


Handbook-34

a&;udk tm;xm;onfhNrdKUe,fav;rkdY NrdKUe,fjynfolYaumifpD

(tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if) v,f,mom;ig;? opfawm wm0ef

cHu &yfuGufESifh aus;&Gmwpf&Gmcsif;tvkduf vkyfief;tm;om

csuf? tm;enf;csuf taxGaxGaqmif&Guf&efrsm;wkdYudk aoao

csmcsmajym&Sif;&Sif;onf/

NrdKUe,fpDrHudef;rSL; uRefawmfu pDrHudef;a&;&mudpö&yf

rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í twwfEkdifqHk;&Sif;jy&onf/ v,f,m?

om;ig;? opfawm? owåK? pufrIvufrI? vQyfppf? aqmufvkyf

a&;? ukefoG,fa&;ESifh or0g,r? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? aiGa&;

aMua&;? tp&Sdojzifh pDrHudef;awG&SdyHkudkajym&onf/ odap&

onf/

txl;ojzifhawmh pdkufysKda&;udk tm;xm;vkyfudkifaeMu

aom NrdKUe,fav;jzpfaomaMumifh v,f,m? om;? ig;ESifh

opfawmu@wkdY\ tcsKdUaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk odxm;

vkdufemaqmif&GufEkdif&ef &Sif;jy&onf/

v,f,mpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í "mwfajr

MoZmtrsKd;rsKd;? ykd;owfaq;rStp oGif;tm;pkrsm;ta&;ygyHk?

oD;ESHwpfckcsif;pD\ pdkufpu? atmifpu? txGufEIef;twGuf

pkpkaygif;wGif txl;txGufwkd;? omreftxGufwkd;? ½dk;½dk;cGJjcm;

pdkufysKd;xGuf&Sda&; udpö&yfrsm;taMumif; wifjyjzpfonf/

oD;xyf oD;n§yf tpm;xkd;oD;ESHrsm;taMumif;vnf; yg0ifonf/

pdkufysKd;ajr? oD;xyfoD;n§yf? tom;wifpdkufysKd;ajr? yvyf

ajr? pdkufysKd;Ekdifaom ajr½dkif;? v,f,majrazmfxkwfrI? yvyf

ajrazmfxkwfrI? a&oGif;pdkufysKd;ajr? qnfajrmif;rsm;qkdif&m?

a&pkyfpuf? x,fxGefwHk;xGefwH aygufwl;a*:jym; tqHk;

odrf;usKH;í jyifqifxm;&Sd vkyfaqmiftaumiftxnfazmfa&;

wkdYvnf;yg0ifonf/ jynfolydkif? or0g,rydkif? yk*¾vduydkif

ydkifqkdifrIudpö&yfrsm;? uRJEGm;0ufMuuf tp&Sdonhf wd&pämef

arG;jrLxkwfvkyfa&;rsm;wkdYudkvnf; rajymrjzpfrSm&ao;onf/

opfawmu@tydkif;wGif jynfolydkif? or0g,rydkif?

yk*¾vduydkiftaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;? udkif;zsm;udkif;em;? xif;?

rD;aoG;? opfacguf? avQmf? wifwGJyGJnuf? &Sm;ap;? ysm;&nf

ponf opfawmxGufypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;&mudpö&yfrsm;?

opfawmBudK;0dkif;? tjcm;opfawmajr? tjcm;ajrrsm;taMumif;

uRef;ESifh opfrmpdkufcif;udpö&yfrsm;ponfjzifh tawmfav;pHkpHk

vifvifESifh odoifhodxkduf a&SmifMuOfumvkyfaqmifEkdifMuzkdY

awGuvnf; rygrjzpfrSm& ajymMum;&avonf/ uRef;ESifh

ydawmuftpm;xdk;pkdufjcif;udkvnf; odap&onf/

onfyGJBuD;wGif xl;jcm;onfu tcrf;tem;rSL;yifjzpf

onf/ Nrd K Ue,forD;ys K dt&m&S drav; 'k-Nr d K Ue,fOD;p D;r SL;

]]a':arMunfvGifcsKd}} udk yGJxkwfEkdifcJhygonf/ tpdrf;azsmh

zuf&Sif0wfpHkwGif yk0gudkpHkcsí tacsmtvS&wemav; arcsKd

onf olYe,fajr? olYNrdKU? olYaqGolYtrsKd; ta&;ygolwkdYa&SUarSmuf

pifjrifhay:0,f xifay:cJh&onf/ olYwm0ef ol£aÈ´&& vSvS

yywnfwnfwHhwHhESif h wm0efausoGm;EkdifcJ honf/ jrefrm

qefqef ,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGmaom jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;wpfOD;

tjzpf tacsmtvSudkjrifMu&ovkd NrdKUe,fwgifta&;ygol

6061


Handbook-35

wpfOD;tjzpfESifhvnf; *kPfwifholrkdY tm;vHk;uvnf; tHhMocJhMu

avonf/ *kPf,lcJhMuavonf/

tvm;wl uRefawmfonfvnf; ,cifESpfuESifhrwl

vlopft&m&SdwpfOD;udk olwkdYawGUjrifcJhMu&ofn/ wm0efydkif;udk

tqifajyajyESifh pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;EkdifcJhjcif;ESifhtwl &yfuGuf

aus;&Gmrsm;rS Ouú|BuD;rsm;ESifhvnf; yxrqHk;tBudrf awGUqHk

Mu&jcif;vnf;jzpf&ygonf/

xkdonfaeYnrSmyif uRefawmfonf arcsKdESifh pyfvsOf;NyD;

tvGefpdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m taMumif;t&mrsm;udk odcJh&onfu

uRefawmf htwGuf yd krk dtH htm;oif hcJ h&ayonf/ arcsK du

uRefawmfwkdY½Hk;tzGJUom; rdom;pkESifh olYrdom;pkwkdY\ awGUqHkyGJ

av;udk zdwfMum;cJhonf/ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aysmf&TifpGm npm

pm;yGJav;udk zefwD;ay;cJhonf/ onfnudk uRefawmhfwpfouf

rarhEdkifawmhyg/

pm;zG,f&m om;ig;[if;oD;[if;&Guf taMumftavSmf

pHkvifpGmaom xrif;pm;0dkif;udk NyD;pD;cJhNyD;í tcsKdyGJESifh a&aEG;

Murf;aomufMupOf arcsKdajymjycJhonfh taMumif;&yfrsm;ujm;

wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifygay/

]]arcsKd&JU tBuD;tuJvJjzpf? q&morm;vJjzpf? arcsKdUudk

taMumuft&GHUr&Sd wnfwnfNidrfNidrfeJY vlod&SifMum;qkdovkd

*kPfwifay;wJhq&maumif;vJjzpfwJh OD;&Judkaus;Zl;wif*kPfjyK

jcif;vJjzpfygw,f/ 'DhtwGufa&m trSwfw&taeeJYyg 'D

a,mvHkcsnfppfppfav;udkvJ q&mhudkuefawmhjcif;tjzpfeJY

ay;tyfyg&ap...}}

q&mvJ odNyD;om;jzpfrSmyg...jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;

BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;rSm 0HomEkacwfu emrnftausmfMum;qHk;

t0wftxnfjzpfwJh a,mvHkcsnfoabmrsKd;tjzpfeJY tav;

teufxm;NyD; ay;tyfuefawmhjzpf&wmyg/ yifeDacsmeJY a,m

vHkcsnfvkdY vlodrsm;xif&Sm;cJh& tJonhfacwfumvrSm *E¦0if

jzpfcJh&w,faemf/ yifeDtusÐuawmh q&mhudkray;jzpf&bl;/

q&mhcE¨mudk,ftwkdif;txGmeJY tqifrajyjzpfrSmpdk;wmrkdYyg/

yifeDtusÐqkdwmrSmvJyJ yifeDwkdufyHkqkdwmu 0wfqifolrSm

yGa,mif;a,mif;BuD;jzpf&ifvJ Munfhraumif;ovkd usOf;usOf;

usyfusyfqkdvJ Munhf&qkd;wmaMumifhyg/

a,mvHkcsnftqifu ]]rif;BuD;qif}} vkdYac:ygw,f/

arcsKdwkdYq&mOD;&Jwpfa,muf &mxl;BuD;BuD;rm;rm; tqifhjzpf

jzpf? vkyfief;BuD;wpfck&JUtBuD;trSL;BuD;jzpfjzpf vlBuD;rif;b0

udka&muf&SdoGm;EkdifoljzpfygapqkdwJh oabmvJygygw,f/

NyD;awmh tJonfvkdjzpfoGm;cJhwJhtcgrSmvJ tJonhfvHkcsnfav;udk

0wfcJh&if arcsKdwkdYudkvJ owdw&jzpfap&atmifvkdYygyJ...b0

wpfauGUrSm awGUqHkcJhzl;wmudk rarh&atmifvkdYayghq&m...

aemufNyD;awmh arcsKdudk,fwkdif tcsdef&tm;vyfwJhtcgrsKd;rSm

&ufvkyfNyD; ay;tyfuefawmhjzpf&wmygq&m..}}

]]aMomf...arcsKd&,f...}}[líom uRefawmfajymjzpf&

avonf/

tdrfa&SU{nfhcef;rpm;yGJ0dkif;wGif olYrdbESpfyg;ESifhtwl

uRefawmfwdkY 0dkif;xdkifvsuf a&aEG;Murf;aomuf *sif;(csif;)okyf

62 63


Handbook-36

vufzufokyfpm;Muonf/ olYrdbESpfyg;rSmvnf; NyHK;NyHK;&Tif&Tif

ESifh oabmjynfhMuonfhtoGifudk jrifodae&onfudk uRefawmf

oabmawGUrdygonf/

]]q&m&,f...orD;av;u NrdKUe,ftqifht&m&Sdrav;

jzpfvmawmh tu,fíq&m c&D;oGm;cdkuf q&mr&SdwJhtcdkuf

rSmqdk&if olu q&mhae&mrSm tpm;xdk;wm0ef,l&awmhrSmrdkY

[kdutpnf;ta0;wuf? 'Dutpnf;ta0;wufeJY wm0efawG

u BuD;vmNyD... vkyfief;wm0eft&yf&yfawGtwGuf tpp

t&m&mBuD;Muyfoifjyay;ygq&m...udk,fhrsufpdatmufrSmawmh

orD;i,fav;vdkYyJ jrifaeqJrdkYygq&m 'gaMumifh qHk;rp&m&Sd&if

q&meJYorD;av;u t&G,fcsif;u rwdrf;r,drf;qdkayrJh tBuD;

tuJ0wå&m;tjynfh&SdwJh q&mu qHk;ryg/ trSm;&SdvmcJh&ifvJ

axmufjyyg/ jyKjyifp&m&Sd&if jyKjyifMu&wmrdkY arwåma&SUxm;

NyD; yJhjyifyg..vdkY rdbESpfyg;u arwåm&yfcHygw,f q&m

&,f...}}

aMomf...r[kwfwmAsm...OD;eJY a':a':wdkY&JUorD;u

&efukefNrdKUBuD;u txifu& pD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvfBuD;rSmvJ av;

ESpfwdwd ynmawGoif,lcJhNyD; bGJUvJ&cJhNyD;NyD/ t&m&Sdtqifh

0efxrf;a&;&m tifwmAsL;vJ atmifjrifcJhvdkY t&m&Sdrav;vJ

jzpfcJhNyD/ azmifBuD;A[kdjynfolY0efxrf;wuúodkvfrSmvJ aZ,s

tqifhoifwef;udk wufa&mufatmifjrifNyD;ajrmufcJhNyD;NyD/

½kH;csKyfrSmvJ XmewGif oifwef;wufa&muf atmifjrifcJhNyD;NyD/

½kH;csKyfrSmawmif 2 ESpfausmf wm0efxrf;&GufcJhNyD;NyDqdkawmh

rpdk;&drfrylyefygeJYawmh cifAsm...OD;wdkYorD;u awmfvJawmf

wJh orD;ygyJ... tm;vHk;eJYvJ cspfcspfMunfMunfvJ ajymwwf

qdkwwf aewwfwJholvdkY uRefawmfjrifodxm;ygw,f... NrdKU

u vlawGuvJ olYudk awmfawmfcspfMuyHkudk uRefawmfjrif&yg

w,f...}}

uRefawmfu txufygpum;rsm;udk ajymjyjzpf&ygonf/

]]aMomf...cspfcspfMunfMunfqdkvdkY ajym&OD;r,fq&m/

q&mu vkyfief;wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; udk,fhqE´t& tjcm;

wm0efwpfckudkvJ avhvmokawoejyKcsifw,fqdkvm; orD;

u ajymw,f/ tJ'gudk orD; &efukefu xD;vif;NrdKUudk ajymif;

a&TUcGifh trdefYpmxGufawmhrS q&mh&JU 'kñTefrSL; ararpkqdkwm

u arcsKdUudkac:awGU? q&mhtaMumif;udk wpfcsKdUwpf0uf ajym

jyvmawmhrS orD;odcGifh&cJhwmvdkYqdkw,f...}}

arcsKdU tazuajymvmcJhawmhrS uRefawmfuvnf; jyef

ajymjzpf&onf/ azazhqE´? uRefawmfhqEóufoufyg/ tcsdef

&vmwJhtcgrSm olwdk Yudk,folwdk Yu ]]ysL}}vdk YqdkcJ hMuavwJh

]]awmifom;}}awGtaMumif;udk *CePavhvmokawoejyK

csifvdkYyg/ uRJul;a&yg oabmvJjzpfygw,fOD;...wpfcsufckwf

ESpfcsufjywfqdkygawmh...}}

]]at;...at;...aumif;ygw,fuG,f...odyf

aumif;ygw,f...tm;vJay;ygw,f/ 'DNrdKUav;uvJ jynfreJY

wpfjcm;a'owkdYu nDaemifwkdif;&if;om; nDtpfudkarmifESr

awGtzdk Y tvmvnf;enf; ta&mufvnf;enf;&ao;wJh

64

65


Handbook-37

NrdKUav;vJjzpfae&w,f/ ayoHk;axmifausmfpDtjrifh&SdMuwJh

yHkawmifyHknm awmifwef;jrifhBuD;wkdYu wHwkdif;BuD;awGozG,f

ydkif;jcm;umqD;xm;ovkd jzpfaewmaMumifhvJygyg&JU...

vrf;yef;c&D;u Murf;&cufcJ&w,faygh/

at;av...'DNrdKUav;taMumif;udk orD;arcsKdu OD;eJY

a':a':wkdYxuf ckESpf? ouú&mZf twdtuseJY ydkNyD;avhvmod&Sd

xm;w,f/ orD;av;u orD;wkdY&JUq&mudk jynhfjynhfpHkpHkajymjy

ay;yguG,f}} [k arcsKdUtazu ajymvmcJhonf/

]]'Dvdk OD;&J&JU...azaz ararwkdYu OD;&Judk ]]xD;vif;NrdKU

a&TuGeftkyfbk&m;orkdif;}} qkdwJhpmtkyfvufaqmifay;cJh? OD;&J

zwfNyD;cJhNyDod&w,f/ tJ'gu xD;vif;NrdKUav;&JU a&S;&mZ0if

orkdif;vkdYyJqkdygawmh...}}

]]ck arcsKdajymjyrSmu acwfopf jrefrmhorkdif;xJu

pdwf0ifpm;p&m *kPf,lzG,f&m rarhtyfbG,f&m armfuGef;urÁnf;

wif *E¦0ifwifcJhwJhtaMumif;awGyg/ wdwdususeJY "gwfyHk

rSwfwrf;eJYvJ jrefrmhorkdif;pmrsufESmay:rSm orkdif;0ifjzpfcJh&

wJhjzpf&yfwpfcsKdUudk ajym&rSmyg/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh xD;vif;qdkwJh

NrdKUav;[morkdif;aMumif;rSm rnHhcJhbl;/ orkdif;&JUtajymif;tvJ

a&pD;aMumif;rSm tpOftvmaumif;cJhavwJh wu,fhjrwfEkd;

*kPf,lzG,f&m NrdKUav;wpfNrdKUjzpfw,fqkdwmudk jrefrmjynfol

jynfom;awGtaeeJY wpfcsdefwkef;uxuf ydkNyD;ydkNyD; ododvmap

csifygw,f q&m...}}

]]'Dvkd OD;&J&JU...acwfa&pD;aMumif;eJYtwl jrefrmhorkdif;

[m urÇmhorkdif;eJ Y ywfoufvm&awmh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU

usL;ausmfppfoHk;BudrfjzpfcJh&w,faemf/ (1889) ck? Zefe0g&Dv

(1) &ufaeYrSm NAdwdoQtifyg,mtwGif; oGwfoGif;cH&? jrefrmh

vGwfvyfa&;qHk;½HI;cJh&w,f/ oDaygbk&ifeJY rdom;pkwkdYygawmf

rlNyD; (2) vcefYtMum t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSm yk*Hc½dkif0ef

tjzpf G.S AYER (*sDtufpftm,m) qkdwJh ta&;ydkif[m

rauG;wkdif;twGif;&Sd a,me,fajra'oeJY csif;jynfe,fwkdYudk

odrf;ydkufzkdYpDpOfcJhw,fav...}}

'k Akdvf atyDvmwif OD;aqmifwJh ppfonfvufeufudkif

tiftm;tcsKdU[m a,me,feJY csif;awmifwef;udka&mufvmcJh

w,f/ olwdkYoabmuawmh jrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;wpfckvHk; t*Fvdyf

ydkife,fjzpfcJhNyD;NyDqdkwJh oabmeJY n§dEIdif;NyD; odrf;ydkufNyD;cgp

jrefrmEdkifiH&JU ckcHawmfvSefrIawGudk tqHk;owf tomt,m

tay:pD;eJY odrf;,ltkyfcsKyfzdkYyJaygh.../

'gayrJh...ratmifjrifcJhygbl;/ ckcHwdkufcdkufppfyGJawG

[m e,fajrtESHYygyJ/ csif;awmifwef;&Sd a&T*sKd;jzLrif;om;wyf

eJY yl;aygif;rdMuNyD; t*FvdyfwdkYudk awmfvSefMuw,f/ xD;vif;

NrdKUe,ftwGif; xD;vif;wyfudk AdkvfoJBuD; OD;pD;NyD; usKdif;&Gmol

BuD; AdkvfatmifuJ? zl;awmif;&Gmu AdkvfomEdkif? anmifuef&Gm

u Adkvfzdk;ESpf polwdkY[m rsKd;cspfe,fcspf acgif;aqmifawGtjzpf

eJY xif&Sm;cJhw,f/ vufeufcsif;rrQawmhvJ t½HI;ay;cJh&w,f

aygh&Sif...(1887) ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeYrSm e,fcsJU

wkdYu xD;vif;NrdKUudk odrf;,lcJhw,fqdkygawmh...}}

66

67


Handbook-38

]]t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudkBudKufvdkY tkyfcsKyfcHaejcif;

r[kwfwJh NrdKUe,fol NrdKUe,fom;awG[m tpkd;&udkawmfvSef&ef

tNrJBuHqae&if;u *sDpDbDat toif;csKyfBuD;udktaMumif;jyK

NyD; 0HomEktoif;awGay:vmjyefw,f/ xD;vif;NrdKUe,frSm

OD;nDarmif? OD;pd k;Ek diftp&SdwJh e,fcspfrsK d;cspfyk*¾ dKvfawGu

OD;aqmifEkd;Mum;vIyf&Sm;cJhjyefw,f}}

(1300) jynhfta&;awmfyHkumv xD;vif;NrdKUe,frSm

OD;bcspf? OD;cspfnGefYwkdYu OD;aqmifNyD; NrdKUe,fu ]]&mZrked

rif;bk&m;BuD;}} rSm wpfvwdwdoydwfpcef;BuD;zGifhum e,fcsJU

qefYusifa&;w&m;yGJrsm; a[majymqefYusifvmcJhMujyef&JU/

ajrjyefYa'o yckuúL? rEÅav;? &efukefponfwkdYeJY qufoG,f

aqmif&GufcJhMuw,f/ 0HomEkpdwf"mwfeJYtwl jynfwGif;jzpf

]]a,mvHkcsnfeJY yifeDtusÐ}} wkdYukd0wfqifjcif;jzifh trsKd;om;a&;

pdwf"mwfvTrf;NcHKEkdifcJhMuygw,f/

(1941) ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeYrSm tar&duef

ydkif ykvJqdyfurf;udk ppfrausnmbJ *syefuAHk;BuJcJhwmeJY

(1939) ckESpfu pwifjzpfyGm;aecJhwJh 'kwd,urÇmppfrD;BuD;[m

tm&SwkdufodkYul;pufvmcJhawmhwmaygh/ e,fcsJUt*FvdyfawG

ppf½HI;? *syefawGa&mufvm tkyfcsKyfcJhMujyefa&m/ (1-8-1943)

aeYrSm ay;tyfcJhwJh twkta,mif ta,mifaqmifvGwfvyf

a&;rSef; odvmcJheJY wpfaeYwpfjcm;qkd;0g;vmaewJh ]]zufqpf

*syef}} wkdYukdarmif;xkwfzdkY BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfMu&jyefw,fav/

jrefrmhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;&JU pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI pnf;½Hk;rI

atmuf&Sd *syefYacwftaetxm;rSm xD;vif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;

,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&;udk OD;nDarmif? OD;jr? OD;bkd;atmifwdkY OD;pD;

aqmif&GufcJhMuw,f/ (1942? 43) ckESpfrsm;rSm ]]tm&Svli,f

tzGJU}} udk xD;vif;NrdKUe,frSmvJ OD;Mumpdef? OD;pkd;atmifwkdYu

zGJUpnf;cJhNyD; tajctaet&yf&yfwkdYudk vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhMu

ygw,f/

'DvkdeJY 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qHk;vdkY *syef&efrS uif;vGwf

cJhayrJh r[mrdwft*FvdyfwyfawG&JU tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrSm jrefrm

jynf[m r½kef;om rvIyfomjzpf&jyefw,f/ wwfEkdiforQ

jrefrmjynfudk tkyfcsKyfvsuft&if;&Sife,fcsJUo½kyfjzpfwJh

]]aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfa&;eJY *kPfaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fa&;}} twGuf

t*FvdyfawG[m jynfrudkvGwfvyfapNyD; awmifwef;a'o

jynfe,frsm;udk qufvufpdk;rkd;Ekdifa&; BudK;pm;vmMujyefw,f

av...awmifwef;eJY ajrjyefYjynfe,fjynfr aoG;uGJatmif

aoG;cGJvmMujyefw,faygh/

(1947) ckESpf? yifvHkpmcsKyfudktaMumif;jyKNyD; ]]csif;-

Arm wkdif;&if;om;rsm; cspfMunfa&;nDvmcH}} BuD;udk xD;vif;

NrdKUav;rSm (1947) ckESpf? rwfv (3) &ufrS (5) &ufaeYtxd

oHk;&ufwkdifwkdiffcrf;em;odkufNrdKufpGm usif;yEkdifcJhMuw,fav/

tJonhf nDvmcHBuD;udk jrefrmhtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;

wpfOD;jzpfol ]]'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd}} acgif;aqmifNyD; ocifvGwf? ocif

pHwifwkdYeJYtwl csif;vlrsKd;acgif;aqmifawG yg0ifcJhMuw,f/

awmifydkif;csif;awmifrS OD;0A®ol;armif? ajrmufydkif;csif;awmif

68

69


Handbook-39

rS OD;Z[l;wkdYyg0ifcJhw,f/ tm;vHk;oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xkd;

EkdifcJhMuw,f/ vlxky&dowf (5000) ausmfjzifh csif;-Arm

cspfMunfa&;udk yl;wGJtkwfjrpfcsay;EkdifcJhMuw,faygh/

arcsKd ESpfzufbkd;bGm;awG&JU tajymt& odyfudkaysmfMu

&w,fqkdyJ/ xD;vif;NrdKUav;rSm vlawGuvJtrsm;BuD;/ tJonf

vdkwpfcgrS rjrifpzl;? rBuHKpzl;qkdawmhvJ tHhMorqHk;aygh/

aysmfvkdufMu&wmrsm; rajymygeJYawmhwJh/ vufoD;vufarmif;

awGwef;? atmfMu[pfMu? a<u;aMumfoHawGwkdifMu? aysmf&Tif

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70

71


Handbook-40

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72

73


Handbook-41

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74

75


Handbook-42

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76

77


Handbook-43

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78

79


Handbook-44

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awmifom;pum;yJ qkdygawmh ysL odkYr[kwf awmifom;wkdYeJY

teD;uyfawGU& jrif& pum;awGudkMum;&vkdY OD;&J0rf;omae

w,f r[kwfvm;}}

]]aMomf...aMomf...[kwfwmaygh...rSefwmaygh ...

tm;vHk;udkaus;Zl;wif&ygw,f...}}

[k uRefawmfjyefvnfajymjy&avonf/

]]OD;&J jrifwJhtwkdif;yJ? 0wfpm;qif,ifyHku xl;jcm;w,f/

vHkcsnf (xrD) udk tjzLxnfoufouf 0wfqifMuw,f/ *g0ef

yHkpHjzpfw,f/ *g0efu ajcusif;0wftxd &Snfw,f/ cg;rSm

cg;ywfvdk a&Ta&mifaiGa&mifBudK;rsm;eJY &pfywfxm;wwfMuNyD;

vnfyif; (odkYr[kwf) ycHk;ay:rSm yk0gwifxm;wmvJ&Sdw,f/

cE¨mudk,ftxufydkif;rSm trnf; (rJ) a&mifwbuwf (apmif

&Snf) udk *sKdif; (csKdif;) atmufrS vQKd&pfywfum &ifom;udk

zHk;zdatmifpnf;w,f/ toGifwpfrsKd;eJY vSyyHkqef;w,f/ 'Dvdk

yHkpHrsKd;udk OD;&J jrifrdzl;vkdYvm;/ ckawmh toGifqef; tjrifqef;

udk jrifzl;oGm;&NyDaygh...tJonfrSmyJ &ifrSm teDa&mifwbuf

eJY pnf;aESmifxm;olawGu tysKd? trnf; (rJ) a&mifwbufeJY

pnf;aESmifaeolwkdYu ttdkvkdY cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;av&JU...}}

]]&Sif;NyD arcsKd a& . . .jrif&ol pdwf0ifpm;olawGtzdkY

O.K tdkaujzpf&wmaygh? tawG;rrSm;Edkdifawmhbl;aygh . . .

wpfcgwnf;eJYyJoJoJuGJuGJpGJvef;umydk;yef;vdkY&wmaygh}}/

onfodkYES,f uRefawmftajymtm; arcsKdESifh aumifpD

pma&;rav;wdkYu oabmusí &,faeMuao;onf/

]]tef;...qufajymr,f OD;&JUa&...olwkd YawGrSm

cufwmu ]]pmay}} r&S dbl;jzpfaew,f/ bmompum;yJ

usef&pfaecJhwmrsKd;aygh/ a&Munf&m jrufEk&m t&yfa'oawG

qD ajy;vTm;&SmazGMu? tdk;tdrfxlaxmifMu? pdkufMuysKdUMueJYrkdY

xifyg&JU/ pmayurusef&pfcJhovdk jzpf&w,f...(Spoken

Language) omjzpfaew,fqkdygawmh...}}

at;av...pmayta&;tom;&SdwJh bmompum;

(Written Language) onfyif pmayjr§ifhwifrS vlrsKd;jrifh&r,fh

tajctaeyJr[kwfvm; OD;&J&,f

tck awmifom;wkdY&JU bmompum;[m tajymbmom

pum;omjzpfwmaMumifh tcsdefrDxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdyg&if

trSefyifaysmufuG,foGm;rSmudk arcsKdpOf;pm;pdk;&drfrdygw,f/

urÇmay:rSmvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;pDrSm udk,fydkifbmompum;? pmayeJY

,Ofaus;rI? "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;&SdpNrJr[kwfvm; ...bmom

pum;qdkwm[m vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;aysmufuG,froGm;bdkYtwGuf

umv&SnfMumpGm xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifbdkYvdktyfvSygw,f? ]]ajr

rsKdívlrsKd;rjyKwf? vlNrdKrSvlrsKd;jyKwfrnf...}} qdkwJhpum;vJ&Sd

om;...

olwdkY&JU0wfpm;qif,ifrIqdkwmaeYBuD;? &ufBuD;? tcgBuD;? &uf

jrwfwdkYrSmombk&m;oGm;ausmif;wufoGm;&mrSm tawmfrsm;rsm;

vmaeMuNyD...'gawGaMumihfrdkY udk,fpm;jyKvu©Pmwpf&yf

80

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Handbook-45

tjzpf ckdifcHpGm&yfwnfaeEdkifa&;rSm ]]trsKd;om;a&;todtjrif}}

jzihfoufwrf;&Snfatmifapmihfa&SmufEkdifpGrf;&Sd&efvJvkdtyfvS

ygw,fvdkY arcsKd ajymcsifw,f...

rdrdwdkY&JUrdcifbmompum;wdkY rdrdwdkYudk,fwkdif ESpfNcdKufpGm

ajymqdk&if;eJY om;pOfajr;qufawGudk vufqifhurf;NyD; tarG

qufcHjcif;awG jyKvkyfoGm;yg&ifawmh trsKd;om;a&; todjzihf

xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufjcif;yifjzpfw,fvdkY qdk&rSmyJaygh...

'gawGeJYywfouf&if awmifom;wdkY&JUbmompum;? rd½dk;

zvmeJYusihfoHk;cJhMuwJh"avhp½dkuf? 0wfpm;qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIwdkYeJY

pyfvsOf;NyD; txl;ojzihf awmifom;pum;ukd tjcm;bmomp

um;rsm;? jrefrmpum;rsm;eJY ,SOfwGJvsufa&S;uynm&SifwkdYu

a&;om;jyKpkwifjyxm;cJhjcif;awGvJ tenf;tusOf;&Sdyg&JU/

aemufawmhrS OD;&J udkavhvm&atmif arcsKday;ygr,f...

awmifom;awG[m Ak'¨bmom0ifawGjzpfMuw,f/ bm

omw&m;udk tvGefav;pm;,kHMunf MunfndKMuw,f/ olwdkY

awG[mtjcm;aombmom;t,l0g'udk vufcH,HkMunfrI[lí

r&SdoavmufygyJ/ okdYaomf ewfudkylaZmfyorIrsKd;awmh&Sdwmudk

arcsKdavhvmod&Sdxm;ygw,f...

]]awmifom;wdkY&JUtoGifo@efrSm Armrsm;xufudk,f

cE¨mawmifhwif;BuD;xGm;Muonf/ oefrmMuonf/ pufrIvuf

rIESih f pd kufysK d;a&;bufwGif Armrsm;xufwDxGifrIomvGef

Muonf/ &Sif;&Sif;bGif;bGif;yGifhyGihfvif;vif; ajymqdkwwfonhf

tjyif½dk;om;jzLpifMuolwdk Yvnf; jzpfMuonf/ olwdk Yonf

Armrsm;ESif hvnf;rwl? csif;vlrsK d;rsm;ESih fvnf;rwl..}}vkd Y

(190) ckESpf yckuúLc½dkif a*ZufwD,m; (Palcolcu District

Gazetter) rSm ]]rpöwmtkd0if}} qkdolu a&;om;cJhzl;wmudk

avhvmrSwfom;xm;zl;w,f/ a'owGif;eJYteD;0ef;usifae

aom Armtrsm;pk? csif;vlrsKd;rsm;eJY,SOfNyD; oljrifawGUcJh&rIudk

wifjycJhjcif;vnf;jzpfyHk&ygw,f...

a&S;tcgu ]]wpf&mhwpfyg;? vlrsKd;jcm;om;? rSwfom;

opfopf? ckESpfjrefrm? wvdkif;rSmav;? &Srf;a&;oHk;q,f? ocFsm

oG,fjy? ajcmufq,fukvm;? ocFsmxm;onf? jzpfyGm;okwNzdK;

NzdK;wnf;}} qkdwJhvlrsKd; (10) yg;&SdaMumif;zGJUqdka&;pyfxm;cJh

wmudkpD;&JvJ Mum;zl;rSmyg/ jrefrm (7)rsKd;? wvdkif;(rGef) (4)

rsKd;? &Srf; (30)? ukvm;vlrsKd;aygif; (60) qdkxm;w,fr[kwf

vm;...

tJonfrSm Arm (7) rsKd;&Sdw,f? Arm (jrefrm)? ysL?

awmifolawmifom;? urf;,H? a,m? &ckdif? xm;0,fwdkYyg0if

w,f/ Arm (7)rsKd;teuf ]]a,m}} qdkwJh arcsKdwdkYeJY a&maESm

aexdkifwJh olwdkYawG[m ]]awmifom; awmifol}} wdkYyJaygh/

tJ'Dh ]]awmifom; awmifol}} wkdY[m,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwdkif;&if;

om;rsKd;EG,fpk (100)ausmfrSm ryg0ifao;bl;av/ ysLvlrsKd;

wkdY&JUtquftEG,fwpfckvm;? csif;vlrsKd;wdkY&JUaoG;csif;awGv;?

ynm&SifawGpOf;pm;p&mjzpfae&qJygyJ/ pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&mvJ

aumif;vSygw,f/ arcsKd Mum;odzl;wmwpfckawmh&Sdw,f/

'Dtifefat (DNA)qdkvm;? ppfaq;okawoejyKEdkifcJh&ifawmh

tajzrSefay:vmEkdifrSmayghaemf...

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Handbook-46

olwdkY&JU aemufcHordkif;udkazmfjy&mrSm awmifolrsm;ay:

aygufvmjcif;udkxnhfoGif;azmfjyxm;wmudkvJ arcsKd avhvm

rSwfom;xm;zl;yg&JU

]]jrifpdkif; rSef &Srf;?

ycef; rSef &SJ;?

rzJ rSef yif;?

pvif; rSef csif;?

usyif; rSef urf;ysH?

yk*H rSef uEÅK?

ipOfhul rSef ukvm;?

ykyÜg;rSef awmifom;...qkdwJhazmfjyxm;csufu

(jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfyHk pmwrf; ('k) pmrsufESm-19 rSmyg&Sdyg

w,f)? azmfjyygt&qkd&if ]]awmifom;tp ykyÜg;}} uvkdY qkdprSwf

jyKxm;Muw,fqkdygawmh.../

awmifom;awGu olwkdYudk,folwkdY ac:a0:MuwJh

pum;u ]]a&mif;'l; (0g) a&mif;wl;}} vkdYac:w,f/ a&mif;'l;

qkdwm[mvJ ]]ajy;0ifvmolrsm;}} vkdY olwkdYpum;eJY t"dyÜm,f

&w,f/ a,me,fajrawGqD ajy;0ifvmolawGyJ r[kwfvm;/

]]orkdif;rSm aysmufqHk;oGm;wJh ysLvlrsKd;wkdYeJY pyfvsOf;NyD;

a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif olwkdYudk,fwkdif olwkdYbkd;pOfab;quf

,HkMunfajymqkdaeMuwJh a&mif;'l;ac: awmifom;awGudk

orkdif;ynm&Sif? okawoDynm&Sif? bmomaA'ynm&SdawG

taeeJYvJ avhvmrItpkpkwkdYudk qufvufaqmif&GufaeqJvkdY

arcsKdodxm;ygw,f/ 'Du OD;&Jtygt0ifaygh...'Du vlBuD;

rif;BuD;uvJ wwfpGrf;orQ okawoejyKazmfxkwfay;Ekdifygap/

&Sif;wrf;wpfck ay:xGufvmEkdifygapvkdYyJ uRefrtqkdjyKyg&JU&Sif

tm;udk;yg&ap...}}

]]aMomf...&Sif;jy? ac:awGUjy? ajymjy&wmarmNyDaygh/

a&mh...a&mh a&aEG;Murf;av; aomufvkdufygOD;...rkefYawG

vJpm;vkdufygOD;...}} [k uRefawmfonf a&aEG;Murf;cGufudk

aumufumiifum arcsKdUtm;ay;ygavonf/ xkdpOftckduf

olYqDrSrsufapmif;av;wpfcsuf MunfMunfomom tMunhf

av;udk vSpfceJ uRefawmfjrifawGUvkduf&avonf/ uRefawmfh

&ifonfvnf; at;jríoGm;cJh&avonf/

trSefvnf; EkdifiHawmfBuD;\ vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsufrsm;

wGif trsKd;*kPf Zmwd*kPf jrifhrma&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf

rsm; trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pmrsm; raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smufa&;qkdonf acwfwkdif;acwfwkdif;rSm r&Sdrjzpf

vkdtyfcsufwpfcktjzpfESifhvnf; &Sdae&rnfrSm uRefawmfwkdY

EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;\ wm0ef0wå&m;ygay/

aumifpDpma&;rav;\tdrfwGif aus;&GmOuú|BuD;ESifh

twl awmifom;trsKd;orD;wkdYtm; ,ckuJhodkY at;at;aq;

aq;awGUqHkum cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdae&rIrsm;twGuf

tm;vHk;udkaus;Zl;wifygwifaMumif; uRefawmfpum;qkdjzpf

onf/ arcsK donfvnf; olwkd Ytm; awmifom;pum;jzifh

ajymaeonfudk uRefawmfjrifawGUae&onf/ olwkdYawGtm;vHk;

84

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Handbook-47

ovnfvnf; vdIufvSJazmfa&GpGm &,fumarmumESifh &SdaeMu

onf/

wm0efus&GmcH aumifpDpma&;rav; arcsK dE Si f h

uRefawmfwkdYonf &GmBuD;\ta&SUbufpDodkY vrf;avQmufum

oGm;cJhMujyefonf/

aq;rifawm&GmBuD;um; wGJzuftxufwef;ausmif;?

wkdufe,faq;½Hk? jynfolY&Jtcef;wkd Y&S donf/ 1983 ckESpf?

oef;acgifpm&if;t& tdrfajc (148) cefY&SdNyD; vlOD;a& (1073)

cef Y&S daMumif; od&onf/ vrf;avQmufoGm;ae&if;rSmyif

jrifawGUvkduf&onfrSmum; rdIif;ndKndKtoGifESif h obm0

ausmufe*g;BuD;u wu,ftHhMop&m/

armfawmfum;vrf;ray:rS qif;cJhum &Jpcef;teD;u

vloGm;vrf;? awmvrf;av;twkdif; ausmufe*g;BuD;qDoGm;ae

Muonf/ v,fuGif;jyifrsm;udk jzwfausmf&onf/ ra0;vSyg?

wkdufoHk;&meD;yg; avQmufvSrf;cJh&onfxifonf/ ausmufe*g;

BuD;qDodkY a&mufcJh&awmhonf/ wu,fhobm0 ausmufe*g;

BuD;ygay/

obm0ausmufe*g;BuD;udk awGUjrifrdMu&olwkdif;

tHhMorqHk;jzpf&jcif;ESif h pdwf0ifpm;jcif;&S d Mu&avatmif

ausmufe*g;BuD;u nd§KU"mwfjyif;vSonf[k ajymMuonfudk

uRefawmfMum;zl;cJhonf/ wu,fvnf; ausmufe*g;BuD;u

tHhMop&mjzpfaeonf/ ausmufe*g;BuD;onf obm0ausmufcJ

rsm;jzifh tpDpDtxyfxyfESifh jzpfaewnf&Sdaeygonf/ vlwkdYu

wrifzefwD;xm;onfhES,f jzpfaeonf/ odkYaomf rnfolwpfOD;

wpfa,muf tzGJUtpnf;wpfzGJUurQ zefwD;xm;cJhMujcif;r[kwf

ygav/

a'ocHwkdYu e*g;BuD;tm; ½dkaoMu? av;pm;Mu\/

tcsKdUu tm;udk;rI? ,HkMunfrI? tm;xm;rI&SdMu\/ e*g;BuD;teD;

wGif ewfuGef;wpfckvnf; aqmufvkyfxm;&SdonfudkawGU&\/

e*g;BuD;teD;u awmvrf; vloGm;vrf;av;tm;jzifh teD;&Sd

awmifpOfwef;rsm;udkjzwfausmfum ausmuftkyf? MumO,smOf?

uHom? qifpG,f? tHk;aESmufjrpfudkif;? &SJ? v,fuef; ponhf

aus;&Gmrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufEkdifonf/ e*g;BuD;teD;wpfae&m0,f

acwåtyef;ajzem;ckd&ef cefYoGm;aomZ&yfBuD;wpfckudkvnf;

awGU&avonf/ xkdYjyif c&D;oGm;trsm;wkdYtwGuf tarmajy

aomufoHk;Ekdif&ef a&csrf;pifwpfckudkvnf; xm;&SdonfudkawGU

&avonf/

]]ewfESifh e*g;rvSnhfpm;ESifh}} [laom tqkduvnf;

&Sdojzifh e*g;BuD;wnf&Sd&m e,fajrwpf0dkuf 0ef;usifeD;em;0,f

r½dkraorjyKrlMu/ tayghtav;oGm;jcif; rjyKMu&ay/ rzG,f

r&majymqkdvkyfudkifjcif;? npfnrf;qJa&;wkdif;xGmjcif;wkdYudk

vnf; rjyKvkyfMuacs/ trdIufo½dkufwkdYyif r&SdapMuay/

a&S;a&S;ya0oPDacwfrsm;uwnf;u pwifíyif

wu,fhobm0usus touf0ifvSonhf yef;csDum;xJu e*g;

BuD;yrmES,f&SdaewnfaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tifrwefvnf;vSbd

onf/ jyKjyifxm;jcif; vHk;0r&Sd/ e*dkaetoGiftjyiftwkdif;

87

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Handbook-48

wnf&Sdaejcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfaejcif;yg

ay/

]]ajrjyiftajcrS pwifum OD;acgif;xdyftjrifhtxd

(36) ay&Sdw,f/ ajrmuft&yfudk OD;acgif;axmifvsufeJY

awmifbuft&yfodkY wjznf;jznf;edrfhavQmqif;oGm;cJh udk,fvHk;

yHkoP²meftwkdif;yJaygh/ cE¨mudk,fBuD; t&Snftvsm;tm;jzifh

tawmif (30)? wpfenf; (54) ay&Snfvsm;jzpfay:aew,f/

tNrD;ydkif;uawmh ajrBuD;xJikyfvQKd;oGm;avwJh oabmygyJ/

pdwf0ifpm;p&mvJ aumif;vSw,fqkd&rSmygyJ...}}

]]pOf;pm;bG,f&m awG;rdwmu ajrjyifrS e*g;BuD;

OD;acgif;tarmufBuD;xdyftxd tjrifh (36) ayeJY cE¨mukd,f

tvsm; (54) ayqkdwmawGu ]]e0if;}} ynmeJY csdefxdk;Munhf&if

xl;jcm;aewmtrSefygyJ/ (36) qkdwJh e0if;u ]]pdwfe0if;}}

yJ/ t"d|mef,lvkdolawG aqmif&Guf&ef e0if;vkdYvJqkdMuw,f/

'D OD;acgif;axmifaewJh e*g;BuD;[m ½kyfeJYemrf oabmw&m;

t& emrfpdwfudef;atmif;aeonfvm;? tvkd&Sd&mqE´? tusifh

jrwfwkdYudk tm;xkwfusifhBuH&mrSm pdwfudkxdef;odrf;Ekdif&ef[m

ta&;BuD;vSw,fqkdw,fav/ emrfqkdwJh pdwftm½Hk[m b,fudk

rSrajy;bJ ]]{u*¾wm}} jzpfvm&if ]]orm"d}} &vmr,f/ orm"d

&vm&if ]]ynm}} &Ekdifw,fqkdwm owdcsyfrdbdkY e*g;BuD;u

ajymjyaew,fxifygh...}}

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uajymjyrdonf/

]]aumifpDpma&;rav; nDri,fa&U...rif;wkd Yrr

arcsKduawmh a,m*D 'grSr[kwf oDv&Sifb0eJY &dyfom0ifum

wpfoufwm w&m;tm;xkwfawmhr,fxifyg&JU}}

]][dk;...[kd;...raemufeJYav/ e*g;BuD;u odMum;

oGm;cJh&if cuf&csnf&JU...[if; aemf q&m}}

arcsKdu olYEIwfcrf;ESpfvTmudk vufnd§K;av;ESifh uefYvefY

jzwfaxmifxm; yg;pyfydwfxm;onfhoP²mefjyK&if; ajymcJhjcif;

jzpfonf/

]][kwf...[kwf...}} [k uRefawmfonf todtrSwf

jyK pum;jyqdkazmfusL;cJh&onf/

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[mJ (54) qkdwJh e0if;ut"dyÜm,f&SdvSwJh ]]ynme0if;}} ? t&m

&mrSm ynm[mta&;BuD;w,f/ ynmÓPfr&Sd&if tqkd;

taumif;udk a0zefydkif;jcm;EkdifpGrf;r&SdwJhtwGuf oHo&mrSm

vnfapEkdifw,f/ ynm&Sdvm&if ynmjzifht&m&mukd xkd;xGif;

odjrifvmEkdif&mu ½kyfudkappm;í &Ekdifw,f/ avmuDcsrf;om

rsKd;pHkudkjzpfap? avmukwå&mcsrf;omrsKd;udkjzpfap jzpfxGef;&&Sd

apEkdifwJhoabmudk e*g;BuD;uzGifhqkdaewmavvm; awG;q&ef

cufygbdaygh/

'gwifb,fuOD;rSmvJ e*g;qkdwJh emrtu©&m *Pef;

ocsFmt& (e=7? *g;=2 ) qkdawmh aygif;jcif;oabmt& (9)

jzpfjyefa&m? e0if;ynmt& (9) [m rlve0if;ac:w,f?

tajcwnfe0if;vdkYvJqkdw,f/ e0if;pOft&mrSm ]]'ku©Nidrf;

89

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Handbook-49

e0if;}} aygh/ wpfcsKdUuN*dK[fpD; N*dK[feif; tqkd;tnHhawGtwGuf

,Mwmacsr,fqkd&ifvJ ]]toHk;cse0if;}} ac:Muav&JU? rdrdwkdY&JU

b0atmifjrifa&;twGuf vkdovkdaqmif&GuftoHk;jyKEkdifyg&JU/

]]tkd...awmfvkdufwm rr&,f? uRefru uRefrwkdY&Gm

u tJonfavmufxdatmif odrxm;Mubl;? aumif;vkdufwm?

'Dvkdod&awmh tm;vHk;udkjyefajymjy&OD;r,f}}

aumifpDpma&;rav;\ arcsKdUtm;csD;rGrf;axmyemjyK

oHudk Mum;&awmh uRefawmfonfvnf; arcsKdUtm; rcsD;usL;yJ

raeEkdif/ acgif;Nidrfhum Nidrhfumjyaerd&onf/ arcsKduvnf;

NyHK;umvQifqwfí pum;qkdvmjyefonfudk uRefawmfwkdYem;qif

Mu&jyefonf/

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91

92


Handbook-50

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93

94


Handbook-51

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95

96


Handbook-52

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97

98


Handbook-53

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99 100


Handbook-54

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jyKpkwifjyjcif;? NrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd OD;pD;Xmersm; (jynfolYaumifpD

tqifhqifhtygt0if) wkdY\ bwf*sufaiGpm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;

jyKpkum (NrdKUe,fcsKyf) tjzpf aiGpm&if;jyKpkjcif;wkdYonf rjzpf

rae wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onhf wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;yifjzpfyg

onf/

ynma&;? usef;rma&;? or0g,r? ukefoG,fv,f,m?

aqmufvky fa&;? qufoG,fa&; (pmwk duf ? aMu;eef; ?

w,fvDzkef;)? ukefoG,fa&;? ajrpm&if;? v,f-pdkuf-&Sif; ponf

wkdYuJhodkY jynfolvlxkESifh wkduf½dkufawGUxdqufqH&jcif;oabm

r&Sdacs/ jynfolwkdYESifh aiGa&;aMu;a&;tay;t,l vkyfaqmif

&jcif;rsKd;vnf; r&SdvSay/ txl;pDrHudef;BuD;rsm;rSvGJí aiGom;

jzifhtay;t,l&Sd&aom vkyfief;oabmrsKd;ryg0ifacs/

odkYapumrl NrdKUe,fwpfNrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd Xmeqdkif&m

toD;oD;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaqmif&Guf&mwGif a&SUqHk;u yg0if

onf/ ta&;tBuD;qHk; taetxm;wGif&Sdum vkdtyfvQif vdk

tyfovdk tm;vHk;wdkYESifhawGUqHkn§dEIdif;aqmif&Guf&onf/ txl;

ojzifh tmPmydkiftzGJUvnf;jzpfonfh jynfolYaumifpD(NrdKUe,f)

\ BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrI tpDtpOfatmufwGif wm0ef,laqmif

&Gufay;&onf/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;taumiftxnf

azmfEdkifrI tajctaersm;tm; wifjyay;&onf/ ygwD\ OD;

aqmifrItcef;u@atmuf0,f aumifpD\ BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrI

udk tav;xm;um tm;vHk;aom Xmeqdkif&mrsm;ESifh n§dEIdif;

qufpyfaqmif&Guf&jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ wm0efvnf; tifrwef

BuD;rm;vSonf[k trsm;u ajymMuqdkMuayonf/ NrdKUe,f

twGuf ESpfpOftqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk csdefcgtavsmuf wifjy&

onf/

ta&;tBuD;qHk;tcsdefrsm;um; wpfESpfvQifwpfcg

bwf*suf&moDtpjzpfaompNyD(odkYr[kwf) arvwGif NrdKUe,f

101 102


Handbook-55

pDrHudef;&nfrSef;csufrsm;tm; Xmeqdkif&mtm;vHk; (pD;yGm;a&;

ESifhoufqdkif&m)ESifh &yf aus;toD;oD;odkY ]]pDrHudef;wm0efay;

tyfyGJ}} tcrf;tem;jzifh wm0efay;tyf&jcif;jzpfonfh ta&;

BuD;vSonf/ xdkYjyif OD;pD;Xmersm;ESifhqdkif&m bwf*suf 9 oef;

rSef;ajc &nfrSef;csufrsm;wdkYudk ay;tyf&onf/ ,if;wdkYum;

A[dkrS wdkif;ESifhjynfe,f NrdKUe,frsm;odkY twdtus csrSwfay;tyf

vnf;jzpfonf/ aeYpOftvkyfrrsm;wwfvSacs/ &Hzef&Hcg txl;

pD&ifcHpm (vdktyfygu) a&;om;jyKpkay;&wwfonf/

tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&ygvQif NrdKUe,ftwGif; t&m&mwdkif;

udk od&Sdxm;EdkifzdkYvnf; vdktyfovdk rsm;aomtm;jzifhvnf;

tm;vHk;aomtzGJUtpnf;? ½kH;Xmersm;ESifh tqifajypGm n§dEIdif;

xdawGUyg0ifaqmif&Gufae&onfh Xmewpfckvnf; jzpfygonf/

t&nftcsif;jynfh0aom pDrHudef;rSL;rsm;onf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyf

ouJhodkY jynfh0aom 0efxrf;aumif;wpfOD;jzpf&ef vdktyfvS

onf/ tajymtqdkajyjypfrGef&nf t&nftcsif;jynfhrDonfhol

onf ZmwfobifuyGJwpfck\ jynfolYtcspfawmf rif;om;uJh

odkYqdkvQifvnf; rrSm;acs/

uRefawmfonfum; vlcspfvlcifrsm;í xifay:ausmf

Mum;aom yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfívmcJh&avonf/ NrdKUe,fXmeqdkif

&m tBuD;tuJwpfOD;tjzpf xD;vif;NrdKUav;udk uRefawmfa&muf

&SdvmcJhNyD; &ufowåwpfywfcefYqdkvQifyif uRefawmfhtm; NrdKU

aevlrsm;u odcJhMuNyD/ NrdKUav;u i,fonfjzpfí NrdKUodkY vlpdrf;

wpfa,muf wm0eft&a&muf&SdcJhonfESifh csufcsif;qdkovdk

owif;wpf&yfuawmh rD;yrmysHUESHY&avonf/ odkYjzpfí vl

wpfOD;\ aumif;qdk;owif;[lonf jrefqefvSonf/ xdkYaMumifh

vnf; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wpftdrfESifhwpftdrfwdkYtaejzifh r[kwf

wm raumif;wmvkyfMuvQif Mum&SnfrcHMu/ tcsif;csif; r½kd;

rom;vkyfpm;ír&acs/ xdkYaMumifhyifvQif xD;vif;NrdKUav;ü

cdk;qdk;vk,uf cg;ydkufEIduf raumif;aomZdrfcHr,frsm;vnf;

vHk;0r&Sd/ ukefukefajym&vQif wnf;cdkcef;r&Sd/ tESdyfcef;r&Sd/

jynfhwefqmr&Sdacs/ þrQtxd NrdKUav;u oefYavonf/ þ

odkYaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;aMumifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tcsdef

MumMum rapmifhvdkuf& tcifrif\ tod jrifwwfayonf/

uRefawmhftazonf pmayorm;? *Dworm;vnf;

0ifaomaMumifh om;jzpfol uRefawmfonfvnf; pma&m *Dw

yg 0goem&SdcJhonf[k ajym&rnfyifjzpfonf/ &efukeftdrfüqdk

vQif uRefawmfonf rMumrMum pE&m;wD;avh&Sdonf/ wuúodkvf

ynmoifumvvnf; wuúodkvftEkynmtoif;0if jzpfcJhzl;

onf/ uRefawmf pE´&m;tjyif 'Hkrif;? r,f'vif? armif;ESifh

*pfwmwD;wwfol jzpfonf/ tm;upm;bufwGifrl Muufawmif

upm;jcif;udk 0goemxHkonf/ ,ckxD;vif;NrdKUav;odkYa&muf

cJhawmh tm;upm;½kHoD;oefYr&Sdí Muufawmifrupm;jzpfawmh/

xD;vif;NrdKUav;odkY vmcJhpOfuyif ]]'Hkrif;}} udk ,l

aqmifvmcJhonf/ a&mufcgp&ufowåywftwGif;rSmyif n

ntcgrsm;0,f uRefawmf 'Hkrif;wD;cwf&if;ESihf oDcsif;qdkonf/

tdrf&SdnDri,fwdkYuvnf; tEkynmADZav;awGygcJhMuí xif

104

105


Handbook-56

onf/ uRefawmfhxHa&mufvdkYvmMuwm olwdkYoDqdkcsifonfh

oDcsif;wdkYtm; uRefawmfhwD;cwfay;&onf/ olwdkYvnf; ESpf

oufaysmf&TifMu uRefawmfonfvnf; tazmf&cJh&avonf/

tdrfeD;csif;rsm;ESifhvnf; tcifrifjrefcJh&avonf/ uRefawmfh

tm; cifrifMu av;pm;Mu todwuRrf;wdkY wdk;íwdk;í vmcJh

&avonf/

trSefawmh xD;vif;NrdKUav;wGif pE&m;vHk;0r&Sd/ armif;

yifvQifr&Sd/ 'Hkrif;vnf;r&Sd/ r,f'vif? wa,m? *pfwmwdkY

awmh rsm;onf/ NrdKUudka&muf&SdcJhNyD;í rMumrDyif ajrjyefYa'o

yckuúLNrdKUrS r,f'vifwpfvufudk vlBuHKESifhrSmum 0,f,l

a&muf&SdvmcJhojzifh tcsKdUaomnrsm;wGif vrf;avQmuf&if;

r,f'vifwD; jzpfawmhonf/ at;csrf;aomva&mifESifh nt&om

udk cHpm;jzpfcJhavonf/

xdktwGufaMumifhyif ]]olawmfcsif;csif;owif;avGUavGU

aygif;zufawGU}}[k qdk&avrvm;? trsKd;wlaom iSuftcsif;csif;

pkzGJUaeonfvm; ajym&rnf xifonf/ NrdKUe,fvrf;pdkufcif;

refae*sm? ukefoG,fv,f,mrefae*smwdkYESifh aygif;pnf;rdvm

&onf/ tpnf;ta0;wdkYwGifawGU&if; qHk&if;u wGJzufrdvm

Muawmhonf/ jzpfcsifawmh vrf;pdkuf&Sif; refae*smBuD;u

&efukefZmwdjzpfonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;wuúodkvfbGJU&jzpfum &efukef

½kH;csKyfwGif tvkyf0if rauG;udk ajymif;& aemuf *efYa*gNrdKUudk

ajymif;& *efYa*gNrdKUol tacsmtvS olemjyKq&mrav;ESifh

tdrfaxmifuscJhonf/ aemuf xD;vif;NrdKUav;udk ajymif;a&TU

wm0efuscJhonf/ ZeD;onfESifh uav;rsm;u *efYa*gNrdKUrSmyif

aeMuonf/ refae*smBuD;uawmh xD;vif;NrdKUrSm wpfudk,f

wnf;aeonf/ v,fpdkuf&Sif; ½kH;0if;BuD;xJ refae*smBuD;twGuf

oD;oefYtdrfwpfvHk;&Sdonf/ olY0efxrf;rdom;pk tdrfav;awG

vnf; &SdonfrdkY olYtwGuf pm;a&;? aea&; ryl&/ olYwynfh

0efxrf;wdkYu tpp vkyfaqmifay;Muonf/ olYyifudk,fADZu

tEkynmorm;jzpfí tEkynmudk tjzwfrcH? olu Arm*Dwm

udk uRrf;usifpGm wD;cwfEdkifoljzpfum naeydkif;tcsdefwGif at;at;

aq;aq; ]],rum}} av;udk rSD0J&if; *DwmwD;oDcsif;qkdav

onf/

aemufwpfOD;rSm ukefoG,fv,f,mrefae*smjzpfonf/

olu abmvHk;upm;orm;aumif;vnf;jzpfonf/ ajrjyefY

yckuúLNrdKUom; Zmwdjzpfonf/ rdom;pkyg xD;vif;rSmaeMu

onf/ olurS wu,fhtEkynmrsKd;½dk;[k ajymí&onf/ yckuúL

NrdKUwGif olYaqGrsKd;rsm;u Zmwfq&m? Zmwfobifaxmifum

e,fwumvSnhfí ujytoHk;awmfcHonfh aMu;pm;tEkynm

vkyfief;ukd vkyfudkifaeMuolrsm;[kod&onf/ olonfyif

udk;wef;? q,fwef;ausmif;om;b0wkef;u aEG&moDausmif;

ydwf&ufrsm;wGif ZmwftzGJUESifh vkdufyg&if; tu? tqkd? tajym

awGwwfcJhonf/ twD;trIwfudkrl rwwfuRrf;cJh? pnf;0g;e&D

wkdYudkawmh uRrf;usifonf/ tkd;pnf'kd;ywfavmufawmhwwf

onf/ Zmwfrif;om;[ef tqkd? tajym? tidk? &,fp&m armp&m

rsm;udk waomaomESifh [Jwwf ajymwwf o½kyfaqmifwwf

106

107


Handbook-57

onf/ olYudkNrdKUvlxkvnf; cifMu cspfMu ½dkaoav;pm;Muav

onf/

a&S;a&S;upm; ]]usD;&,f cg&,f bkwf&,f}} [lonfu

uRefawmfwkdYoHk;a,mufom;twGuf jzpf&NyD/ olYudk½dkao udk,fh

½dkaovnf;jzpfMu&wm ajymrem qdkrem qJrem nD&if;tpfudk

vkd jzpfoGm;Mu&awmhonf/ rMumrMum naecsrf;ESifh ntcg

wkdYwGif v,fpdkuf&Sif; ½Hk;0if;us,fBuD;u refae*smBuD;\tdrf

onf uRefawmfwkdYtwGuf tjrnf;pHkpHkESifh em;cdkaysmf&TifMu&m

]]edAÁmefbHk}} av;wpfckjzpfvmcJh&avonf/ olwkdY\wynfhrsm;

u NrdKUe,ftwGif;vpOf e,fvSnhfqif;Mu&olawGrkdY e,fujyef

vmvQif acs (*sD) om;? awmMuufom;? ,kefom;? cgom;? csKd;

(*sKd;) om; tp&Sdojzifh &moDtvkduf zGwf y'wfygrusef

olwkdYq&mxH,l ,lvmaeusvnf;jzpfonf/ aEGOD;umvm

jrLxaomtcg umvrsm;qkdvQifjzifh xef;&nfaumif;aumif;

ESifh oDcsif;ta[mif; topf [pfa<u;Mu&if; acsmifusus

xD;vif;NrdKUav;wGif pdwftyef;udk xef;&nfESif harQmum

aysmfatmifaejzpfMu&avonf/ qkdMu uMu wD;MuaysmfMu

&avonf/

uRefawmfum; ,rumukd rSD0Javhr&Sdojzifh raomuf

acs/ tjrnf;pm;&if; olwkdYESifhwGJzufum *Dwa&tvsOfaMum

arsmyg&if; aysmf&onf/ ukefoG,fv,f,mrefae*sm q&ma&Tu

0dkif;udkOD;aqmifavh&Sdovdkjzpf&onf/ olqkdcsifaom oDcsif;udk

uRefawmfwdkYuwD;cwfay;&onf/ q&ma&Tuawmh oDcsif;qdk

vkduf? xuvkduf? ta[mtajymawGESif h id kcsif;csvkduf?

a&mufwwf&m&m awm"avhtawGUtBuHKrsm;udk [mopHk

aESm&if; tcsdefuukefrSef;rod ukefvGef&onfudk auseyfae

avonf/ oabmusum aysmfaerdMu&avonf/

onfvkdcsdefcgrsKd;wGif uRefawmfwkdYrSm ]]txm}} BuD;awG

ESifh raeMu/ uRefawmfwkdY0dkif;twGuf pm;a&;aomufa&;u

ryl&/ pm;p&mawG aomufp&mawGu ]]vQH}} aeonf/ qefa&

pyg;aygç pm;oHk;oD;ESHaygonfh a,ma'orsm;um; þodkYESifESif

jzpfonf[kqkdMuonf/ aysmfp&m tyef;ajzp&m[lí ½kyf&Sif½Hk

r&Sd? ZmwftNidrfhyGJwkdYu pyg;odrf;csdef? yJodrf;csdef? &Sif;jyKem;o

tvSLr*FvmESifh bk&m;yGJwkdYrS vGJvQifMunfh&cJ &SdcJhonf/ odkY

twGufaMumifh ysif;p&mvdkvdk jzpf&wwfonf/ ,if;udk uRefawmf

wdkYuawmh txufygtwdkif; aysmf&Tifp&m0dkif;av; zefwD;um

aeMujcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/

Mumvmaomf uRefawmfonfvnf; xef;&nfav;

aomufwwfvmawmhonf/ olwdkYu ]]enf;enf;avmuf...

enf;enf;yg}} ESifh qG,fqG,fvmMu&if;u tawGUtBuHKopf

pcJh &vmcJh&awmhonf/ ½kyfysufqif;ysuf rl;½l;atmifawmh

olwdkYvnf; raomufMuovdk uRefawmfvnf; tjzpfrcHyg/

tm;vHk;u wwfEdkiforQ xdef;odrf;wwfMuygonf/ rjzpfrae

vnf; xdef;odrf;Muygonf/

odkYpOfvsuf &Hzef&HcgwGif tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;u

aysmfwuf uwwfonfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;ESifh w&m;a&;u q&mjzLwdkY

108

109


Handbook-58

vnf; a&mufvmwwfao;onf/ olwdkYESpfOD;a&mufvmvQif

awmh uRefawmfhudk 0dkif;av;u ydkí ]]pnf}} oGm;&.. t&nf

t0ifrsm;um awmfawmfav; rl;oGm;wwfMu&onf/ aysmf

vnf; tawmfaysmfjzpfMuonfyifqdkygawmh/

onfvdknrsm;wGif ukefoG,fv,f,m refae*smBuD;u

cPcP rMumrMum uRefawmfhxHvSnfhum pum;pvmonfudk

uRefawmfcH&wwfonf/

]]Opömayg ½kyfacsm bGJU&ynmwwf vlysKdvlvGwf t&m&Sd

jzpfwJh &efukefNrdKUawmfBuD;u rif;om;av;udk xD;vif;NrdKUol

eJY ay;pm;&r,f/ rif;om;av;a&mufvmrS uRefawmfydkaysmf

vmrd&wm? t&ifuqdk ½kH;eJYtdrf tdrfeJY½kH;yJ jzpfaecJhwm..

rif;om;av; 'DNrdKUrSm tcsdefMumMum ESpfMumMumNrJEdkif&atmif

BuHaqmifMurS jzpfrSm...}}

xdkif;wGif &SdaeMuukefaomoltm;vHk;wdkYuvnf; ]][kwfygh

[kwfygh...axmufcHw,f}}[k oHpOfvdkufMuNrJ jzpfonf/ v,f

pdkuf&Sif; refae*smBuD;uvnf; cyfaxGaxGav;ESifh pum;qdk

wwfao;onf/ &efukefodkY ½kH;udpöoGm;a&muf&onfhtcgwdkif;

v,fpdkuf&Sif;refae*smBuD;onf uRefawmfhrdbrsm; tdrfa&muf

onf/ rdbrsm;ESifh awGUqHkonf/ xD;vif;NrdKUrS uRefawmf\

rdom;pktwGuf a,mvHkcsnfppfppf? ysm;&nfppfppf? qwfom;

ajcmuf? acs (*sD) om;ajcmuf? ,kefom;ajcmufponfwdkYudk

re fae*smBuD;u ,laqmifoGm;umay;aeusjzpfonf/

uRefawmf &efukefodkYoGm;a&mufonhftcgwGifvnf; refae*sm

BuD;ypönf;wkdYudk ,laqmifoGm;cJhum olYrdbrsm;xHa&mufatmif

oGm;awGUqHkum ay;aeusvnf;jzpfygonf/ v,fpdkuf&Sif;refae*sm

ESifh uRefawmfonfwu,fhaoG;&if;om;&if; nDtpfudk&if;wrQ

vnf;jzpf&ygonf/ olonfyifvQif a,mNrdKUawmfol *efYa*gol

jzpfonfh olYZeD;\aqGrsKd;rsm;xJrS *efYa*gNrdKUolwpfa,mufESifh

ay;pm;&rnf[k ajymaeusvnf;jzpfygonf/

enf;enf;av;rsm;onfhtcgrsm;qkdvQif v,fpdkuf&Sif;

refae*smBuD;onf uRefawmfhtm;aexkdif&mtdrfodk Y rjyef

apawmh/ olYwynhfrsm;ESifhvnf; rydkYaqmifapawmh/ refae*sm

BuD;tdrfüyiftdyf&atmif pDpOfay;umtdyfaponhf&ufrsm;rSm

vnf; wpfBudrfESpfBudrfrucsifawmh/ tBudrfa&ursm;vkdYvm

aeonf/ &yfa0;rSa&mufvm wm0efxrf;aqmifaeMu&aom

b0ay;tajctaeonf taMumif;aMumif;aMumifhomjzpfNyD;

t&m&Sdwpfa,muf\ *kPfodu©mudkawmh txdtckdufrcHMuay/

onfpdwfrsKd;jzifh *kPfodu©mudktoufwrQ wefbdk;xm;aeMu

olwkdYvnf;jzpfonfudk tm;vHk;uvnf; odxm;em;vnfMuojzifh

uRefawmfwdkYtm; tm;vHk;wkdYucifrifav;pm;Mu tm;xm;Mu

ayonf/ EkdifiHa&;rvkyf? &Twf&Twf&Suf&Sufrvkyf? trsm;wkdYu

cspfcif,HkMunfrIudkvnf; &&Sdxm;Muolrsm;omjzpfavonf/

wpfaeYwGifawmh-

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ausmufawmifBuD;rsm;awmif wkdufpm;zefrsm;vm&if yGef;&yJh&

w,fwJh...aysmf&Tifwmrsm;vmaeNyD; ,rumrBudKufzl;qdkwJh

110 111


Handbook-59

olu tpyxrtaeeJY obm0yifus&nfppfppf xef;&nfav;

avmufaomufjzpfvmcJhNyD...Mumvm&ifpGJ? pGJ&mut&ufawG

aomufvmawmhr,f...n n tdrfjyefrtdyfwmawG&SdvmNyD

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udk,fwmudk pGufzufjcif;vkdYjrifcJh&ifvJ uRefrarMunfvGifcsKd

BudKwiftcGifhawmif; awmif;yef&if;pum;wpfcsKdUudk ajymcGifhjyK

ygvm;q&m...}}

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awmhvJ uRefawmfem;qif&rSmaygh...bmygvdrfh}}

arcsKdu pwifajymvmcJh tcGifhawmif;cHvmcJhonhf

pum;udk uRefawmfcGifhjyKay;cJhygonf/

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vmcJh&if bmwpfckrStjypfajymp&mr&Sd&avmufatmifawmfwJh

OD;&Jyg...wkdif;½Hk;eJY &efukef (½Hk;csKyf)udk q&mhudk,fpm;oGm;

a&mufcJh&pOfwkef;u rauG;rSmwkdif;rSL;BuD;u uRefrudkajymcJh

wmudk uRefrwu,fav;pm;*kPf,lrdcJh&wmyg...}}

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u 'k-nTefrSL;BuD;u udk&Judkodyftav;xm; tm;xm;um? udk&J

½Hk;csKyfrSm&SdpOfu 'k-nTefrSL;BuD;xHcGifhawmif;w,f/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;

rSm&SdwJh OD;pD;Xme? bkwfaumfydka&;&Sif;? tzGJUtpnf;awG&JU

vkyfief;oabmobm0 taetxm;awGudk odxm;em;vnf

csifw,fNyD; ½Hk;csKyfawGtoD;oD;udk vSnhfajymif;NyD; udkifwG,f

aqmif&GufcGifhudkawmif;owJh...tcGifh&cJhowJh...}}

yrmajym&&if 0efBuD;Xmewpfckcsif;pD&JUvufatmuf

&Sd XmeawGtm;vHk;udkavhvmcJhwm? tJonfwkef;u pkpkaygif;

(170) cefY&Sdw,fxifyg...'gawGudk udk&JuudkifwG,fod&Sd

em;vnfEkdifcJhw,f/ qufoG,faqmif&Guf&wJh XmewkdYudkvSnfh

ajymif;wm0ef,lw,faygh/

a':arMunfvGifcsKdwkdYu ½Hk;csKyfrSm ESpftm;jzifhvJ (3)

ESpfcefYomqkdawmh xdawGUrI rrsm;vSbl;/ XmewGif oifwef;u

(4) vwufa&muf&ao;NyD;awmh e,ffbufudkajymif;a&TUwm0ef

xrf;cJhNyDqdkawmh udk&Jvkdr[kwfcJhbl;aygh/ udk&Ju awmfawmhfudk

BudK;pm;wJhol/ wpfaeYwpfcsdefrSm wm0efBuD;BuD;udk,lvmEdkifvdrfh

r,fvkdY 'k-nTefrSL;BuD;u arQmfvifhxm;wmtrSefyJ...udk&Ju

½Hk;csKyfrSmwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaeqJrSmvJ I.F.L (EdkifiHjcm;

bmomwuúodkvf) 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJajz-0ifcGifh&vkdY nae½Hk;qif;

NyDqkd&if tdkiftufzft,fvfrSm tcsdefydkif; *syefbmomudk

wufa&mufoif,latmifjrifEkdifcJhol? tem*wfrSmtm;xm;&

r,fh0efxrf;aumif;wpfOD;jzpfEdkifbdkYaygh/

olYe,ftawGUtBuHK,laepOftwGif;rSmyJ pDrH b@m

0efBuD;XmeBuD;wpfckvHk; atmufrSmyg0ifaeMuwJh Xme? tzGJU

tpnf;awGtm;vHk;eJY pyfqkdifNyD; oifhavsmf&mbmom&yfawGeJY

EkdifiH&yfjcm;ynmawmfoif tpDtpOfawGuvJay:vmaeMuyJ?

udk&Jb,fvkdpOf;pm;r,frodbl;/ wpfaeYawmh udk&J &efukefudk

112113


Handbook-60

jyef0ifvdrfhr,fqkdwmudk uRefawmfjrifw,f/ e,frSm (2) ESpf

jynhfoGm;cJhNyDqkd&if udk&JtwGuf &efukefudkjyefajymif;a&TUbkdYu

rcufygbl;? olYoabmuom t"duygyJ/

]]xm;ygawmhav...NrdKUe,fygwD? aumifpDpwJh

tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;awGeJYuvJ udk&Jwpfa,muftqifajy

w,fMum;&vkdY pdwfcsrf;om&ygw,f/ wpfcsKdUaomNrdKUe,fawG

rSmu tpmrauswmav;awG &SdwwfMuwmrSm owif;aumif;

omMum;&wmrkdY uRefawmf0rf;om&ygw,f/ uRefawmfu udk&J

udk pdwfcsNyD;om;yg/ ,HkMunfNyD;om;yg/ udk&JeJY uRefawmfeJYu

nDtpfudkvkdcifwma&m? 'k-nTefrSL;BuD;&JU aus;Zl;t&Sdeft0ga&m

qkdawmhvJ tu,fírsm; udk&Jwpfa,mufrSm vkdtyfcsuf?

tjcm;aom tm;enf;csufawGrsm;&SdcJh&ifvJ e,fajrcHjzpfolu

today;ajymjyulnDay;vkdufygAsm...}}wJh/

onfpum;awGt&vJ q&mhudkusrt&JpGefYajymjzpf

vmrd&wmyg/ q&mvJMum;zl;NyD;om;ygav...rdausmif;rif;

a&cif;jyqkdwmvkdjzpfae&ifvJ cGifhvTwfygq&m...

ol&mar&,aMumifh q&maumif;owif;? t&nf

tcsif;? *kPfodu©mawG[m ,kwfavsmhusqif;roGm;apcsifwm

u arcsKdUpdwf&if;yg/ rxifrSwfbJ rNidoifhwm Nid txdtawGU

arm[awmrSm oGm;ykyfavvGifharsmyg roGm;apcsifygbl; q&m

&,f/

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q&m&,f...aeYpOf&ufqufawGjzpfvmrSmudk pdk;&drfw,f/

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aumif;w,f? aysmfp&m&Smw,f? aysmf&Tifvmw,f/ taysmfvGef

NyD; ysufpD;oGm;&um NrdKUav;uae xGufajy;oGm;&wJhtjzpfrsKd;

(ysif;? aysmf? ysuf? ajy;) rjzpfapcsif½kd; trSefygq&m...arcsKd

ajymrSm;? qkdrSm;? txiftjrifrSm;wJhoabmjzpfoGm;cJh&ifvJ

cGifhvTwfwwfygap...cGifhvTwfEkdifygapvkdY...}}

arcsK d Uapwempum;rsm;ud k em;axmif&onfrSm

uRefawmfwkdY½Hk;tzGJUtm; rdom;pkav;wkdYonf a&aEG;Murf;ESifh

vufzufokyf0dkif;udk qifETJaeMupOfwGifjzpfavonf/

]]trIdufup jyom'frD;avmif}} qkdwmudk uRefawmf

oabmayguf&rSmyJaygh arcsKd}} tjypfjyqHk;rolawG oJvHk;trQ

rsm;jym;ygap}} qkdwJh Ak'¨jrwfpGmom;awmf &[ef;awmft&Sif

&m[kvmu w&m;&&m&aMumif;tjrifudk zGifhqkdusifhoHk;cJhovkd

ayghav...uRefawmfoabmaygufcH,lygw,f arcsKdraeYuyJ

tdrfunDrawmfawGuvJ ajymcJhMuNyD/ uRefawmfwkdYtzGJU nzuf

av,mOfuGif;a[mif;BuD;xJrSm wD;Mu qkdMu aysmfMu&if;u

uRefawmfrl;cJh&ygyaumaygh...}}

n (11) em&Davmuf&SdaecJhNyD/ &DwDwD a0awaw

aumif;aumif;rjzpfao;bl;qkdwJh q&ma&TUtajymaMumifh

refae*smBuD;OD;0if;&JU wynhfawmfom;wpfa,mufu &rf

wpfvHk;oGm;,l xef;&nfeJYa&may;cJh...tJ'Dhta&maMumifh

114

115


Handbook-61

uRefawmfrl;cJh&NyD/ vHkcsnfudk*Gif;odkif;NyD; uaecJholudkyif

uRefawmfb,fol b,f0grSef;rodcJhawmh/ r,f'vifvJ wD;vdkY

r&awmhEkdif? aexkdif&mtdrfudkydkYapcJhMuw,f/ nOfheufoef;

acgifrS wdrfudkjyefa&mufawmh vlrSef;olrSef;rodEkdif&avmuf

atmifudkbJrl;cJh...b,fvkdb,fvkd tdyf&mukwifay:a&mufcJh

&rSef; uRefawmfrodEkdifcJhbl;ayghav/

reufrkd;vif;awmh ]]udkav;aemf...vlqkd;BuD;jzpfvkdY

vmaeNyD/ aeYwkdif;aeYwkdif;om vlqkd;BuD;jzpfvm&if orD;wkdYu

awmh udkav;udkrcspfawmhbl;...udkav;vkdYvJ rac:awmhbl;

...vdkY rdvIdifuajymvmcJhw,fAsm/ olwkdYrdom;pku uRefawmf

wkdYom;vkd om;yrmt&mxm;aeMuwm nDtpfroHk;azmfuvJ

a&mufcgpuawmh ]]OD;&J}} vkdYac:cJhMuayrJh wpwpMumvm

awmh udk,fhtpfudk&if;yrmoabmxm;NyD; ]]tudkav;}} ac:&if;

]]udkav;}} vkdYwGifvmac:vmMuwJhtxd oHa,mZOf&Sd&SmMuwm

arcsKdajymcJhovkd (ysif;? aysmf? ysuf? ajy;) jzpfvkdYvmcsifaeNyD

xif&JU...qifjcif&r,f...qifqifjcifjcifudk jyKjyifaeOD;rS}}

uRefawmfhpum;udk olwkdYem;axmifaeMuonf/ pum;

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]]tqHk;owfpum;wpfcGef;tjzpfeJY arcsKdajym&OD;r,f

q&m...a&xJudk tqdyfxnfh&if tqdyfjzpfoGm;NyD aq;xnfh

&if aq;&nfjzpf&w,fwJh q&m/ q&m owdxm;em;vnfEdkif

wwfygap/ q&mh&JU apwem? arwåmawGudk rsm;pGmem;vnf

vsufeJY wkYHvS,f apwem? arwåmpum;awGudk arcsKd ajymjy

jzpf&jcif;ygyJ q&m&,f...}}/

a&aEG;Murf;0dkif;rS uRefawmfxcJh? uRefawmfhpm;yGJteD;

wGif zwfwyf&yfcJh...[kd;ta0;u csif;awmifwef;jrifhBuD;udk

ai;MunfhaerdcJhonf/ ESif;jrLoifwdkif; NcHKodkif;vdkY 0ef;caeav

onf/

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nu tawmftxdemoGm;cJhw,fxif&JU...}}

ukefoG,fv,f,mrefae*sm q&ma&T\ pum;oHudk

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onf/ ol uRefawmfhpm;yGJa&SU&Sd cHkwGif 0ifxdkifvmcJhonf/

]]q&ma&Taemf...0efxrf;qef qeftdwfawGudk

aumif;oifh tqifajyatmif taumif;a&m? toifha&mudk

]]udkwm}}tjzpf xkwfay;vdkY&ayrJh arcsKdwdkY q&mudkawmh tJvdk

[kda&m onfa&m vlrSef;olrSef;rod rl;½l;ap&atmifawmif

rzefwD;vdkufygeJY&Sif...}}[lí arcsKdUpum; tm;vHk;Mum;vdkuf

Mu&onf/

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wkwfBuD;BuD;eJY ½kdufykwfarmif;xkwfypf&r,f/ udka0vif;a&

wkwfBuD;BuD;wpfacsmif;avmufawmh &Smxm; aqmifxm;OD;rS...}}

[laom pma&;rav; &D&Dar &efawGUoHudkvnf; rMum;pzl;

uRefawmf Mum;vdkuf&NyD/

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116

117


Handbook-62

&efawGUoHawGygvm;...qlnHqlnHeJY? 'g av,mOfuGif;a[mif;

r[kwfzl;? ½kH;aemf ½kH;Xme...[J...[J...[J...}}[kqdkum

uRefawmfh½kH;xJ a&muf&Sdvmoluawmh v,fpdkuf&Sif;refae*sm

BuD; OD;0if;yif jzpfawmhonf/

]]'Dwpfcg *efYa*gu refae*smBuD;uawmf tvnf

tywf a&mufvmw,fMum;&ifawmhvm;...refae*smBuD;

wpfa,mufawmh av,mOfuGif;a[mif;BuD;u blrdurÁvmrSm

n..n ]]uJ}} aevdkufwmrsm; aumif;aumif;BuD;udk &Sif;jyjzpf

atmif &Sif;jyvkduf&OD;r,f...}}[laom &D&Dar\ toHESifh

refae*smBuD;udk xGufvmcJhjyefavNyD/ refae*smBuD;rSm xdkifyif

rxdkif&ao;/

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a&mufvmavawmh uRefawmfonf xdkifae&if;rSxum

uRefawmfhae&mtm; Ouú|BuD;twGuf ae&mudkay;onf/ Ouú|BuD;

u ]]xdkif&ao;wmayghav}} [kqdkum xdkifcJhygonf/ uRefawmf

wdkY tm;vHk;onfvnf; Ouú|BuD;udk rsufESmrlum udk,fpDudk,fpD

xdkifcJhMuonf/

]]usKyfvmwm wjcm;r[kwfzl;As...q&ma&TwdkY? q&m0if;

wdkY? q&m&JwdkY? orOD;pD;u OD;0if;BuD;? pm&if;ppf½kH;u OD;pef;?

w&m;a&;u OD;ydkufwdkYtygt0if q&ma&TwdkYtzGJUudk zdwfMum;

pm a&mufvmvdrfhr,f/ xef;yifukef;&Gmu q&maomifhajr;

uav;eJY ajr;rav;wdkYudpö? &SifjyK em;o tvSLr*Fvm&Sdw,f/

tJonfrSm q&mwdkY 0dkif;udktul;yJ zdwfMum;r,fqdkwmygyJ...

aumif;aumif; 0g;wD; qdkwD; bmwD; nmwD;ayghAsm...}}

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q&m&J&JU wynfhawGu uRefawmfhudkawmif aemifudk ½kH;cef;xJ

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umtdaÈ´zsufaprIeJY uRefawmfhudk w&m;cHvkyf rkef;csifaeMu

wm... 'ku©rS wu,fh'ku©BuD; jzpfae&NyDAs...}}

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uawmh ]]t"duuawmh uRefawmfyJAs..."m;udkzsufwm 0g;

rsufyg.. olYudkzsufwm v,fpdkuf&Sif;refae*smBuD;yg jzpfcJh&NyD

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0if;yg w[m;[m;ESifh &,farmaeMuawmhonf/

]][m...[kwfvm;...bmawGrsm; jzpfaeMuygvdrfh...

usKyfuvJ e,fu&GmawGqD oGm;aecJh&vdkY NrdKUjyowif; vpf[if;

cJh&NyDqdkygawmh...}}[laom Ouú|BuD;\ pum;oH/

]][kwfw,f Ouú|BuD;&Sifh...v,fpdkuf&Sif;refae*sm

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av,mOfuGif;a[mif;BuD;xJ aysmfyGJETJMuowJh/ obifynm&Sif

118

119


Handbook-63

BuD; q&ma&TeJY ta[m tajym tqdk tidkaumif;eJY yGJawmif;

vdkYqdkNyD; uwJholuvJueJY? reufrdk;vif;awmh e*g;jzpfvkdYyJ

ajrvQKd;rdk;ysHwmrsKd; awG;,l&avmufatmif nu udk,fhckwif

ay: udk,fb,fvdka&mufrSef; rodwJhvlvJ&Sdav&JU&Sifh...}}[l

aom arcsKd\tajym...

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um &,faeawmhonf/ NyD;rS-

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a':arcsKdwdkY &D&DarwdkYa&... olwdkYu vlawmf vlaysmfawGuGJU/

jyóem&SmwwfMuwJholawG r[kwfMuaybl;/ wu,fh

vlaumif; vlawmfawGygyJ/ olwdkYawG 'DrSm ESpfMumMum&Sdae

wm0efxrf;aqmifaeMuwmudkyJ udk,fhrSm 0rf;om*kPf,lae&

wm/ udk,fhXmeqdkif&mvkyfief;awGtjyif 'Du xD;vif;NrdKUe,f

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xJ &GmxJ bmom omoem vlrIa&;awGyg 0dkif;0ef;xrf;aqmif

ulnDvkyfudkifay;MuwJh OD;aqG;qHjrnfh yk*¾dKvfawGyguG,f...

emrnfqdk; emrnfysufvJ wpfcgrS &SdMuwJh olawGrS r[kwfawmh/

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cufom;vm;? 'DNrdKUav;rSm aysmfaysmf&Tif&TifeJY aejzpfMuwmudk

yJ 0rf;omaus;Zl;wif&wm... wpfcsKdU0efxrf;awG? XmetBuD;

tuJawGrsm; a&mufvmwmrS rMumao;? aumif;aumif;rS

rcifyif&ao;...wpfESpfavmufyJaeNyD; ajrjyefY&Sd NrdKUe,fawG

qD ajymif;a&TUp&myif &SdoGm;Muawmhwm/

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eJY a&mufEdkifao;? [dk ykvJ-*efYa*gvrf;udk toHk;jyKoGm;vm&

wJh rdk;wGif; rdk;Owkusawmh yHkawmif yHknm awmifwef;BuD;awG

udk wuf&? qif;&wJh um;vrf;u jrifhrm;rwfapmufeJY? 'DMum;

xJ rdk;rsm;vdkY awmifNydK&wm? acsmif;a&usvdkY ESpfn oHk;ntdyf

xrif;qdkifrSm Z&yfwdkYrSmtdyf&? pD;vmwJh um;BuD;uysuf awm

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avonf/

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vmcJhjyefonf/

120

121


Handbook-64

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a&; vQyfppftif*sifeD,muvJ '&rfwD;q&m? 'Du q&m&Ju

awmh acwfay:a&m a&S;a[mif;a&m ta&SUwdkif;a&m taemuf

wdkif;a&m jrefrm*Dwa&m urÇmh*Dwyg uRrf;usifwJh *DwtEkynm

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rSm ypönf;aumif;av;awGvJ 'gZifvdkuf yguifvdkuf&Sdw,fvJ

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í tdrftay:xyfodkY uRefawmf a&mufcJhonf/ rdk;&dyfav&dyf

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odkYiS,f a&GUvsm;aeonfh wdrfawmif wdrfvdyfwdkYudk tay:xyf

&Sd zGifhxm;onfh jywif;wHcg;aygufwdkYudkausmfum jrifae&onf/

bm&,fvdkYr[kwf? 'Hkrif;udktoHnd§umaerdonf/ rdk;OD;opfpNyD

rdkY ]]rdk;oufavESif}}oDcsif;udk wD;um oDcsif;qdkaerdcJhonf/

cHpm;rIuvnf; onfoDcsif;udk uRefawmfBudKufESpfoufonf/

ywf0ef;usif obm0taetxm;uvnf; yHhydk;zefqif;ay;ae

oa,mif jzpfaeonf/ *Dwa&tvsOfpD;arsm&if; oDcsif;vnf;

qHk;...twD;oHvnf; &yfawmhrnftjyK-

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qif;vmawmh...}}/

122

123


Handbook-65

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í uRefawmfhudk vSrf;ajymcJhaomaMumifh atmufxyfodkY uRefawmf

qif;cJhawmhonf/

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toHjyKonf/

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uRefawmfhtm; ]]aemuf}} vmcJhonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; jyefajym

jzpfcJh&onf/

]][kwfygbl;Asm...obm0&moDOwkuvJ rkd;OD;p

rkd;oufav taemufawmifavav;&awmh &wmawmhvJ

rkd;&eHYudkcHpm;rdvmwmeJY 'Hk;rif;wD; oDcsif;ygqkdjzpfoGm;wmyg...}}

]]uJ...uJ tvGrf;taqG;&Sd&ifvJ ab;z,fxm;? 'DrSm

rrarcsKd,lvmwJh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; rkd;usvufzufokyf? yJrkefYaMumf?

rdvIdifwkdYpDpOfwJh All;oD;aygif;aMumfeJY tcsOfa& a&aEGMurf;eJY

tvGrf;awGajyayawmh...rrarcsKdvJ a&mufvmcJhawmh

ykdaumif;wmaygh...}}

[líyif reDvmu pum;qufcJhonf/ pm;Muaomuf

Mu&if;rSmyif reDvmu pum;qufcJhjyefonf/

]]tm;vHk;pm;NyD;oGm;MuNyDqkd&if reDvmBudKufwJh oDcsif;

wpfyk'fudk q&muwD;ay;&r,f? qkdvJqkd&r,f? em;axmifyg&

apaemf...}}

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yg &,faeMuao;avonf/

tvwfr rdcdkifu tay:xyfodkYwufum 'Hkrif;udk oGm;

a&muf,lvmay;onf/ reDvm awmif;qdkcJhaom ]]cspfNyHK;ESif;qD}}

oDcsif;udk uRefawmf wD;cwfoDqdkay;&ygawmhonf/ wD;cwf

oDqdkay;aepOftwGif; trSwfwrJhrSonf trSwfxifxif arcsKdU

udk uRefawmf yefxm;vsufESifhudk uRefawmfjrifae&avonf/

vufpowfawmh reDvm zefwD;cJhaom {&d,mtwGif;

uRefawmf oufqif;usa&mufcJh&jcif;yif jzpfacsawmhonf/

reDvm nDtpfroHk;azmfwdkYu arcsKdUudk ]]vSvdkY}} [lí cspfMu

onf/ aqGrsKd;awGvnf; jzpfMuonf/ wpfck&SdonfrSm arcsKd

aexkdif&monf &yfuGuf (1) jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYaexkdif&m

&yfuGuf (2) udkk awmfawmfESifh arcsKdra&mufjzpf? a&mufvm

vQifvnf; [kdpOfuwnf;uyif onfnDtpfrav;wkdYtwGuf

pm;p&mwpfckckawmhygvmpNrJ? tvSbk&ifrav;wpfyg;rk d Y

t&m&Sdrav;wpfOD;rkdY oabmaumif;olav;rkdY tm;vHk;uarcsKdU

udk cifMucspfMuonf/ OD;av;odef;ESifh q&mrBuD;wkdYuvnf;

orD;awGudkarcsKdUvkd t&m&Sdrav;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;Mu[k

oGefoifqHk;ravhvnf;&Sdavonf/ olwkdYtm;vHk;uvnf; arcsKd

ESifh uRefawmfhtm; eD;pyfapcsifMuonf[k uRefawmfxifonf

av/

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wD;cwftNyD;wGif reDvmuajymcJhonf/

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p&m&SvkdY 'DudkwrifoufoufvmcJhwm? orD;wkdYqDra&mufcJhwm

124 125


Handbook-66

vJMumNyDqkdawmh wpfcsufckwfESpfcsufjywfvJjzpfoGm;&wm?

orD;wkdYuvJ 0dkif;ulajymay;Muaemf...}}[k pum;yv’ifcHum

arcsKduuRefawmfhudk ajymvmcJhavonf/

]]'Dvkdyg q&m...'Dupmudk t&ifzwfMunfhvkdufygOD;?

NyD;awmhrS arcsKdajymyghr,f...}}

arcsKdajymvmjcif;ESifhtwl pmudkuRefawmfhtm;urf;

ay;cJhonf/ pmudk uRefawmfzwfonf? pmutdwfzGifhay;pm

vnf;jzpfonf/ pmygtaMumif;t&mrSm &efukefNrdKU&Sdtpfukd

jzpfolu nDtpf&if;jzpfaom xD;vif;NrdKU&Sd NrdKUe,fynma&;rSL;

xH pma&;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkd&efukefu yk*¾dKvfBuD;ESifh uRefawmfh

zcifESifhuvnf; wuúodkvftwlwufzufrsm; jzpfMuum ,ck

jyefvnfawGUqHkrdMu&if;u xD;vif;NrdKUtaMumif;udk pum;pyfrd

cJhMuaMumif;? xD;vif;NrdKUav;wkd;wuf&m wkd;wufaMumif; yg0if

ulnDay;yg&efESif h ynmwwfbGJU&rsm; tem*wfwGifyd krk d

xGef;um;vmapa&;twGuf ynmtvif;zGifhay;apvkdaMumif;

ynmwwfrsm;rsm;vmonfESifhtrQ EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHonf rvTJ

raoGwkd;wufaom EkdifiHjzpfvmEkdifrnfjzpfaMumif;? puFmyl

EkdifiHav;udk yrmay;í&aMumif;? xkdYaMumifh ½Hk;csdefjyifywGif

uRefawmfhtaejzifh ynmjzefYjzL;ay;Ekdifap&efudk a&;om;xm;

avonf/

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om;? ynma&;rSL;BuD;uvJ q&mhvDvmOD;r,fvkdYvJ arcsKdKUukd

rSmvdkufw,f? wu,fvJ arcsKdarwåm&yfcHyg&ap? OD;&Juynm

jynhf0oljzpfavawmh wpfzufwpfvrf;uvJ arcsKdwkdYxD;vif;

NrdKUe,f e,fole,fom;awG NrdKUolNrdKUom;awGeJY rdbawGudkvJ

ulnD&ma&mufatmif ynmtvif;zGifhay;ygq&m&,f...

tm;vHk;u0rf;omMurSmyg}}

arcsKdwdkYNrdKUav;rSm pD;yGm;jzpfoabmeJY ]]usL&Sif}} qdkwm

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trsm;pkrdkY aiGaMu;vJcsrf;omMuvSw,fr[kwfavawmh pD;yGm;

a&;orm;awGuvJ usL&SifrzGihfvSpfMuygbl;? 'DtajctaerSmyJ

usL&Sifav;wpfckawmh&Sdaew,f/ oluvJ 0efxrf;wpfOD;ygyJ?

0efxrf;i,fav;yg? ocsFm? "gwk? ½ly? ZD0bmom&yfudkjyw,f?

t*Fvdyfpmygjyoay;w,f? olwpfOD;wnf;eJYqdkawmh b,fvG,f

yghrvJ? olu t*Fvdyfpmukd tuRrf;BuD;r[kwfzl;? bmom&yf

tm;vHk;twGuf t.x.u ausmif;BuD;u q&m? q&mrawGu

oifjyay;vdkufwJhpmawGudk oluxyfrHaEG;ay;wJhoabm pmaus

atmifqdkwJhoabmeJY usL&SifqdkNyD;ajym&wmyg/ xyfrHoifay;wJh

oabmygyJ...ydkufqHav;rjzpfpavmufyJ,lNyD; apwemeJY

oifay;aewmyg/

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bmomudkjyay;zdkYyJjzpfygw,f/ ausmif;BuD;u q&m? q&mr

awGoifjyay;vkdufwmrSefayrJh taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh

em;r&Sif; rodwmav;awGudk jyefar;zkdYusawmh q&m? q&mr

awGudk aMumufpdwfu&Sdao;wmr[kwfvm;...tJ'gukd usL&Sif

126 127


Handbook-67

rSmjyay;vkdufwJhtcg olwkdYav;awG em;vnfwwfajrmufoGm;Mu

&atmifaygh...}} [k arcsKduajymjyaeygonf/

]]jyay;yg udkav;&,f...orD;wkdYq,fwef;a&muf

awmhrSmrkd Y ydkaumif;wmaygh...tm;udk;ygw,f q&mBuD;

OD;&JjrifhvdIif&Sifh}} [k rdvdIifuygxyfqifh wkdufwGef;vmcJhonf/

]]usL&Sifjy&vkdY armyrf;cJh...anmif;nmudkufcJvmcJh

vm&ifawmh rdvdIifeif;ay;&rSmaemf}} [k uRefawmfpç cJhjzpfonf/

]]tr,fav;...'gav;rsm;...nDtpfroHk; a,muf

wpfa,mufwpfvSnhfpD eif;ay;OD;rSm? zsm;emudkufcJ&ifvJ ryl

eJY/ azaz ararwkdYu usef;rma&;0efxrf;yJOpöm? aq;awGvJ

&Sdw,f/ aq;vJxkd;ay;OD;rSm....}} [lí vdIif? ckdif? BudKifwkdYu

nd§EdIif;xm;onhftvm; oHNydKif[pfa<u;vkdY vmcJhao;awmhonf/

arcsKd uRefawmfhrsufESmudk tuJcwfMunhfaecJhrSef;

uRefawmfodaeygonf/ uRefawmhfxJrS a&&maocsmaom

oltvdk&Sdjzpfapcsifonfh qE´twkdif;jzpfaprnhf pum;oHukd

arQmfvifhapmifhpm;[efjyum&SdaecJhonfudk uRefawmfjrifae&

ygonf/

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vkdtyfvkdY tvSLchvmcJhNyDqkdrSawmh ay;vSLoluvJ pdwfqE´

aumif;aumif;eJY vSLwwf&rSmaygh/ 'grSvJ tvSLcHoleJY vSL'gef;

ol ,loleJYay;ol ukodkvfppfppfjzpf&NyD; qkawmif;awGjynhfpHk

&wmr[kwfvm;...wuúodkvf0ifwef; (10) wef;udk t*Fvdyf

pmjyay;yghr,f/ arcsKdyJ pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;ygav...}}

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...}}

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&Tifjyaeaom cspfMuifp&mrsufESmav;udk uRefawmftxl;owd

xm;rdjrifaerdcJh&avonf/

xkdaeYunaeydkif;wGif arcsKdUudk nDtpfroHk;azmfESifh

reDvmwkdYu arcsKdUtdrfodkY vkdufygydkYaqmifcJhMuonf/

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awmh...

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aqmifay;r,fh trsKd;om;aumif; q&maumif;wpfOD;ay:xGuf

vkdYvmcJh&NyDrkdY uRefawmf0rf;omw,f/ uRefawmfu xD;vif;NrdKU

om;ppfppfrkdY Zmwdajrudk ydkrkdwkd;wufvmapcsifwmuawmh

aepOfeJYtrQ jzpfae&olygyJ/ aus;Zl;awGtrsm;BuD; aeYwkdif;

wifaerd&rSmygyJAsm/ arcsKdUudkvJ Ekd;Mum;wuf<uwJh NrdKUe,f*kPf

udk NrdKUe,ftusKd;udkaqmifoltjzpfeJY csD;usL;rd&ao;&JUAsm...}}

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pum;wkdYukd tydkrajymwwfaom ynma&;rSL;BuD;\ &ifxJu

128

129


Handbook-68

pum;oHu apwemjynhf0vSonhf oabmtm;uRefawmfwGuf

qrdum pmoifay;&rnfudk uRefawmfawG;vsuf aysmfaerdcJh

&ygonf/

wjznf;jznf;ESifhodí odívmcJh&if;u wu,fwrf;

owåKcs Munh fr dawmh awmifolv,form; ausmif;ol

ausmif;om;0efxrf;i,fav;rsm;ygrusef av;pm;tm;udk;cspf

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0efxrf;aumif;wpfOD;? twk,lbG,f&myk*¾dKvfwpfOD;tjzpf

jzpfvmap&ef aqmifMuOf;ay;cJholrSm arcsKdomjzpfayonf/

taMumif;&if;rSefrSm &efukef(½Hk;csKyf)odkY arcsKdUtm;

wm0efwpfckjzifh uRefawmfapvTwfcJh&onf/ wm0efjzifhoGm;

a&mufcJh&pOf arcsKdonfazmfjyyg ynma&;rSL;BuD;\tpfukdawmf

nTefMum;a&;rSL;BuD;xH a&mufcJhawGUqHkcJhonf/ aqGrsKd;&if;vnf;

jzpfí xkdnTefrSL;BuD;\tdrfwGifyif wpfnwmtdyfcJh&ao;onf/

xkdnu xD;vif;NrdKUe,ftaMumif;rsm;? olwkdYaqGrsKd;rdwfo*F[

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taMumif;cHrsm;rS arcsKdonf olYe,fajr? olYNrdKUtm; ydkrkdwkd;wuf

apvkdaom&nf&G,fqE´ jyif;jyrIrsm;tm; nTefrSL;BuD;udkajym

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usL&Sifq&mb0jzpfvmcJh&onfudk uRefawmfodvmcJh&ayonf/

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udk em;EdkifapcJh&onf/ usL&Sifq&mb0 wpfzufwpfvrf;u

xrf;cJh&onf/

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130

131


Handbook-69

,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf uRefawmfBudK;pm;aqmif&Gufay;&yg

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usK&Sifq&m\ rdom;pkuvnf; oabmaumif;Muonf/

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tm;ay;Muaom rdom;pkvnf;jzpfavonf/

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aemufnae (4;15) em&DwGif uRefawmfusL&Sif0if&onf/

wpfem&Dwdwdjyay;&onf/ (5;15) qkdvQif uRefawmfucsdefNyD;

NyD/ (15) rdepfem;csdef&aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u

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wGif wpfaeYwmusL&SifcsdefNyD;pD;onf/

odkYjzpfaomaMumihf uRefawmfonf ½Hk;qif;cJhonfESihf

aexdkif&mtdrfodkY rjyefEdkifawmh? usL&Sifjyo&onfhtdrfokdY oGm;

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rsm;vnf; &Sd&BuHK&ygonf/ ygwDaumifpDwkdYrS tcgtm;avsmfpGm

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132

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Handbook-70

tuJrsm;taejzifh tcsdefydkif;oifwef;ydkYcsa[majymay;&jcif;

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v,form;wkdYuvnf; Xmeqkdif&mtBuD;tuJrsm;udk rysuf

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udk iHhvifhMu\/ A[kokwrsm;&&Sdapí tvGefESpfoufoabm

usMuay\/

uRefawmf\ a[majymydkYcscsufrsm;udk vGefpGmrSpdwf0if

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&um tjcm;aomaus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;wGif usif;yonhftcgü

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arcsKdtm;apvTwf&efrSmvnf; olrrSmrdef;rom;jzpfaeojzifh

rvTwf&uf? udk,fwkdifomtepfemcHjzpf&ayawmh\/ onf

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onhfaus;&Gmrsm;u ydkíoabmusMuacs\/ ,if;um; nydkif;

wGif*DwtEkynmazsmfajza&;ud k qifET J&jcif;yifjzpf\/

oifwef;zGifhí a[majymydkYcs&rnfqkduwnf;u xkdaus;&GmrS

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onhf r,f'vif? wa,m? 'Hkrif;wkdYukd BudKwifumawmif;qkdzdkY

,laqmifoGm;MuNyD;vnf;jzpfonf/ olwkdY&Gmü wpfyGJwpfvrf;

azsmfajzay;Mu&\/ pyDumESifh rkdufu½dkzkef;ESifh wpf&GmvHk;u

em;qifMuavonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh pmoifausmif;wGif

usif;ywwfavh&Sd&m &GmrS&Gmol&Gmom;wkdYu pk½Hk;umvma&muf

em;qifMu\/ olwkdYawmif;qkdvmaom oDcsif;rsm;udkvnf;

wD;ay;&qkday;&onf/ tauR;tarG;um; tvQHty,f? ,r

umqkdonfrSmvnf; ajymp&mrvkd/

v,fpkduf&Sif; refae*smBuD;? ukefoG,fv,f,mrefae*sm

ESifh uRefawmfwkdYum; oifhwifh½HkrSD0JMuonf/ *kPfodu©mtwGuf

iJh&xnhfwGufMu&onf/ &Gmuawmh vGefpGmrSESpfoufoabm

usMuavonf/ xkd*DwtEkynmaMumifhvnf; trsm;uwrf;w

Muonfjzpfí arcsKdUudkapvTwfí rjzpf&jcif;ygay/

xkdodkYaom&ufrsKd;wGif uRefawmfhusL&Sifudkzsuf&onf/

rlvusL&Sifq&mu tcsdefyk dí&ayonf/ uRefawmfNrdKUokd Y

jyefa&mufvmcJhvQif rlvusL&Sifq&muvnf; uRefawmfh

twGuf nd§EIdif;umtpm;jyefjznfhay;ygonf/ wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD;

um; em;vnfrI&SdMuavonf/

þrQomruao; aphpyfaocsmtm;ukd;&onhfol

tjzpfESifh tvGefwm0efBuD;vSaomwm0efukdvnf; ay;xm;

ao;onf/ NrdKUe,fa&G;cs,fwifajr§mufyGJqkdif&mESifh ywfouf

um ]]Mum;jzwfa&G;cs,f wifajr§mufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&Sif}}

\ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf uRefawmfwm0efxrf;&ao;onf/

xkdYtjyif &moDOwkom,maom aqmif;ESifh aEG&moDwkdYwGif

aus;&Gmrsm;odkY ]]ppfaMumif;BuD;ig;aMumif;}} qif;&mwGifvnf;

vkdufyg&ao;onf/

onfodkYaom uRefawmfh\taetxm; ta&;ygaerI

udk arcsKdu*kPf,lonf/ aus;&GmtoD;oD;okdYa&mufwkdifvnf;

arcsKdUoli,fcsif;rsm;u uRefawmfhtm;vma&mufawGUqHkavh&Sd

134

135


Handbook-71

Muonf/ olYoli,fcsif;rsm;um; tcsKdUuausmif;q&m? q&mr

rsm;jzpfaeMuovkd aumifpDpma&;rsm;vnf;&SdMuonf/ vkdtyf

onfrsm;udk tultnDay;wwfMuonf/ xkd YaMumifhvnf;

uRefawmfonfydkíaysmfygonf/ aysmfaerd&ygavonf/

uRefawmfhqE´wpfckjzpfaom olwkdYudk,folwkdY ]]ysL}} [k

,HkMunf,lqaeMuonfh ]]awmifom;}} aus;&Gmrsm;tm;vHk;udk

uRefawmfa&mufEkdifcJhonf/ xD;vif;NrdKUe,ftwGif; awmifom;

aus;&Gm (23) &Gm&Sdonf/ ,if;&Gmrsm;tm;vHk;odkY uRefawmf

a&mufcJhavhvmcJhjzpf&onfrSmvnf; uRefawmfhtwGuf wefzkd;

jzwfír&Ekdifonhf tawGUtBuHKvnf;jzpf&ayofn/ pmwrf;

wpfckudkvnf; a&;om;jyKpkjzpf&avonf/

xkdpOf&ufrsm;wGif arcsKdonf uRefawmfhtwGufta&;

tBuD;qHk;aomoljzpfvm&onf/ uRefawmhfae&mtm;tpm;xkd;

wm0efxrf;aqmifay;&onf/ c&D;rSjyefa&mufvmonhftcg

tppt&m&m taxGaxGt&yf&yfukd aeYpGJESifhwuG jyefvnf

wifjy&Sif;jyay;onf/ olYudkuRefawmfwu,fcsD;usL;jzpf&yg

onf/ olronf vGefpGmtvkdufodí wm0efvnf;aus\/

]],HkMunfpdwfcsw,fqkdwm olY½dk;om;rIudk,HkMunfw,f/

pdwfcsr,fqkdwmu uRefawmhfwm0ef vkyfief;rsm;pGmukd vTJxm;

vkdY&w,f/ ,HkMunfwmu pm&dwåeJYqkdifw,/f pdwfcsw,fqkdwm

u t&nftcsif;eJY qkdifw,f...}}

okdYuvkd uRefawmfuajymwkdif;vnf;...]]q&mu

odyfpum;ajymaumif;w,faemf...vlawGudk em;cHomatmif

auseyfaeatmifqGJaqmifEkdifpGrf; wu,f&SdwmtrSefyJrkdY arcsKd

u twk,lae&wm}} [k tarmajyatmif ESpfodrfhay;wwfol

yifjzpfonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; arcsKdajymvmcJhrIudk auseyf

aerdwwfavonf/ trSefawmh arcsKdUpdwf"gwfonf rGefjrwf

aompdwf"mwfrsKd;jzpfavonf/

pae? we*FaEG ½Hk;ydwf&ufwdkYwGif uRefawmfusL&Sifjy

&modkY &Hzef&Hcg arcsKda&mufvmwwfao;onf/ olYrdbrsm;udpö

aqGa&;rsKd;a&; bmoma&; oma&;ema&;udpöjzihf vrf;BuHKvQif

0ifvmwwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ uRefawmpmoifjyaeqJ aemuf

qHk;twef;&SdxkdifcHkwGif xkdifumoifMum;aerIudk avhvmae

wwfao;onf/ usL&SifpmoifcsdefNyD;onftxd apmihfqdkif;ae

wwfonf/ pmoifom;wdkYvnf;tdrftjyef olY&yfuGufxJu

ausmif;olav;awGESihf vufwGJum uRefawmftm;vnf; olYtdrf

okdYvkdufyg yg&ef tddrfvnfac:wwfonf/ olwdkYESifhtwltkef;EdkY

acgufqGJ? rkefY[if;cg;? aumufn§if;aygif;? qDxrif; ponfjzifh

wpfckr[kwfwpfckckawmh auR;arG;zdkY&mjzpfavonf/ wpfcg

wpf&Hawmhvnf; uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf;jzpfwwfavonf/

wpfaeY -

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vmcJhygonf/

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bGJU&oGm;wJh pDyGm;a&;wuúokdvf arcaqmifausmif;om;BuD;

ayghav? olu rEÅav;Zmwdaygh/ oltazudk arcsKdvJMum;zl;

136

137


Handbook-72

NyD;om;jzpfoGm;rSmyg/ q&mBuD;jrauwkav? trnft&if;u

OD;csrfajrUwJh? jrefrmpmygarmu©BuD;yg/ q&mBuD; qDa&mufcJh

pOfu q&mBuD;uolYtawGYtBuKHudk ajymjy&if;rSm ukd,frSwf

om;xm;cJhzl;&wJh pum;av;wpfcGef;ygyJ...

...bmwJh...q&mqkdwm ]]emoHk;em}}wJh apwem?

tepfem? 0goemwJh b,furvJwJh/ emoHk;emtjyif pmzwfem

tMuifemwnf;[laom ]]emig;em}}tjyif toHem wpfckwkd;NyD;

]]emajcmufem}}jzpf&w,fwJh...

uRefawmhpum;rqHk;ao; odkYayrJh arcsKduajymvmcJh

onf/

]]'gaMumihfrdkYxifyg&JU q&mOD;&JjrihfvIdif emrnfausmf

&wm? tajymtqdkuvnf;aumif;? Opömayg ½kyfacsm t&m&Sd

vJjzpfjyefqdkawmh t[rf;...t[rf;...pmay;pm,leJYbGJU,l

Mur,fh pmay;pm,lajzqkdaeqJ q&mrav;awGuvJ tdrfudk

pmvmar;Muw,fMum;yg&JU...'gaMumihf arcsKdu wpfckxyf

jznfhpGufumajymcsifw,f... 'gubmvJqkdawmh ]]tMuifem}} ukd

EG,fNyD; ]]tcspfem}} r&ygapeJYvdkY}}...

]]tkd...arcsKd&,f...rajymaumif;bl;av...}} [k

olYbkruswus ceJYwJhwJhpum;qkdcJhrItm; uRefawmf þrQom

ajymrdcJhonf/ ol\twGif;pdwfudkvnf; vSpf[ovkdjzpfvmcJh

&onfudk uRefawmfowdxm;jrifvmrdcJh&avonf/

olYpum;u rukefao;? qufvmcJhjyefao;onf/

]]tvGrf;emuvJ &Sdao;w,fxifaygh...a'gufwm

rav;qkdvm;...&efukefupmwpfapmifvJ a&mufvmcJhw,f

qkdyJ tdrfvdyfpmeJY a&mufvmwmwJh...}}

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awmhBuD;ukefawmhrSmyJ...usm;awGvJ udkufcHae&OD;r,f

a':arcsKd&JU...rQpfcsKd;rdI&Sm roGm;aveJYOD;aemf...}}

onfodkYES,f cyfjrefjrefcyfqwfqwfuav; uRefawmf

ajymjzpfcJhonf/

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tvkdufrodovdkjzpf&w,fxifygh? q&mrBudKuf&if arcsKd rçp

awmhygbl;av...}}

]]tif;...ajymjyw,f/ tjrifrSm; txifrSm;olBuD;a&U

...odvm;? aocsmem;axmif? tMuifemqkdwJ hpum;eJ Y

pyfvsOf;vm&if odxm;apcsifoltwGuf odxm;oifhNyDqkdwJh

tcsdefusawmh odap&r,fhpum;wpfcGef;udk uRefawmftMuifem

tjynfheJYajymjyEkdifbdkY ajymjzpfbkdY&Sdygw,fav/ ckawmh ckcsdef

xdawmh uRefawmhf&ifxJrSm apmihfpnf;ae&wJhtodpdwfeJY

udef;atmifumae&ao;wmrsKd;eJY odrf;qnf;xm;ae&qJygyJ...}}

tMuifemudk zGifhtrdawmhrS trkef;emwkdY toJ (onf;)

emwkdYqkdwmrsKd;eJY BuHKqHkvmzG,f&mtjzpfrsKd;udk uRefawmfcHpm;

Ekdifr,frxifvkdYyg/

i,fpOfcav;b0wkef;u udk,fESpfoufoabmuswJh

,rif;½kyfav;wpfckudk olrsm;awG0,f,loGm;rSmpdk;vkdY ]]0,fay;

jrefjref0,fay;}} qkdwm twif;ylqm idkjy&wmrsKd;awmifjzpfcJh

138

139


Handbook-73

&&JU? ckawmhvJ pOf;pm;csifhcsdefwwfwJh t&G,feJYtodu tirf;

r&oabmeJYjzpfap? tcGifhomvkdYjzpfap tvQiftjrefodrf;ydkuf

&,lvkdpdwfeJY rawmif;qkdr,ljzpf&wJh pdwfrsKd;jzpfaerd&w,f/

cav;b0uawmh ,rif;½kyfuav;&vmvkdY aysmf&TifpGmjzpf&

qJrSm ,rif;½kyfuav;rSm tjzpftemtqmawGUw,fqkdNyD;

qkdif&SifudktopfwpfckeJY vJvS,fay;ygvdkYajymvdkY...qdkif&Sif

uvJ cav;rdkYvdkYqkdNyD; cGifhvTwfumtopfwpfck jyefay;vkdY&yg&JU

...jyefay;wwfMuyg&JU.../

'Dtouft&G,frSmawmh upm;p&mt½kyfr[kwfwJh

Muifemol,rif;½kyfudkjzifh tcsdefwkdav;wpfcktwGif;oabmrsKd;

eJYomjzpfaeao;avwmuwpfaMumif;? cav;wGvdk tvk

t,ufoabmrsKd;eJYawmhvJ &,lvkdpdwfrjzpfvkdwmuwpf

aMumif;aMumifh udk,fhukd,fudkEIwfukdapmihfpnf; pdwfudkapmifh

pnf; cE¨mudk,fudkapmifhpnf;vkdY aeaejzpf&wmyg/

rrkef;ayr,fh emoGm;cJhMu&r,fhtjzpfrsKd; b0rsKd;udkvJ

rjzpfapcsifbl;/ rjrif&wJhBudK;wpfBudK;[m bmyJjzpfjzpf

qufwHk;ygwJhBudK;rsKd;ukdvJ rvkdvm;bl;/ rjzpfapcsifbl;qkdyg

awmh.../

at;av...ukd,feJYteD;qHk;vlurS ukd,fhudkem;vnfrI

r&SdcJh&if? udk,fhudkraumif;jrifoabmeJY b,folawGu bmawG

b,favmufajymvkdufMurvJqkdwm awG;rd&if; pdwfylyefrd&

ao;yg&JU...&Sdygapav...vlwpfOD;&JU*kPfodu©mqkdwm

vQKdU0SufESvHk;om;vdkY ajym&avrvm;...NyD;awmh ESvHk;om;eJY

pyfvsOf;vm&if tMuifemcGeftm;qkdwm vlom;wkdif;&JU arG;&m

ygpGrf;tifwpfrsKd;yg...MuifemvdkwJh pdwfuwm;rEkdifqD;r&

ESpfOD;ESpfzuf wlnDrQwJh pyfwludk,fwl vufwGJ&ifqkdifEkdifr,fhol

jzpfzkd Y[mta&;BuD;vSygw,f/ tod&cufwJh ESvHk;om;[m

tifrwefwefbdk;xm;wwfzkdYvkdyg&JU arcsKd&,f.../

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cGifhvTwfyg? qEáZmwpfckeJY ajymcJhrd&jcif;u tjypfjzpfoGm;&

NyDrdkY pdwfraumif;awmifjzpfvmrd&ygw,fq&m...q&majym

aecJ hwJ hpum;awGu wu,fhb0pum;awGqkdwmod&NyD;

wu,fhukdq&mhudk av;pm;vmrd&wmtrSefygyJ/ ajymcJhrdwJh

pum;awGtwGuf uefawmhaemfq&m...}}

arcsKdvuftkyfcsD[efjyKvsuf uRefawmfhudkMunhfum

awmif;yef&Smygonf/

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ygbl;av? wu,fawmh arcsKdqdkwm ta&mifvif;vufawmuf

yavh&SdwJh ywåjrm;wpfvHk;udk ydkrkdwefzdk;jrifhvmap&atmif

tpOftNrJta&mifwifay;aeol uRefawmfh&mxl;*kPfodef*kPf

&Sdefjrifhrm;vmap&atmif BuHaqmifBudK;yrf;aewJh tusKd;

aqmifay;aeolayyJav...wm0efawGMum;u arcsKd&JUrem;

raeapwemawGeJY *kPfydkrkdwufap&atmif *kPf&Sdefukdjr§ifhay;

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,HkygarcsKd&,f...}}

onfodkYES,f uRefawmfarcsKdUtm; wHkYjyefrd&yg\/

140 141


Handbook-74

]aMomf...q&m&,f... cdkifcHhwJh tkwfjrpfudk csNyD;rS

wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh? wpfxyfNyD;wpfxyf jrifhoxufjrifhatmif

jrifhaeatmif wnfaqmuf&r,fav... 'grS wdk;wufatmif

jrifwJh vlaumif;vlawmfwpfa,muf odkYr[kwf NrdKUe,fwpfe,f

EdkifiHawmfwpfcktjzpf ydkrdkwifhw,f *kPfjrifhvmrSmbJ r[kwf

bl;vm;...vdkY...}

azmfjyyg arhcsKd\ wefbdk;&SdvSaompum;wdk pum;rsm;

udk Mum;&aom uRefawmf...

]][kwf...[kwf...a':arMunfvGifcsKd}}[k ajymrd

avonfudk oljrifcJhonf/ rsufarSmifMuKwfvmvsufESifh oljyef

ajymvdkufyHku...

]][if;...aemf...q&m tajymaumif;BuD; *kPfBuD;

olBuD;&JU...}}[lownf;/

jrefrmhordkif;pmrsufESmay:u ]]qifpG,f&GmvlowfuGif;}}qDjrefrmhordkif;pmrsufESmay:u ]]qifpG,f&GmvlowfuGif;}}qDjrefrmhordkif;pmrsufESmay:u ]]qifpG,f&GmvlowfuGif;}}qDjrefrmhordkif;pmrsufESmay:u ]]qifpG,f&GmvlowfuGif;}}qDjrefrmhordkif;pmrsufESmay:u ]]qifpG,f&GmvlowfuGif;}}qD

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rsufESmaMum vnfyif;aMumBuD;awG axmifvsuf

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½kdif;pdkif;,kwfrmcJhMuonfh aomif;usef;olawGtaMumif;udk ajym

jyvmcJhonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH uGefjrLepfygwD pwifvmcJhjcif;rsm;ESifh wpf

qpfcsKd; tajymif;tvJtjzpf ajray:ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfcGifh

r&aomtcg ajratmufawmcdkygwDtjzpf vufeufpGJudkifum

aomif;usef;vmcJhMuonfh uGefjrLepfESifh aomif;usef;olordkif;

um; Mumavav qdk;avavjzpfvmcJh&avonf/ awmifukef;

awmifwef; awmifpOftxyfxyfrsm;wGif vQKdajrmifpdrfhprf;rsm;

aygrsm;um obm0opfyif opfawmBuD;rsm; xlxyfzHk;vTrf;

vsuf&Sd&m yHkawmifyHknm&yf0ef;a'oBuD;um; emrnfausmfa'o

BuD;wpfckyif jzpfonf/ awmifwef;BuD;awGujrifh awmBuD;jruf

rnf; awm&dyfawmif&dyfuBuD;onfhtjyif qufoG,foGm;vm

a&;u tvGefcufcJcJh&onf/ ajrjyefYa'owdkYESifh taepdrf;ovdk

jzpfcJh&wm zGHUNzdK;rIenf;cJh&aom a'owpfckjzpfcJh&onf/ ajr

jyefYu nDaemifom;csif;wdkYvnf; ta&muftayguf enf;cJh&

onf/ a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olykefwdkYonf yHkawmifyHknma'o

BuD;rsm; cdkatmif;BuD;pdk;rif;rlí tvGefaumif;onfh e,fajr

BuD;tjzpf tm;xm;um aexdkifvmcJhMuonf/

1948 ckESpf? ESpfOD;ydkif;rSpwifí awmwGif;oHk;ygwDwdkY

yHkawmifyHknmwnf&Sd&m&yf0ef; a,me,fajra'oudk a&muf&Sd

cJhMuonf/ tEkESihftMurf;yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf pnf;½Hk;rIatmufwGif

tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDonf bD;vif;NrdKUe,ftwGif; tiftm;t

aumif;qHk;taetxm;okdY a&muf&SdcJhavonf/

1949 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif xD;vif;NrdKUtm;

tvHeDwkdYu pD;eif;wkdufckdufodrf;ydkufEkdifcJhNyD; wpfvcefYpdk;rkd;cJh

onftxdjzpfcJh&onf/ (1954-55) ckESpfceYfwGif tvHeDwkdY

tiftm;taumif;qHk;tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/

142 143


Handbook-75

(1956) ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfonf a,me,fajrrsm;

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"g;udkaMumuf&GHUum aexkdifcJhMu&aom a,me,fajr&Gmtrsm;

u &Gmol&Gmom;wkdYonf wyfrawmfESifh vufwGJnDwlyg0ifulnD

um tvHeDwkdYtm;wkdufckdufvmEkdifcJhMuawmhonf/ wyfrawmf

aMumifh tm;rmefwkdYEdk;Mum;vmcJhMu&awmhonf/

taMumif;r&Sd tjypf&Sm vnfpif;um"g;jzifh tckwf

cH&? BudK;ESifhwkyfum rwfwyfa&m? ikwfwkwfyg paw;cHMu&

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v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tvkyfudkyif aumif;aumif;rvkyf&JcJhMu/

wxdwfxdwfwvefYvefY usD;vefYpmpm;b0rsm;jzifh aeYnrsm;

pGm vrsm;pGm ESpfrsm;pGmudk ukefvGefum vlYb0wefbkd;r&Sd/

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&Gm;qHk; tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdvmaeMu&onfvnf; jzpfae&

awmhonf/

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Mu...}}

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apmifhMuyfum &Gm\tjyifbuf xGufckdif;apcJh\/

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MuwJh BudK;eJYolwkdYawGudkwkyfMuprf;...}}

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olwdkYZmwd½kyfudk jyvmavhawmh\/ olwkdYonf tvHeDjzpf

144

145


Handbook-76

aMumif;? vufpm;acsjcif;jzpfaMumif; em;rcHomatmifqJqkd

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...,kwfrm&ufpufvGef;vSaypG/

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ypfcJhMuao;av&m tdrfwpfvHk;ESifh bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;BuD;

om usef&pfcJh&onfum; tjzpfqkd;vSaypG/

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rlvwef;ausmif; (1) ausmif;ESifh bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; (1)

ausmif;&Sd\/ &Sd&SdorQt&G,fa&mufNyD; a,musfm;OD;a&teuf

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cJhMuay/

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avmifvGef;vS&onf[kom qkdcsifygawmhonf/

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vmcJhavaom a&mifjcnfwpfaxmif tvif;aqmifonfh

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pG,f&Gm vlowfyGJtcsdefum; eHeuft½kPfwufcsdef/ xdkaeYum;

qifpG,f&Gmav;tzdkY eHeufcsdefwGifyifae0ifcJh&awmhavaom

aeYjzpfcJh&acsawmhonf/

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twdwfZmwfem [dkwpfcgu

146147


Handbook-77

wkdY&Gmtjzpf qkd;vGefvGef;/

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uúLZmwdjzpfwJh atmifqef;odef;[m xD;vif;NrdKUe,fu ]]'dkYjym;

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tJonhf&GmolvHkrysKdav;eJY tdrfaxmifjyKolaygh/ arcsKdeJYuvJ

t&rf;cifygw,f/ tJ'g uAsmtydk'f (37) ydk'fyg ]]eHeufcsdefwGif

ae0ifonf}}...qkdwJh qifpG,f&GmtaMumif;udk zGJUpyfxm;wJh

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u ajymcJhonf/ ,ckawmh qifpG,f&Gmav;onf tdrfaxmifpk

150 ausmfESifh vlOD;a& 1000 eD;yg;&SdaMumif; (R.H.C)

usef;rma&;aq;cef;ESifh q&mrvnf;&SdcJhNyD/ wGJzuftxufwef;

ausmif;BuD;yif &SdaecJhNyD/ wuúodkvf0ifwef;atmifí bGJU&NyD;

ol vli,fwdkYvnf; wpxufwp rsm;jym;wdk;yGm;vmaecJhNyD/

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pnfum;um; jzpfaeygNyD/ qifpG,f&Gm wGJzuftxufwef;

ausmif;wGifyif qifpG,f&GmZmwdausmif;q&m? q&mrwdkY&Sdae

cJhMuNyD[kvnf; qdkcJhavonf/

aomif;usef;ol tvHeDwdkYaMumifh towfcH&ol 74

OD;\ trnfpm&if; twdtusudk ausmufpma&;xdk; urÁnf;

wifxm;onfh ausmufpmwdkifudkvnf; jrifcJh&onf/ tvm;wl

udk ausmufpmwdkifwpfck xD;vif;NrdKU &mZrked (rif;bk&m;BuD;)

bk&m;teD; pmMunfhwdkuf taqmuftOD;\ ta&SUbufwGif

148 149


Handbook-78

vnf; pdkufxlxm;onfudk uRefawmfjrifawGUod&Sdxm;NyD;jzpf

onfudk jrifa,mifowd&vdkufrd&ao;awmhonf/

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NrdKU\ ta&SUajrmuf,Gef;,Gef; awmvrf;c&D;tm;jzifh 12 rdkif

cefYtuGmwGif wnf&Sdaeyg\/ rsufarSmufumv uRefawmfwdkY

a&mufcJhpOfrSmyifvQif om,mpdkjynfat;csrf;wnfNidrfvsuf

pnfyifzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmaecJhygNyD? nDnGwfrIuvnf; tm;&p&m

aumif;vSonfh &Gmuav;ygay/

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pHkpHkvifvifESifh uRefawmhftm; odapcsifvSaom olum; arcsKd

yifjzpfonf/ ygwDaumifpD\ wm0efay;rIt& tzGJUrsm;zGJUap

um awmifolv,form;wdkYtm; pdkufysKd;p&dwfacs;aiGxkwfacs;

ay;&ef wm0efjzifh aus;&Gmtkyfpkwpfpkudk uRefawmfwm0ef,l

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uRefawmfhtm;vnf; a,mvHkcsnfwpfxnfudk trSwfw&vuf

150 151


Handbook-79

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onf ,cktcg0,f t&mxifcJh&avNyD[k 0rf;omrd&aom

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152 153


Handbook-80

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em;vnfxm;onf[k uRefawmf,lq,HkMunfcsifygonf/

tcspfOD;ESifh tcspfqHk;[laom &ifckefoHwkdYonf &ifcGif

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&ifckefoHwkdYtm; Mum;Edkif&rnhfwcsdefonf ra0;vSawmh[lí

vnf; (0g) wpfaeYrSmawmh rvTJraoGBuHKvm&awmhrnf[lí

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uRefawmfESp fO D;om; bk&m;zl;a&mufjzpfcJ h Muavonf/

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yGJygonf/ oHk;csDyGJqkdonfrSm waygif;vqef; (14) &ufaeY

nwGifZmwfyGJujyNyD; vjynhf (15) &ufaeYv,fwGif tNidrfhu

jyay;&um nwGifZmwfyGJBuD;ujy toHk;awmfcH&jcif;udk qkdvkd

ygonf/ wpfe,fvHk;uvnf; bk&m;zl;vmMuavh&Sdojzifh ESpfpOf

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&Gmrsm;rSvmMuaomolwkdY\ EGm;vSnf;tpktzGJUrsm;uvnf; olY

154

155


Handbook-81

tkyfpkESifhol 0dkif;zGJU&SdaeMuygonf/ aps;qkdifwef;wkdYuvnf;

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opfOqkdifwef;rsm;? a'oxGufysm;&nfppfppf? ysm;za,mif;?

oeyfcg;acguf? aq;jrpfaq;Orsm;? v,f,moHk;toHk;taqmif

ypönf;rsm;? uav;upm;p&mypönf;rsm;? pm;aomufqkdifwef;

rsm; ponfjzifhpHkvSonf/

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NrdKU\wpfckwnf;aom bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;BuD;jzpfaom

]]r*Fvmausmif;}} ausmif;wkdufq&mawmfBuD; t&Siftm'dpö0Ho

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jrifonf/ arcsKdUudkawmh txl;ajymp&mrvdk? q&mawmfBuD;u

odNyD;om;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfhtm;vnf; q&mawmfBuD;u

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rIrsm;udk q&mawmfBuD;uodonf/ NrdKUe,ftwGif; oHCm*kdPf;

aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;wGif uRefawmfuo,f,lydkYaqmifa&;

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w,f/ ½dk;om;jzLpifajzmifhrwfzdkYvkdw,f/ tJonhfpdwfxm;? qE

rGefeJY ay;qyfvkdwJh ESvHk;om;&SdrS wpfOD;wnf;BuD;yGm;aumif;pm;

a&;xuf 0ef;usifeJYavmuudk aumif;usKd;jyKzkdYvkdtyfvSayw,f

uG,fh.../

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ouGJU/ 'umav;u awmf&Smygw,f/ 'DNrdKUe,fav;&JU tusKd;udk

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obm0usawmh edrfh&mrS jrifh&modkYwufvSrf;EdkifbkdYjzpfw,fuGJU/

156

157


Handbook-82

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awGudk b0awGudkjyifbkdYu bkef;BuD;ajymjycJhwJh yg&rD&SdOD;rSuGJU

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om;orD;udkjrwfEdk;wwfwJhaMumifhvkdY/ tzqkdwmu om;orD;

ukd apmifha&SmufwwfwmaMumifhvkdY odap&w,f/

tif;...'dkYawG jrefrmjynfBuD;&JUAk'¨bmom omoem

udkxGef;yatmif pwifcJhwJhyk*HaejynfawmfBuD;umvu &[ef;

awmfwpfyg;jzpfwJh yk*¾dKvfjrwf &Sift&[HudkodMuwmrsKd;omrsm;

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taMumif;udk azmfxkwfcsifol? awmifom;awGudk avhvmum

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atmifazmfaqmifcsifol qkdayw,fudk;/ aumif;ygay&JUuG,f/

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aumif;w,f/ EGHxJuaygufwJh Mumyef;vJarT;jraewmyJqkdawmh

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onf/ uRefawmfudk,fwkdifyifvQif raeYnu tvSLawmfaiG

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ygonf/ þbk&m;BuD;udpöü rlvuwnf;uyif NrdKUe,ftmPm

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tBuD;tuJrsm;? a*gyutzGJU0ifrsm;? yGJawmfatmifatmif

jrifjrif pnfpnfum;um;jzpfajrmufapa&; aysmfyGJ&TifyGJusif;y

a&;aumfrwDrsm;? bk&m;zl;? bk&m;yGJvmolrsm;twGuf usef;rm

a&;aq;cef;? yGJawmfvHkNcHKa&;? bk&m;BuD;odkY<ua&mufvmMu

onhf q&mawmf oHCmawmftaygif;twGuf a0,sm0pötzGJU

rsm;...ponfwkdYrSmtm;vHk; nd§nd§EIdif;EdIif;ESifh pkpnf;nDnGwf

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pkaygif;nDnGwfrIjzifh oHCmawmfrsm;wnf;ckdem;ae&ef Z&yf

(17) aqmif? bk&m;vlBuD;rsm;wJwef;? tkyfcsKyfolXmeBuD;uJ

rsm;twGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;wJwef;? vQyfppfrD;ay;pufpuf½Hk?

a&csrf;pif tp&Sdonfjzifhvnf; &Sdaeayonf/

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xGufvmcJhMuum ajrmufzufapmif;wef;u (18

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) aytjrifh&Sdj

158

159


Handbook-83

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&yf0ef; a,mwkdYa'oum; ajrjyefYrSmvkdr[kwf/ xD;vif;ajrrSm

aqmif;ESif;jrLawGua0qJ/ waygif;v[lonf vrsm;xJwGif

tom,mqHk;v[k qkdxm;onfhtavsmuf waygif;vjynhf

nvrif; BuD;\ xdefxde fomaeaom va&mifatmuf

rkd;atmufajrjyifonf vSyvGef;aeonf/ [dk;ta0;rS jymvJh

oG,fwef;aeaom yHknmawmifpOfwef;ESifh taemufbuf&Sd

csif;½dk;rawmifwef;jrifhwkdYtm; vSrf;jrifae&onf/ awmifpOf

awmwef;rsm;u teD;av;wGifwnf&SdaeonfrkdY xkdt&yfa'o

qDrS wkdufcwfvmaomavwGif tifMuif;yef;&eHYwkdYukd&ae

onf/ tifMuif;yef;&eHYwkdYu BudKifavsmufysHUoif;arT;NyD;&if;

arT;&if;jzpfaeavonf/

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csifaerd&onf/ odkYayr,fh rajymjzpfcJh? olYrsufESmav;u

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0Howå0gwkdYeJY yufyif;wkd;rdwJh vlawGawmif&SdaeBuHKaeMuwm

160 161


Handbook-84

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tyef;ajzwD;cwf pm;aomuf0kdif;udkqifETJMu&onhf tcgrsm;

162 163


Handbook-85

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Handbook-86

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166

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Handbook-87

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168

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Handbook-88

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170

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Handbook-89

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172

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Handbook-90

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"mwfESifh EdkifiHawmfBuD;tm; tcef;u@av;wpfcktaejzifh

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aomtrsKd;orD;u b,folb,f0gvJAs/ jrLESif;awgua0a0

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vGef;awmh auG;&wmMum cg;awGuanmif;nmvm? tdyfa&;vJ

0vdkYapmapmx vmcJhwmrdkY rsufrSefu ,lrvmjzpfbl;qdkawmh

apmapmujycJhwJh tcsKd;tqpfuvJus vSrSvS acsmrSacsm

trsKd;orD;udk usKyfod&atmif ajymjyygOD;As...[J...[J...}}

ygwDOuú|BuD;\toH? teDyk*¾dKvfBuD;u tmPmydkif

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wwfqHk;jzpfonf/ NyHK;NyHK;NyHK;NyHK;ESifh &,fp&mvnf; tvGefajym

wwfqHk;? yHkudk ywfpvnf;&SmBuHum tajymwwfqHk;jzpfonf/

wpfcgwpf&H twnfaygufoabmrsKd;ESifh ajymaeonfuvnf;

olYpum;qHk;awmhrS aemufçaerSef;od& &,f&avonf/

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a&TjynfqdkwJh a,mjynfa,me,fxJu ol&J ac: xD;vif;NrdKU

a&TjynfBuD;&JU ola,mifr,favvm; rodygbl;/ r[mu½kPm

awmf&Sif ocifBuD;&JU OD;aqG;qHjrnfh trIawmfxrf;&Jrufawmf

174

175


Handbook-91

av; armif&JeJY oifhawmfaypGvdkY ravQmufwif&JwJh owådudk

azmfxkwfum t&JpGefYvsuf oHawmfOD;wifjzpf&ygw,fcifAs...}}

Ouú|BuD;ESifh uRefawmf\aemufu wdwfwqdwfav;

a&muf&SdaecJhol ukefoG,fv,f,m refae*smBuD; q&ma&T\

toHudk uRefawmfwdkY Mum;vdkufMu&jcif; jzpfonf/

]][kwfygh...[kwfygh...rSefyg hAsm...apmbGm;

tEG,fawmf rif;orD;av;wpfyg;ayrdkY olYtdrfawmfa&SU &mw

rwfum oJjzLcif;vdkY usKyf&Jrufawmfav; udk&JeJY vufcsif;quf

um av;pm;zdkY tBuHtxdef;awmfBuD;u jywfjywfom;om;eJY

em;azmufvdkY tjrefqHk;aqmifMuOf;aprsm;...wpfcsufvTwf

trdefYawmf...}}

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w0g;0g;toH a[rEÅaqmif;\eHeufcif;0,f vGifhysHcJh&if;

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taeeJY arcsKdUudkvuf&odrf;ydkufzdkYoifhvSNyD/ bmvkdvkdeJY udk&J

'DNrdKUudka&mufvmcJhwmyJ (3) ESpf (3) rkd;jynfhcJhNyD/ owif;trSef

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xif&JU? xdefcsefrIeJY pGJcsufwif&r,fxifyg&JU? cspfMunfa&;

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wuúodkvfBuD;u 0efxrf;avmif;oifwef; (aZ,s? qif;vJ

176

177


Handbook-92

jzpfawmhtm;rmefuvJtjynfheJY tom;usaeNyDaygh/ a':arcsKd

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...ajymomajym&wmygAsm...tzGJUawGtm;vHk;u tkdau

aeygNyD/ tm;&w,fAsm...}}

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cJ hwm? a':arcsK d&JUOD;&Juawmh awmf&Smygayw,f...

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avQmufvlBuD;jzpfvmOD;rSm odvm;...toufBuD;vmvdkY...}}

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NrdKU (uHhaumfNrdKU) BuD;wGif ntdyf&yfem;&ef tpDtpOfjzpfay:

vmcJhonf/ *efYa*gNrdKUwGif ntdyf&efem;pOf ZmwfyGJ? tNidrhfyGJ?

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tqifhqifhrS usKd;aMumif;jywifjycsufrsm;udk wkdif;a'oygwD?

wdkif;aumifpD? A[dktqifhwdkYrS toD;oD;oabmwlnDNyD;cJhMuí

jynfaxmifpktvHawmfu a&muf&Sdvmayawmhrnfvnf; jzpf

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vnf; ay:aygufvmEdkif&jcif;[k ajym&rnfyifjzpfygonf/

,if;taMumif;t&mrsm;wkdYtm; ygwDOuú|BuD;u&Sif;jycJhawmh

teD;&Sdtm;vHk;wkdYu t&if;ppfawmh tjrpfajruudkaumif;pGm

odjrifcGifh&oGm;cJhMu&avonf/

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178

179


Handbook-93

wGif jyefMum;a&;ESifh pnf;½Hk;vIH Yaqmfa&; qyfaumfrwDü

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onf/

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wpfaeYwGif xD;vif;NrdKUuwå&mvrf;rBuD;twkdif; tm;vHk;aom

tzGJUrsm;onf nDnmzszsESifh 0wfpHkjznfhtprf;avhusifhcJhMuyg

onf/ xD;vif;wpfNrdKUvHk;ESifh teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol

&Gmom;vlxktaygif;wkdY Munhf½IcJhMuavonf/ tzGJUwkdif;u

olYrdepfpHEIef;twkdif; aqmif&GufMu&onf/ AD'D,kd½dkufívnf;

rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ jrifawGUMunhf½IjyolwdkYvnf; oJoJvIyfrQ

rsm;jym;cJhavonf/

xkdaeYu tzGJUrsm;tm;vHk;wGif txl;jcm;qHk;tzGJUum;

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rsm;? NrdKUay:&yfuGufrS &yfuGufolrsm;? t.x.u ausmif;ol

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txm;jzifh jrifawGUae&jcif;um; pdwfwGif&Tifvef;tm;&

wuf<ubG,f&mjzpf&av\/

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180

181


Handbook-94

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rsm;tm; xrf;aqmifaecJh&ao;onf/

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rSa&muf&Sd qdkufa&mufvmrnhf tvHawmftm; vufqihfurf;

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182 183


Handbook-95

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184

185


Handbook-96

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186

187


Handbook-97

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188

189


Handbook-98

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190 191


Handbook-99

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192

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Handbook-100

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194 195


Handbook-101

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Handbook-102

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198

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Handbook-103

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200

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Handbook-104

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202

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Handbook-105

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wpfckudk OD;pD;wm0ef,ltaumiftxnf azmfaqmif&rnfhol

jzpfcJh&NyD? vltiftm;? vkyfom;tiftm;? pufud&d,mtiftm;

aiGaMu;tiftm;awGtrsm;BuD;ESifh a'oBuD;wpfck zGHUNzdK;wdk;

wufap&atmif wm0efBuD;BuD;udk,l&avawmhrnf/ olu

uRefawmfwdkY todkif;t0dkif;av;udk EIwfqufumvnf oGm;cJh

acsNyD/

oloGm;cJhNyD;awmh uRefawmfonfvnf; udk,fhudk,fudk

qef;ppfa0zefrIawGudk vkyfrd&onf/ uRefawmfonfyif onf

NrdKUav;ü 4 ESpfyif ausmfvmcJh&NyD/ onftawmtwGif;umv

rsm;twGuf uRefawmfwdkY ½kH;csKyfrS pmrsm;a&muf&SdcJhonf/

wpfESpfvQif wpfBudrfawmh a&muf&Sdvmaeusjzpfonf/ ajzvdk

u ajzqdkEdkif&ef jzpfonf/ taMumif;Mum;pm jzefYa0ay;ydkYrI

wGif uRefawmfwm0efxrf;aqmif&m xD;vif;NrdKUav;odkY pm

a&muf&SdrIu tcuftcJ&SdcJh&onf/ rdk;tcg acsmif;a&usjcif;?

awmifNydKjcif;? wHwm;usKd;aejcif;ponfhtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh

ajzqdk&rnfh&ufu vGefpGmeD;uyf&jcif;vnf;&Sdovdk oGm;a&;

vma&;jyefa&;udkvnf; wnfhwGufrd&um &efukefNrdKUodkY oGm;

204

205


Handbook-106

a&mufum uRefawmf rajzjzpfcJh/ bmom&yfqdkif&m avhvmrI

tm;uvnf; &efukefNrdKUBuD;rSmvdk rsm;rsm;avhvmtm;&Sd rae

Edkifojzifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;ynmawmfoif tpDtpOfudk uRefawmf

vufavQmhí aecJhonfom jzpf&awmhonf/ &efukef&Sd rdrdq&m

orm;rsm;uvnf; uRefawmfu wGef;tm;ay;ayyif uRefawmf

uvnf; &efukefodkY tajymif;ta&TUvQufxm;? &efukefudkjyef

0ifawmhrS BudK;pm;awmhrnf[k pdwfrSmqHk;jzwfxm;rdonf/ rdrd

touft&G,ftm;jzifhuvnf; i,f&G,faeao;onfrdkY tcsdef

awG trsm;BuD;? tcGifhta&;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdygao;onf[k

oabmxm;um aerdcJhonfudkvnf;jzpfí ynmawmfoifudpö

udk rajzjzpf&jcif;ygay/ bmyJjzpfap b0wufvrf;twGuf

uRefawmf BudK;pm;&,lrnfhol? atmifjrif&matmifjrifaMumif;?

BuD;yGm;&mBuD;yGm;aMumif;? trsm;twGuf tusKd;jyKEdkif&m jyKEdkif

aMumif;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkEdkif&atmif BudK;pm;&rnfhol[lívnf;

tpOftNrJpdwfxJwGif cH,lxm;csufu &Sdaeygonf/ aysmf&mrSm

rae&? awmf&mrSm aeEdkif&atmif pGrf;aqmif&ygOD;rnf[kvnf;

oHEéd|mefcsxm;rdygonf/

tvSnfhtajymif;qdkonfu wpfcgwpf&HwGif ajymjy

&ef cJ,Of;wwfonf/ arQmfvifhrxm;ygbJESifh olYtvdkvdka&muf

vmcsifa&mufvmwwfonf/ uRefawmfuawmh taumif;qHk;

tvSnfhtajymif;jzpfzdkY&mtwGuf tNrJBudK;pm;aeonfvnf;

jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfwdk Y pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;Xme\

vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmygvQif XmewpfckESifhwpfckta&;

qufqHn§dEIdif;aqmif&GufMu&mwGif ESpfOD;ESpfzuf oifhawmf

nDnGwfvufcHEdkifrnfh rZÑdrtaetxm;jzpf&atmif n§dEIdif;

aqmif&Gufaomrludk uRefawmfpGJudkifavh&Sdygonf/ twwf

Edkifbl; pDrHudef;rsm; atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkif

a&;udkvnf; az;rxm;yg/ rjzpfEdkif rjzpfoifhaom tae

txm;rsm;udk em;vnfumomvQif usKd;aMumif;jy nDnGwfpGm

ajymwwfqkdwwf ajym&Jqdk&J pdwfvnf;&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpfaom

aMumifh trsm;uvnf; av;pm;cspfMunfrIudk uRefawmfcHpm;&

ygonf/ uRefawmfhXmu cHpm;&ygonf/

]]uJ... &D&Dar a& arcsKdUqDudk wifjyp&m&SdwJh rdk;a&csdef

udpörSm NrdKUe,fv,fpdkuf&Sif;? NrdKUe,fusef;rma&;OD;pD;Xme

(NrdKUe,fjynfolYaq;½kH)? usif;jynfolY&Jpcef;? qifpG,f? aq;rif;

awm... pwJh wdkif;wGma&;pcef;toD;oD;u ay;ydkYcJhwJhpm&if;?

vtvdkuf? ESpftvdkufpm&if;wdkYudk wifjyvdkufygOD;/ arcsKdpdppf

oHk;oyfNyD;cJh&if udka0vif;udk puf½kdufzdkYav;? za,mif;azmuf?

pufvSnfh? pkpkaygif; (6) pHkvSnfh&rSm arcsKdUqDu twnfjyKcsuf

rSefuefNyD;NyDqdkrS pufvSnfhaemf... [kwfNyDvm;....}}

'DuJhodkY ajymae pDpOfaepOf arcsKdu vcsKyfaiGpm&if;

wdkYudk pDpOfaecJhonf/

]]AsKdU... q&m&JU... bmawGtvkyfrsm;aewmwkef;

As... tvkyftNrJwrf;rsm;aewJh ½kH;ygyJAsm... usKyfOya'½kH;

uawmh usKyfwdkY ½kH;0efxrf;wdkYom ½kH;wufae&ovdkjzpfae&JU?

wGufp&m csufp&m a&;p&m jcpfp&mr&Sdaybl;... r&Sdbl;qdk

206

207


Handbook-107

&wmu e,fole,fom;awGu Oya'udk av;pm;vdkufem

em;vnfMuoudk;As... t[rf;...}}[k Oya't&m&Sd OD;rsKd;

u a&mufvmum pum;ajymaecJhonf/

]][kwfwmayghAsm... OD;rsKd;wdkY½kH;tvkyfrsm;&atmifqdk

&if NrdKUuvlawG &Gmu vlawGudk &efwdkufay; &efjzpfap&atmif

vkyfay;&rvdk jzpfaeNyDAs...}} [kajymum ½kH;xJa&mufvmol

uawmh NrdKUe,fvQyfppftif*sifeD,m OD;apmyifjzpfavonf/

OD;apm ajymvmcJhonfhpum;aMumifh uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk; &,f

Mu&ao;onf/ OD;rsKd;uvnf; tm;usrcH jyefajymvmcJhaom

pum;udkMum;Mu&aom uRefawmfwdkYrSm wcGD;cGD;ESifh &,fMu&jyef

awmhonf/

]]a':arcsKda&... OD;apmvm&if owdxm;Mu odvm;?

olu wdkYawGeJYwlwm r[kwfbl;? ocsKØif;ukef;uxvmcJhol pm;

p&mawG bmawG&Sd&if zGuf(0Suf) xm;Mu? zkwf0ifovdk pm;vdrfh

r,faemf...}} [l\/ trSefuawmh NrdKUe,fvQyfppftif*sifeD,m

rD;ay;puftaqmufttHkBuD;u ocsKØif;ukef;ajrae&mtpyf

wGif &SdaeaomaMumifh ,ckuJhodkY BuHzefumaemufçí ajymjy

jcif;yif jzpfavonf/

odkYuvdktawmtwGif; pmydkYorm;upmawGay;vm

onfudk udka0vif;u,laeonf/ ½Hk;pmudkoD;oefYcGJxm;um

uRefawmfhxHpmwpfapmif ay;vmcJhonf/ uRefawmfhemrnfjzifh

pmrSm uRefawmfh&efukeftdrf rdbrsm;uay;ydkYvdkufaom pmyif

jzpfavonf/

]]uJ...uJ q&m&J a& pmudktomxm;OD;? usKyfu

ocsKØif;ukef;uwwfvmwm? vufzuf&nfav;aomufrvkdYAs

tJ...vufzuf&nf'umuawmh a':arcsK dayghAsm...

[kwfzl;vm;...a':arcsKdu Asm...wpfOD;wnf;aomorD;

NyD;awmh olYzcifBuD;u &Sm;ap; tifwGJyGJnufawG xkwfvdkufNyD

Mum;w,f...awmfawmfjrwfw,f owif;&w,f...'Dawmh

orD;tvdr®mav;jzpfolu vufzuf&nf'umayghAsm...[kwf

zl;vm;...}} [lí OD;apmu arcsKdUudkpç cJhonf/

arcsKduvnf; jyefajymvmonf/

]]OD;apm pum;aMumifh arcsKdwkdYtdrfawmh "g;jywkdufcH&

awmhr,fxifyg&JU...trItoGm;tvmenf;aewJh OD;rsKd;&JU

Oya'½Hk;ukdawmh ra&mufyg&apeJY &Sif...vufzuf&nfomru

ygbl; rkefYvJauR;ygr,faemf...}}

]]a[;...'grS wkd YnDrav;uG...cspfolaumif;

&nf;pm;aumif; a,musfm;aumif;eJYawGUNyDvdkY cspfc&D;vrf;rsm;

vJ om,majzmifhjzL;EdkifMuygapAsm...}}[lí OD;rsKd;uwG,fç

cJhonf/ arcsKdUudkyg vufzuf&nfqkdifodkYvkdufyg&ef ac:aqmif

cJhMuojzifh uRefawmfwkdYonf NrdKUv,furdom;pkvufzuf&nf

qkdifodkY oGm;cJhMuawmhavonf/ onfNrdKUav;rSmonfvdkyJ

0efxrf;tcsif;csif;u cspfcifpGm&Sdavonf/

txufazmfjyyg ajymMuqkdMu&if;u vufzuf&nfqkdif

üvnf; [dktaMumif;onftaMumif; aomif;ajymif;axGvm

pum;awG ajymjzpfMuonf/ onfhrwkdifrDvydkif;uav;wGif

208

209


Handbook-108

uRefawmfwkdYtm;vHk;onf EkdifiHawmftwGufta&;BuD;onfh

orkdif;a&;tul;tajymif;umvudk BuHKcJhMu&onf/ onfumv

wGif xD;vif;NrdKUav;onf thHMobG,f&majym&avmufatmif

wpfpHkwpf&maom tysuftpD;r&SdcJh/ ½Hk;? wdrf? ausmif;rS tp

Z&yftqHk; tysuftpD;rjzpfcJ h&/ wpfpH kwpfOD;rQ tao

taysmufr&SdcJh/ NrdKUay:a&m e,fajrwGif;u aus;&Gmrsm;tm;vHk;

onf NrdKUrdNrdKUzXmeqkdif&m tBuD;tuJrsm;wkdY\ arwåm&yfcHrI

tpDtpOfatmuf0,f arwåmw&m;xm;Mujcif;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm

0dkif;0ef;xdef;odrf;ay;cJhMuíjzpfonf/ wu,fhudk tHhMop&m

aumif;vSatmif pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; az;az;rr&SdcJhMuygonf/

aoG;xGufoH,dk vHk;0r&SdcJhygav/ wyfrawmfwyf&if;wyfzGJU

uyif rsm;pGmtHhMocJhygonf/ NrdKUe,fjynfolY&JwyfzGJUom ½Hk;pdkuf

ygonf/ emrnfqdk; r&SdcJhygav/

xdkaeYu ½Hk;qif;cJhNyD;aemuf tdrfodkYrjyefjzpfMuao;?

arcsKdUrdbu ckdif;xm;í[kqkdum NrdKUuGufopfxJ&Sd olYaqGrsKd;

tdrfud koGm;&OD;rnh ftaMumif; arcsK duajymvmcJ honf/

uRefawmhfum;vnf; vkdufcJhyg&efac:cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí arcsKdESifh

twl ½Hk;rSxGufcJhMuNyD;aemuf av,mOfuGif;a[mif;BuD;twkdif;

vrf;avQmufumoGm;jzpfMuonf/ arcsKdu uRefawmfhtm;

pum;ajym&efvnf;&Sdonf[k qkdvmcJhojzifhvnf; olESifhtwl

vkdufygjzpfcJh&onf/ &efukeftdrfrS pmukdaeYv,fydkif;uyif

uRefawmfzwf½IcJhNyD;aemuf arcsKdUtm;vnf;ay;um zwfapcJh

ygonf/ vQKdU0Sufxm;p&m taMumif;vnf;r&Sdygacs/ r&Sdawmh

ygav/

&efukeftdrfrSpmudk taMumif;jyKí arcsKdvnf;pmudk

zwfNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh od&SdNyD;vnf;jzpfygrnf/ uRefawmfh

rdom;pkwGif azaz? arar? uRefawmf? uRefawmfhESrESifh ti,f

qHk;nDwkdYyg0ifygonf/ uRefawmfu tBuD;qHk;om;jzpfonf/

uRefawmfhatmuf ESrav;u aq;wuúodkvfrS bGJU&NyD; q&m0ef

rav;yifjzpfcJhygNyD/ ti,fqHk;nDi,fonf bDtD;pD (ynma&;

bGJU)udk t*FvdyfpmESifh NyD;qHk;NyD; r[mbGJUwufa&mufcGifh&&SdcJh

aomfvnf; qufvufroif,ljzpfawmhyg/ nDi,fonf pD;yGm;

a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyf&efukdom pdwftm;xufoefoljzpfygonf/

wuúodkvfubGJU&onfqkdonfESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfygawmhonf/

rdom;pktm;vHk; nd§EdIif;pDpOf oabmwlcJhMurIt& bm;vrf;

(r[mAE¨Kvyef;NcHvrf;) txufwGif ½kyfjrifoHMum;ESifh quf

pyfypönf;rsm;ta&mif;qkdifudkzGifhum apmpD;pGmae&m,lEkdifcJhyg

onf/ ta&mif;t0,fvnf; oGufcJhaumif;rGefcJhygonf/ odkYjzpf

í rEÅav;NrdKUBuD;wGifyg aps;uGuf&SdEdkif&efvnf; &nf&G,fum

tcsuftcsmus&m NrdKUv,fwGifqkdifBuD;wpfqkdifudk iSm;&rf;cJh

onf/ &efukefuJhodkYyif qkdifzGifhEkdifcJhonf/ &efukefrS refae*sm

wpfOD;ESifh ta&mif;0efxrf;rsm;udk apvTwfcefYtyfxm;EkdifcJhyg

onf/

wzef [kdw,f? rkdw,f? tif; ponfwkdY zGifhvSpfcGifhrlt&

A[ef;&SdrdrdwdkY aexkdif&m rdom;pkwkdufBuD;tm; [dkw,ftoGif

zefwD;cJhonf/ azazhtpDtpOft&jzpfonf/ ESpfa,muftdyf

tcef; (3) cef;? wpfa,muftdyfcef; (8) cef;yg ESpfxyfwkduf

210 211


Handbook-109

jzpfonf/ rlvua&ul;uefvnf;&SdNyD;om;jzpfí EkdifiH&yfjcm;

c&D;onfrsm; at;at;csrf;csrf; em;cdkcsifhpzG,fjzpfcJh&onf/

EkdifiHjcm;om;jzpfMuaom vma&mufwnf;ckdolwdk Yuvnf;

azmfa&GaomqufqHa&;ESifh 0efaqmifrIaMumifh {nhfonfrjywf

vS/ refae*smESpfOD;udk cefYxm;aqmif&Gufaponf/ 0efxrf;rsm;

udkvnf; cefYxm;&onf/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoHk;csdef

azazESifh ararvnf; XmerStNidrf;pm;b0udkajymif;vJcH,l

um azazararwkdYu BuD;Muyfay;aomaMumifhvnf; &efukef

qkdifESifh rEÅav;qkdifwkdYu emrnf&a&mif;tm;aumif;aeonf/

rdom;pkydkif [kdw,fuvnf; tqifajyonf/ vkyfief;udpö0dpö

awGursm;awmh a&&SnfumvwGif pD;yGm;a&;avmuü ydkrkdí

tqifajyajyatmifjrifwkd;wuf BuD;yGm;vmapa&;tvkdYXm

tm;tudk;&qHk; jzpfrnhfol[k &nf&G,fxm;jcif;cH&aom

uRefawmfhtm; tm;vHk;uwrf;wrf;ww tvkd&SdaeMuonf/

i,fi,fuyif Mum;aeusazazhpum;udk ESpfrjzpfol

ua&;vmaom pmxJwGifygvmonf/ xkdpum;udk rjzpfrae

xnhfa&;ckdif;í a&;&ygonf[k ESpfri,fuqkdxm;onf/

]]vlqkdwm aysmf&mrSmrae&/ awmf&mrSmae&r,fqkdwJh

pum;udktrsm;BuD; em;vnfzdkYvkdw,f/ rlvwef;ausmif;om;

b0wkef;u aumif;? oifh? nHh cGJNyD; tqifhowfrSwf&mrSm

]]aumif;}} qkdwmudk&rS vlawmfac:Muwm? ausmif;wpfausmif;?

&Gmwpf&Gm? NrdKUwpfNrdKU? rdom;pkwpfpk? jynfolawGeJY EdkifiHawmf

tm;vHk;aumif;rGefwkd;wufwJhtqifhrSm &Sdaea&mufaewmrsKd;

jzpfEkdifbkdYpdwf"mwfudkarG;Mu&r,f/ tJ'Dpdwf"mwfrsKd;&SdapzdkY

qdk&if rdrdukd,frdrd ynm&SdowdjzpfcJ todeJYjr§ifhwifowday;Edkif

rS awmf½kHusw,f/ rawmfrw&m;pdwfrsKd;udkawmh y,fNyD; rsm;

rsm;&SdrSrsm;rsm; aumif;usKd;aqmif&GufEdkifr,fvdkY cH,lxm;Muap

csifwm...}}

txufyg azazpum;udkxnfha&;ae&if; uRefawmf

onf *syefbmom? pum;wwfuRrf;atmifjrifcJhNyD; 'DudpöESifh

ta&;tBuD;qHk;udpö&yfu yg0ifvmcJhonf/ rdrdwdkY [kdw,fwGif

vma&muf wnf;cdkaeus *syefvkyfief;&SifolaX;BuD;taMumif;

udk qufcJhonf/ ,if;*syefolaX;BuD;onf tvGefaphpyfaocsm

onf/ rMumrMum wnf;cdkvm&if;u uRefawmfwdkY rdom;pk0if

tm;vHk;\ taMumif;pHkudk od&SdoGm;cJhonf/ &if;ESD;jr§yfESHxm;

aom aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;? vkyfief;rsm;? ydkifqdkifrItp&Sdonf

wdkYudkvnf;aumif; odoGm;cJhonf/ rdom;pk0ifwdkYtm;vHk;\

ynmt&nftcsif;rsm;udkvnf; csD;usL;onf/ txl;ojzifhawmh

*syefbmomwwfuRrf;xm;aom uRefawmfhtm; awGUqHkcGifh

awmif;onf/ *syefolaX;BuD;ESifh uRefawmf? olYrdom;pkESifh

uRefawmfhrdom;pk? ESpfOD;ESpfzufpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyf

aqmifcsifonf/ uRefawmfhtm; *syefEdkifiHodkY ac:aqmifoGm;

vdkonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wdkYudk avhvmEdkif&efESifh ESpfEdkifiH

tusKd;pD;yGm;a&;wdk;zdkY awmif;qdkcJhNyD;[k ESri,fu a&;vm

onf/

tqHk;owftydkif;rSmawmh arcsKdUtaMumif;ygvmcJh

onf/ v,fpdkuf&Sif;refae*smBuD;q&m0if;\ &,f&,farmarm

212

213


Handbook-110

wGef;wGef;wkdufwkduf pum;rsm;ESifh uRefawmfESifharcsKdUudk

oabmwlrd&aMumif;? arcsKdUaumif;aMumif;awGajymvmcJhao;

aMumif;jzpfonf/ q&m0if;BuD;u Xmetajymif;ta&TUudpöESifh

uRefawmfxHrS rdom;pkodkYvufaqmifay;ydkYcJhonfh ypönf;rsm;

vma&mufay;oGm;cJhpOfu ajymMum;xm;cJhonfhhpum;tcsKdUwdkY

vnf;ygonf/ a&;om;xm;onf/

arcsKdESifh uRefawmfcspfolawGjzpfaeMuygNyD[laom

pum;tm;vnf; ESpfOD;om;rSwyg; rnfolYtm;rQtodray;chJ

onfudk arcsKdem;vnfcJhygonf/ todray;ayrifh taetxm;

udktuJcwfrd aumif;aumif;em;vnfwwfonfh pdwf&SdolwkdYu

odygvdrfhrnf/ rsufESmjrifcspfcifygap? toHMum;oem;ygap}}

qkdonfh qkawmif;aumif;ESifh jynhfpHkavol arcsKd[kajym&rnf

vnf;jzpfonf/ arcsKdUudkvnf; uRefawmfrdom;pku awGUzl;?

jrifzl;Muí oabmusMu? cspfMuygonf/ þonfudk &nf&G,f

umvQif ]]rrarMunfvGifcsKdu udkudk&J&JUcspfolvm;}} [ka&;xm;

um ½Ir0atmifacsmonfh a,molau&Dxdyfxm;av;udk

&efukeftdrfu&mEIef;jynhf BudKqkdaeMuygaMumif;? azazarar

wkdYu orD;av;wpfa,muf wkd;vmwmaygh[k ajymMuaMumif;

awGESifh pmudktqHk;owfxm;avonf/

ESp fO D;om;vrf;avQmufpum;ajymvmMu&if;u

av,mOfuGif;a[mif;BuD; taemufbufxdyf tqHk;pGefem;

a&mufvdkYvmcJhonf/ NrdKUuGufopfu tedrfhydkif;wGif&Sdonf/ cP

avmufxdkifNyD; pum;awGajymcsifao;onf[k arcsK du

ajymvmcJhojzifh av,mOfuGif;a[mif;jyifrSm vGwfvGwf

vyfvyftaetxm;vnf;&Sdí ajrBuD;jyifwkdifjzpfonf/

]][kd;...rSmMunhfprf; OD;&J&,f...aerif;BuD;u

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214

215


Handbook-111

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216 217


Handbook-112

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218 219


Handbook-113

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220

221


Handbook-114

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222 223


Handbook-115

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Handbook-116

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Handbook-117

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228 229


Handbook-118

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