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World Health Day 2014 A Global brief on Vector- borne diseases “Small bite – Big threat” Guided by Dr. Y.D. Badgaiyan Prof. & Head Deptt. Of Community Medicine CIMS, Bilaspur (C.G.)

Who day – 2014 a global brief on vector borne diseases

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Page 1: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

World Health Day 2014

A Global brief on Vector-borne diseases“Small bite – Big threat”

Guided by

Dr. Y.D. BadgaiyanProf. & Head

Deptt. Of Community Medicine

CIMS, Bilaspur (C.G.)

Page 2: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

INTRODUCTION

• With this World Health Day, WHO is drawing attention to a group of diseases that are spread by insects and other vectors, the heavy health and economic burdens they impose, and what needs to be done to reduce these burdens.

• Vector-borne diseases cause more than one million deaths each year.

• But death counts, though alarming, vastly underestimate the human misery and hardship caused by these diseases, as many people who survive infections are left permanently debilitated, disfigured or blind.

Page 3: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

(More than half the world at risk)

• Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations.

• One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases,

• with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases.

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• Every year more than one billion people are infected and more than one million people die from vector-borne diseases including -

- malaria, - dengue, - schistosomiasis, - leishmaniasis, - Chagas disease, - yellow fever, - lymphatic filariasis and - onchocerciasis.

Page 5: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• The poorest segments of society and least-developed countries are most affected.

• These diseases affect urban, peri-urban and rural communities but thrive predominantly among communities with poor living conditions- particularly lack of access to adequate housing, safe drinking water and sanitation.

Page 6: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• Malnourished people and those with weakened immunity are especially vulnerable.

• These diseases also exacerbate poverty.

• Illness and disability prevent people from working and supporting themselves and their family, causing further hardship and impeding economic development.

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• Dengue, for example, imposes a substantial economic burden on families and governments, both in medical costs and in working days lost due to illness.

• According to studies from eight countries, an average dengue episode represents 14.8 lost days for ambulatory patients at an average cost of US$ 514 and 18.9 days for non-fatal hospitalized patients at an average cost of US$ 1491.

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• Vector-borne diseases therefore play a central role in poverty reduction and economic development.

• An economic model for malaria suggests that countries with intensive malaria have income levels of only one third of those that do not have malaria.

Page 9: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases
Page 10: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

INCREASING THREAT

Vector Borne Diseases

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• Back in the 1940s, the discovery of synthetic insecticides was a major breakthrough in the control of vector-borne diseases.

• Large-scale indoor spraying programmes during the 1950s and 1960s succeeded in bringing many of the major vector-borne diseases under control.

Page 12: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• By the late 1960s, many of these diseases – with the exception of malaria in Africa – were no longer considered to be of primary public health importance.

• This triggered a major setback.

• Control programmes lapsed, resources dwindled, and specialists in vector control disappeared from public health units.

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• Within the past two decades, many important vector-borne diseases have re-emerged or spread to new parts of the world.

• Traditionally regarded as a problem for countries in tropical settings, vector-borne diseases pose an increasingly wider threat to global public health, both in terms of the number of people affected and their geographical spread.

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• Their potential to spread globally, changes in climate, ecology, land-use patterns, and the rapid and increased movement of people and goods is threatening more than half the world’s population.

• Environmental changes are causing an increase in the number and spread of many vectors worldwide.

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• Dengue in particular is emerging as a serious public health concern.

• In 2012, it ranked as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease with epidemic potential in the world.

• There has been a 30-fold increase in cases during the past 50 years, and its human and economic costs are staggering.

Page 16: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases
Page 17: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• The primary vector for dengue, the Aedes aegypti mosquito, is now found in more than 20 European countries.

• This same mosquito species recently carried chikungunya to the Caribbean islands; the first cases of this debilitating disease seen in the Region of the Americas.

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• Alongside this alarming spread of vectors, the serious concern is , of increasing insecticide resistance.

• Today most species of vectors are showing resistance to many classes of insecticides.

• If existing insecticides lose their effectiveness this could erase all the gains made against malaria and other vector-borne diseases.

Page 19: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• And at the same time, the world is facing an extreme shortage of entomologists and vector-control experts.

• Very few African countries have entomology programmes at undergraduate university level and some countries have only a handful of expert entomologists.

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RENEWED MOMENTUM

Page 21: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Renewed momentum

• The world can no longer afford to be complacent.

• If we do not take action now, the implications are extremely serious for the entire globe.

• For many vector-borne diseases, there are no vaccines, and drug resistance is an increasing threat.

• Vector control plays a vital role and is often the only way to prevent disease outbreaks.

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• Many existing interventions, such as insecticide-treated bed-nets and indoor spraying, are simple and proven measures.

• These vector-control tools can be particularly effective when used in combination with interventions such as mass drug administration involving large-scale treatment of affected communities.

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• Vector management programmes can also combine interventions and resources to target more than one disease – a component of an approach called integrated vector management.

• In many cases, increased funds and political commitment are needed to scale-up access to existing vector-control tools, as well as medicines and diagnostic tools.

Page 24: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• At the same time, more investment in research is urgently needed to find improved solutions for fighting vectors and the diseases they transmit.

• Combating these diseases calls for renewed momentum on a global scale; from global public health agencies, between countries and within regions, across government sectors, at all levels of government, and within communities and households.

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PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Page 26: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• The time has come to utilize the full potential for vector control in the large-scale reduction of vector-borne diseases.

• The need is most acute for dengue fever, chikungunya, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease for which there is no straightforward method of treatment nor an effective vaccine.

• A number of interventions to control and prevent vector-borne diseases exist.

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• Some will be more appropriate than others, depending on factors such as:-

- local ecology and behaviour of the vector species, including its habitats, flight range, feeding preferences and seasons.

- local epidemiology of the disease.- human activity such as irrigation and animal farming.- socioeconomic conditions of affected communities .- cultural context.- feasibility of applying interventions in specific settings

acceptable to the population.- environmental change.

Page 28: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Long-lasting insecticidal nets

• Insecticide-treated bed-nets are one of the most efficient and cost-effective ways to protect against mosquito-borne diseases, particularly malaria.

• WHO therefore recommends that everyone who is at risk of malaria, sleeps under a long lasting insecticidal net every night.

Page 29: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• Between 2004 and 2013, international donors funded over 700 million bednets to protect families against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.

• Nets should be checked regularly for holes and replaced every 2–3 years.

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Indoor residual spraying

• Indoor residual spraying with insecticides is the most widely used method to control mosquitoes.

• It is also an effective way to reduce sand-flies and bugs inside homes.

• At least 80% of houses in a targeted area need to be sprayed for maximum impact.

Page 31: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• Indoor spraying is effective for 3–6 months, depending on the insecticide used and the type of surface on which it is sprayed.

• The insecticide DDT can be effective for 6–12 months and continues to be used in several African countries.

Page 32: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Outdoor spraying

• Spraying outer surfaces of domestic animal shelters, outdoor latrines and other damp places can help control sandflies.

• Aerial spraying of larvae breeding sites in fast-flowing rivers has been successful in helping to control blackflies which transmit onchocerciasis.

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• Aerial spraying has also been used to control mosquitoes during epidemics of dengue and yellow fever.

• If used early in an epidemic, emergency space spraying may reduce the intensity of virus transmission and provide time for the introduction of longer-term measures.

Page 34: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• While tick control can be difficult as animal carriers are numerous and widespread, acaricides (chemicals that kill ticks) can be used successfully in well-managed livestock production facilities when required.

• Animals at risk of carrying Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever should be treated with pesticides two weeks prior to slaughter.

Page 35: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Addition of chemicals to water

• Addition of insecticides to drinking water storage containers can be effective at reducing mosquito larvae where there is significant risk of diseases such as dengue and chikungunya fever.

• However, extreme care must be taken when treating drinking water to avoid dosages that are toxic to humans.

• Some countries have successfully used chemicals to control snail populations in irrigation canals and small streams.

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Other insect repellents

• Insect repellents in the form of coils, vaporizing mats, aerosols and insecticide-impregnated curtains can also be effective in deterring and killing mosquitoes and sandflies in and around houses.

• Coils usually have a synthetic pyrethroid as the active ingredient.

• One coil is effective through the night in an average-sized bedroom, unless the room is particularly draughty, which will cause the insecticide to dilute and the coil to burn faster.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Page 38: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Reduce breeding habitats

• Water-storage containers can be designed to prevent access by mosquitoes for laying their eggs.

• Domestic water storage containers should be emptied and cleaned regularly.

Page 39: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Biological control

• Biological control is a method of controlling mosquitoes and other vectors through the introduction of parasites, predators or other living organisms.

• Larvivorous fish and copepods (small crustaceans) are effective in controlling the larvae of Aedes mosquito.

• In many countries, small ornamental fish are introduced in water storage tanks to feed on the larvae.

Page 40: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Genetic control

• Genetic control strategies aim either to suppress target populations or to introduce a harm-reducing trait.

• Several methods are under development and the first field trials are showing promising progress.

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Waste management

• Empty tins, plastic bottles, unused drums, coconut shells and used car tyres can serve as important breeding sites for mosquitoes.

• Discarded materials should be collected, recycled or disposed of carefully in waste transformation facilities (e.g. incinerators, energy-production plants, or lime kilns fitted with emission control devices).

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Housing modification

• Human settlements should be located away from sandfly habitats.

• They should be fitted with door and window screens to help keep insects out.

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• Efforts need to be made to keep plaster walls and concrete floors in good condition, with cracks and other possible entry points sealed up against all vectors, particularly sandflies and triatomine bugs.

• Air conditioning and fans keep mosquitoes away effectively.

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Personal protection

• For individuals, personal protection against insect bites represents the first line of defence against many vector-borne diseases.

• Insect repellents are substances applied to exposed skin or clothing to protect against mosquito, sandfly and tick bites.

• The active ingredient in these repellents is most commonly a compound called DEET (N,NDiethyl- meta-toluamide) or two other recently approved compounds IR3535 and KBR3023.

Page 45: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• Repellent should be applied to the neck, wrists and ankles, avoiding contact with eyes, nose and mouth.

• When applied to skin, the repellent effect may last from 15 minutes to 10 hours, depending on climate, the formulation of the product and its effect on specific vector species.

• The effect lasts longer when applied on clothes.

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Medication

• Travellers are encouraged to consult a medical professional if possible 4–6 weeks before departure to discuss how they can protect themselves against vector-borne diseases during their travels.

Page 47: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

MEETING CHALLENGES IN

THE CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES

Page 48: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Emerging insecticide resistance

• Insecticide resistance is a major threat to existing vector control methods.

• This is largely due to heavy reliance on a single class of insecticides, the pyrethroids.

• Pyrethroids are not only highly effective, but are also the least expensive of the four classes of insecticides available for public health vector control.

Page 49: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• In some areas, however, resistance to all four classes of insecticides (temephos, methoprene, pyriproxyfen and novaluron) has been detected.

• Long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying remain highly effective tools for malaria control.

• However, urgent action is required to prevent further development of resistance.

Page 50: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Lack of expertise in vector control

• The expertise of entomologists is critical to guiding vector control; however, the world is facing an extreme shortage of entomologists.

• Very few African countries have entomology programmes at undergraduate university level and some countries have only a handful of expert entomologists.

Page 51: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Surveillance

• Surveillance of vectors and their diseases is key to measuring the effectiveness of interventions.

• In many high-burden settings, however, there is almost no data on these diseases or their vectors.

• Surveillance of vector-borne diseases should be part of the national health information system, with data on disease cases and deaths collected routinely.

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Sanitation and access to safe drinking water

• Poor sanitation and lack of access to clean drinking water allows many vectors to thrive.

• WHO recommends piping water to households rather than drawing water from wells, communal standpipes, rooftop catchments and other water storage systems.

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Pesticide safety

• Pesticide poisoning is a serious public health problem that disproportionately affects infants and children – partly because of their smaller size; differing metabolism; and rapidly growing and developing organs.

• For this reason, many communities will be reluctant to add chemicals to domestic water, particularly drinking water.

• And if they are used, it is vital to ensure that pesticides are used at safe levels.

Page 54: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

Environmental change

• Changing climatic conditions, such as rainfall patterns, temperature and humidity, affect the number and survival rate of mosquitoes and some other vectors.

• The ambient temperature determines insects’ reproduction rate, biting behaviour and survival.

• Moreover, the incubation period of pathogens inside vectors tends to be shorter at warmer temperatures.

Page 55: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• Distribution of mosquitoes and other vectors may therefore expand with increasing temperatures.

• Climate information is important therefore both to surveillance and forecasting trends of vector borne diseases such as malaria.

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CONCLUSION

Page 57: Who day – 2014   a global brief on vector borne diseases

• Vector-borne diseases are one of the greatest contributors to human mortality and morbidity in tropical settings and beyond.

• Although significant progress is currently being made in combating some diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis and Chagas disease, other diseases such as dengue continue to spread and increase their number of cases at an alarming pace.

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• The silent expansion of mosquito vectors and their ability to develop resistance to insecticides threatens the gains made through vector control and calls for concerted planning and collaboration across sectors including health, agriculture and the environment.

• In areas where vector-borne diseases overlap, integrated management of insecticide resistance is essential, supported by adequate capacity of trained personnel and resources.

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• Vector control programmes need to adapt to match the changing epidemiological patterns of new emerging threats.

• This will require increased research to develop a sustained approach to ecological and environmental changes in the years ahead.

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THANK YOU