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Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication: an explorative study among pre-diabetic individuals + Information Research 2013 -Heidi PK Enwald 외 /이현정 x 2015 Spring

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Page 1: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication: an explorative study among pre-diabetic individuals

+ Information Research 2013

-Heidi PK Enwald 외

/이현정

x 2015 Spring

Page 2: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

저널지 소개 : Information Research

ISSN 1368-1613 Impact Factor 0.822

•저널 소개- 1995년 부터 꾸준히 연 3-4회 - 정보추구 행동에 관련된 다양한 분야의 연구를 소개하고 있는 전자저널 (wide range of information-related disciplines)- 발행 주기는 연 4회 (3, 6, 9, 12월) - 한번에 실리는 논문은 대략 10-15개

•연구의 성격 - 문헌정보학 > 인지과학, 컴퓨터과학 (Swedish School of Library and Information Science, Gothenburg University) - 정성적인 연구 위주- Case Study위주

•심사 과정- 먼저 editorial team에서 논문이 scope안에 들어간다고 판단하면 두명의 peer에게 preview를 받음 - 대부분의 논문이 출판전에 수정을 요청받음- 평균적으로 제출된 논문의 35%가 최종적으로 등재됨

Page 3: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

제목 저자

Learning from e-family history: a model of online family historian research behaviour Kate Friday

Preferences in the use of social media for seeking and communicating health and lifestyle information Ágústa Pálsdóttir

College students' use of social media for health in the USA and Korea. Sanghee Oh and Soojung Kim

Information seeking behaviour of mathematicians: scientists and students Remigiusz Sapa, Monika Krakowska and Małgorzata Janiak

Information literacy standards and the World Wide Web: results from a student survey on evaluation of Internet information sources Arthur Taylor and Heather A. Dalal

Expected and materialised information source use by municipal officials: intertwining with task complexity Miamaria Saastamoinen and Sanna Kumpulainen

The case for a risk-assessed approach to organizational records management in the oil and gas sector Laura Muir, Fionnuala Cousins and Audrey Laing

A bibliometric study of scholarly articles published by library and information science authors about open access Jennifer Grandbois and Jamshid

Reaching health service managers with research Jacqueline MacDonald, Peter A. Bath and Andrew Booth

Social question and answer services versus library virtual reference: evaluation and comparison from the users' perspective

Yin Zhang and Shengli Deng

The relationship between research method and visual display: a study of conference proceedings in the field of knowledge organization Alon Friedman

Information behaviour of music record collectors Paul Margree, Andrew MacFarlane...

Development and assessment of the content validity of a scale to measure how well a digital environment facilitates serendipity

Lori McCay-Peet, Elaiine G. Toms, E. Kevin Kellaway

Making sense of document collections with map-based visualisations: the role of interaction with representations Olha Buchel and Kamran Sedig

Untangling the evidence: introducing an empirical model for evidence-based library and information practice Ann Gillespie

Determinants of information behaviour and information literacy related to healthy eating among Internet users in five European countries Barbara Niedźwiedzka, Mario Mazzocchi, Jessica Aschemann-

What motivates the online news browser? News item selection in a social information seeking scenario Heather O'Brien, Luanne Freund and Stina Westman

An empirical analysis of mobile Internet acceptance in Chile Patricio Esteban Ramírez-Correa, Francisco Javier Rondán-Cataluña

The influence of information processing needs on the continuous use of business intelligence Kevin McCormack and Peter Trkman

최근 논문 리스트

* 하이라이트 된 논문들은 랩과의 연관성이 있어 보이는 것들입니다.

Page 4: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

국가/문화별 정보활동(적응, 적용, 수용)

카테고리 분류

특수한 집단의 정보활동 1 Creating and sharing: teens’ information practices in digital communities

2 Information-seeking behavior of prospective geography teachers at the National University of Lesotho

3 Information behavior of music record collector

4 A study of the information search behavior of the millennial generation

1 The role of perceived substitution and individual culture in the adoption of electronic newspapers in Scandinavia

2 An empirical analysis of mobile Internet acceptance in Chile

Search Behavior 1 Search behavior in electronic document and records management systems: an exploratory

investigation and model

2 Student search behavior in an online public access catalogue: an examination of 'searching

mental models' and 'searcher self-concept'

E-book1 Electronic books: content provision and adoption possibilities among users in Latvia

2 Student search behavior in an online public access catalogue: an examination of 'searching

mental models' and 'searcher self-concept'

Page 5: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

카테고리 분류

Information Management

1 Continuum thinking and the contexts of personal information management

2 Mobile work and its challenges to personal and collective information management

Health 1 Determinants of information behavior and information literacy related to healthy eating among Internet users in five European countries

2 Perceptions of fear appeal and preferences for feedback in tailored health communication: an

explorative study among pre-diabetic individuals

3 The place of health information and socio-emotional support in social questioning and

answering

4 College students' uses and perceptions of social networking sites for health and wellness

information

5 The use of an online forum for health information by married Korean women in the United

States

Page 6: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Perceptions of fear appeal and preferences for feedback in tailored health communication: an explorative study among pre-diabetic individuals

Heidi PK Enwald and Terttu Kortelainen, Juhani Lepp'luoto, Sirkka Kein'nen-Kiukaanniemi, Timo J'ms',

Harri Oinas-Kukkonen, Karl-Heinz Herzig, I Maija-Leena A Huotari

2013.09

FI-90014,University of Oulu, Finland

Page 7: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Abstract

Objective 당뇨병 위험군에 속하는 개인들이 1) 공포 소구 전략에 대한 인식 2)특정한 방식의 피드백 선호-에 따라 정보를 어

떻게 다르게 받아들이는지 알기 위해*공포소구: 사람은 두려움을 느끼면 내적 긴장상태가 심화되고 각성 수준이 올라가서 결국 관련 외부 자극에 집중하고 정보 처리는 활성화된다는

이론 (캐롤 이자드)

Method 인식과 선호는 실험이 끝나고 설문지를 통해 확인신체 계측(피트니스 레벨, 체질량 지수, 혈당치)은 실험 전과 후 두번 확인

Analysis 인식/선호--- 성, 나이, 건강 상태, 실험 중 개선 여부와 가지는 상관성

Results 실험 도중에 건강 상태가 좋아진 참가자들은 공포소구에 있어 더 긍정적인 반응을 보였음

perceptions of and preferences for two investigated message strategiesin relation to socio-demographic factors and health statuses

Page 8: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Introduction

연구 의의 Health Promotion이라고 하는 맥락 속에서 Health Information 활동과 개인 특성의 상관성을 분석

Tailored Health Communication 전략을 세우는데 도움이 될 수 있기를 기대

기존의 연구는 광범위하고 일반론적인 관점에서 Health Information Seeking 을 탐구암 혹은 에이즈와 같은 특정 병 혹은 병에 걸릴 잠재성에 대한 연구가 대부분

연구 문제 1. 실험(PreDiabEx)에 참가하는 당뇨병 전증 환자들은 공포소구 전략을 어떻게 인식하는가?

2. 어떠한 피드백 메시지 전술이 선호되는가?

3. 나이와 성별에 따라 공포소구 전략에 대한 인식과 피드백 메시지 전술의 선호가 다른가?

4. 신체 상태(체력, 체질량 혈당량) 혹은 개선의 가능성이 공포소구 전략에 대한 인식과 피드백 메시지 전

술의 선호가 다른가?

Page 9: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Theoretical Framework

Page 10: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Methods and Data Collection

실험 개요 Physical Activity Promotion 이자 Type 2 diabetes 예방 프로그램(PreDiabEx)의 세팅 속에서 이루어짐

2010년 1월-3월 (총 3개월간) 진행

프로그램이 끝나고 설문조사를 진행했으며, 객관적인 신체 계측은 프로그램의 시작과 끝에 진행

표집 Oulu Deaconess Hospital과 City of Oulu의 당뇨 클리닉 외래 환자들 중 리크루팅

113명 중 경구당부하검사(OGTT) 혹은 내당능장애 검사를 진행하여 78명을 선정->72명이 참가

랜덤으로 control 혹은 intervention group으로 배정

Intervention Group

구조화된 운동을 일주일에 세번 진행(전문 트레이너와 함께 10분의 준비운동과 스트레칭 후 50분동안 speed 2-4/km로 걷기)

Control Group

일상생활 유지

결과 측정 설문조사는 신체계측이 이루어진 동일한 날에 진행

설문지는 Information Studies연구진이 작성하였으며 데이터를 분석하였음

피트니스는 운동 생리학자가 측정

몸무게, 키, 혈당량은 간호 연구진이 측정

Page 11: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Methods and Data Collection

설문지 문헌에 등장한 기존의 설문지는 적합하지 않다고 판단

작성된 설문 문항들은 개인의 health information 행동, 특히 메시지 전략에 대한 수신 반응에 관한 것

공포소구를 이용한 3가지 문구를 제시

문구들은 개인이 위협적인 정보 혹은 병에 관련된 멘탈 이미지에 대한 반응

동의하는 정도에 따라 4점 척도(Likert Scale)로 평가 (strongly agree, moderately agree, moderately

disagree, strongly disagree)

전략 선택 피드백 메시지의 형태에 있어 다섯개의 예시가 주어짐

1) Descriptive(Factual) : " This week you have burned 1200kcal by attending moderate exercise"

2) Evaluative : "This week you have attended a lot of moderate exercise. It has been beneficial to

your health."

3) Ipsative(Self-comparison): "This week you have consumed more calories than last week

through moderate exercise."

4) Normative: "You have attended moderate exercise on three days this week. That is more than

Finnish people of your age exercise, on average."

5) Theoretically Driven: "This week you have attended moderate exercise on three days. That has

been beneficial to your health, because according to general guidelines, moderate exercise can

prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes."

Page 12: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

배경 정보 Control Group에서 1명, Intervention Group에서 2명 이탈 -> 총 69명의 참가자

74%가 여성, 58%가 60세 이상, 80%가 결혼 혹은 동거, 56%는 lower secondary education(중졸 수

준), 24%는 secondary education(고졸 수준), 20%만이 higher education(대졸 이상)

63%의 실험 참가자들이 fitness 가 개선되었음

41%가 체질량 지수가 개선되었음

36%가 혈당 지수가 개선되었음

Page 13: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

A. 공포소구 전략

1.1 당뇨병에 관련된 정보는 불안감/공포감을 증가시킨다

- 동의: 45%

- 동의하지 않음: 48%

- 남성이 여성에 비해 당뇨병에 관련된 정보로 불안감을 느낄 확률이 높다.

1.2 당뇨병의 발병에 대한 위협은 활동량의 증가와 식이습관 변화에 영향을 준다

- 동의: 80%

- 동의하지 않음: 15% (모두 여자)

- 체질량 지수가 개선된 사람들은, 그렇지 않은 사람들에 비해 위협을 긍정적으로 받아들임

1.3 당뇨병의 발병에 대한 위협은 나를 낙담 시킨다

- 동의: 17%

- 동의하지 않음: 68%

연구문제1. 실험(PreDiabEx)에 참가하는 당뇨병 전증 환자들은 공포소구 전략을 어떻게 인식하는가?

Page 14: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

6% strongly agree / 39% moderately agree /23 % moderately disagree /25% strongly disagree

(6% not sure)

성별 차이: 남성이 여성에 비해 strongly or moderately agree할 확률이 높았음 (남성 65%, 여성 38%) - 통계적으로 유의미하지는 않음

나이, 건강상태, 실험 후 신체계측 개선여부는 유의미한 상관관계를 보여주지 못함

Page 15: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

31% strongly agree / 49% moderately agree / 12 % moderately disagree / 3% strongly disagree

(5% not sure)

성별 차이: disagree 에 속한 참가자들은 모두 여자였지만 통계적으로 유의미하지는 않음

실험 후 개선 여부:

체질량 지수가 개선된 사람들은 agree할 확률 (92%)

체질량 지수가 개선되지 않은 사람들은 agree할 확률 (73%)

나이, 건강상태, 실험 후 신체계측 개선여부는 유의미한 상관관계를 보여주지 못함

Page 16: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

3% strongly agree / 14% moderately agree / 31 % moderately disagree / 37% strongly disagree

(15% not sure)

성별, 나이, 건강상태, 실험 후 신체계측 개선여부는 유의미한 상관관계를 보여주지 못함

Page 17: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

B. 피드백 선호도 연구문제 2. 어떠한 피드백 메시지 전술이 선호되는가? Theoretically-Driven > Evaluative > Normative 의 순으로 선호한다

3. 나이와 성별에 따라 공포소구 전략에 대한 인식과 피드백 메시지 전술의 선호가 다른가? 남성은 여성에 비해 Theoretically Driven을 더 선호한다

여성은 남성에 비해 Evaluative 을 더 선호한다

60세 이상은 60세 미만 보다 Theoretically Driven을 선호한다4. 신체 상태(체력, 체질량 혈당량) 혹은 개선의 가능성이 공포소구 전략에 대한 인식과 피드백 메시지

전술의 선호가 다른가?

실험 후 신체 계측에서 개선을 보인 사람들의 40%가 Theoretically Driven을 선택

Page 18: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

1) Descriptive(Factual) : " This week you have burned 1200kcal by attending moderate exercise"

2) Evaluative : "This week you have attended a lot of moderate exercise. It has been beneficial to

your health."

3) Ipsative(Self-comparison): "This week you have consumed more calories than last week

through moderate exercise."

4) Normative: "You have attended moderate exercise on three days this week. That is more than

Finnish people of your age exercise, on average."

5) Theoretically Driven: "This week you have attended moderate exercise on three days. That has

been beneficial to your health, because according to general guidelines, moderate exercise can

prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes."

Page 19: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

성별 차이: 남성의 69%는 Theoretically Driven 피드백이 가장 motivating하다고 함

여성의 46%만 Theoretically Driven 피드백이 가장 motivating하다고 함

여성의 22%는 Evaluative 피드백을 선호

남성의 6%만 Evaluative 피드백을 선호

Page 20: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

연령 차이: 60세 이상의 57%가 Theoretically Driven 피드백을 선호

60세 미만의 44%가 Theoretically Driven 피드백을 선호

Page 21: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

Page 22: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

Ipastive nd Normative

1. 자신이 개선하고 있다고 느낄 때 동기부여가 된다.

- 동의: 97%

- 동의하지 않음: 0%

2. 평균에 비해 혹은 다른 사람들에 비해 나은 성과를 보여쓸 때 동기부여가 된다

- 동의: 47%

- 동의하지 않음: 28%

- 60세 이상의 참가자들보다는 미만의 참가자들이 동기부여가 된다고 답함(P=0.027)

Page 23: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

- 실험 후 신체계측에서 변화를 보이지 않거나 악화된 참가자들은 동기부여가 된다고 답함 (P=0.022)

Page 24: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Results

Theoretically Driven

1. Theoretically Driven 전략 선택에는 나이와 실험 후 신체계측 개선 여부가 상관관계를 보임

Page 25: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

A. 공포소구 전략 1. 체중 감량에 성공한 참가자들은 당뇨병 발병에 대한 위협이 신체 활동을 장려하고 식이습관 개선을 장

려한다고 답하였다.-> 성공적인 경험(이 때는 체중감량)을 해본 참가자들은 공포소구 정보에 대해 그렇지 못한 사람들보

다 긍정적으로 받아들이는 경우가 많다. (self-efficacy와 self-affirmation과 연결될 수 있음)

B. 피드백 선호도 1. 개인 특성에 따라 선호하는 피드백 메시지의 종류가 달라진다.-> 실험 도중 체중 감량에 성공하지 못한 그룹은 normative-> 혈당량 지수에 있어 정상 혹은 위험군에 속한 그룹은 악화된 그룹에 비해 normative

2. 운동 피드백에 있어서는 과반수 이상이 theoretically-driven 을 선택함

3. Theoretically-driven 과 normative을 선택한 그룹이 evaluative을 선택한 그룹보다 physical fitness

가 개선되었음

Results

Page 26: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Limitations

1) 공포소구, 피드백 선호도를 처음에 조사하지 않았기 때문에, 실험 과정에서 변화하였는지 알 수 없음

2) 나이, 성별 등과 같은 사회인구학적 특성다는 실제 계측을 통해 체질량 지수가 개선된 "경험/경험하지

않은"을 한 사람들의 공포소구에 대한 인식 혹은 선호하는 피드백의 종류를 연구한 것이라는 말하는

것이 더 명확할지도

3) 즉, 특정 전략을 선호한 사람들이 실제 체중감량으로 이어질 가능성이 높다고 해석할 위험성이 있으나

연구 설계로 보았을 때 그렇게 해석하기 어려움

4) 피드백을 주는 주체, 그리고 언제, 어떻게, 어떠한 방식으로 주었는지 명시하지 않음(운동 피드백을 선택하게 함- by 트레이너?)

5) 설문의 대상이 누구였는지 불명확 (Intervention Group과 Control Group), 혹은 그 둘의 차이를 보여

주지 않음

6) Physical Fitness의 조작적 정의가 명시되어있지 않으며, 그 측정 방법도 설명하지 않음

Page 27: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

References

1) Hawkins, R.P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M. & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating

about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454-466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171505/

Strategies and tactics for achieving tailoring goals

1) personalization- identification- raising expectation of customization - contextualization

2) feedback- descriptive - comparative- evaluative

3) content matching

" Based on the information you provided, you are not getting

the amount of physical activity recommended by the Surgeon

General. You mentioned that you would like to be a better role

model for your two young children, but you are having trouble

finding the time for regular exercise. You also mentioned that

you are concerned about getting injured while exercising. Given

your concerns about lack of time and potential injury, here is a

list of possible strategies that might help you overcome these

issues…."

Page 28: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

References

1) Hawkins, R.P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M. & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating

about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454-466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171505/

Strategies and tactics for achieving tailoring goals

1) personalization- identification- raising expectation of customization - contextualization

2) feedback- descriptive - comparative- evaluative

3) content matching

" Based on the information you provided, you are not getting

the amount of physical activity recommended by the Surgeon

General. You mentioned that you would like to be a better role

model for your two young children, but you are having trouble

finding the time for regular exercise. You also mentioned that

you are concerned about getting injured while exercising. Given

your concerns about lack of time and potential injury, here is a

list of possible strategies that might help you overcome these

issues…."

Page 29: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

References

1) Hawkins, R.P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M. & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating

about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454-466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171505/

Strategies and tactics for achieving tailoring goals

1) personalization- identification- raising expectation of customization - contextualization

2) feedback- descriptive - comparative- evaluative

3) content matching

" Based on the information you provided, you are not getting

the amount of physical activity recommended by the Surgeon

General. You mentioned that you would like to be a better role

model for your two young children, but you are having trouble

finding the time for regular exercise. You also mentioned that

you are concerned about getting injured while exercising. Given

your concerns about lack of time and potential injury, here is a

list of possible strategies that might help you overcome these

issues…."

Page 30: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

References

1) Hawkins, R.P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M. & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating

about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454-466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171505/

Strategies and tactics for achieving tailoring goals

1) personalization- identification- raising expectation of customization - contextualization

2) feedback- descriptive - comparative- evaluative

3) content matching

" Based on the information you provided, you are not getting

the amount of physical activity recommended by the Surgeon

General. You mentioned that you would like to be a better role

model for your two young children, but you are having trouble

finding the time for regular exercise. You also mentioned that

you are concerned about getting injured while exercising. Given

your concerns about lack of time and potential injury, here is a

list of possible strategies that might help you overcome these

issues…."

Page 31: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

References

1) Hawkins, R.P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M. & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating

about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454-466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171505/

Strategies and tactics for achieving tailoring goals

1) personalization- identification- raising expectation of customization - contextualization

2) feedback- descriptive - comparative- evaluative

3) content matching

" Based on the information you provided, you are not getting

the amount of physical activity recommended by the Surgeon

General. You mentioned that you would like to be a better role

model for your two young children, but you are having trouble

finding the time for regular exercise. You also mentioned that

you are concerned about getting injured while exercising. Given

your concerns about lack of time and potential injury, here is a

list of possible strategies that might help you overcome these

issues…."

Page 32: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

References

1) Hawkins, R.P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M. & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating

about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454-466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171505/

Strategies and tactics for achieving tailoring goals

1) personalization- identification- raising expectation of customization - contextualization

2) feedback- descriptive - comparative- evaluative

3) content matching

" Based on the information you provided, you are not getting

the amount of physical activity recommended by the Surgeon

General. You mentioned that you would like to be a better role

model for your two young children, but you are having trouble

finding the time for regular exercise. You also mentioned that

you are concerned about getting injured while exercising. Given

your concerns about lack of time and potential injury, here is a

list of possible strategies that might help you overcome these

issues…."

Page 33: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

1) Hawkins, R.P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M. & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating

2) DiClemente, C.C., Marinilli, A.S., Singh, M. & Bellino, L.E. (2001). The role of feedback in the process of health behavior

change. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(3), 217-227.

3) Enwald, H.P.K., Niemel', R.M., Kein'nen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Lepp'luoto, J., J'ms', T., Herzig, K.H., Oinas-Kukkonen, H. &

Huotari, M.L.A. (2012). Human information behaviour and physiological measurements as a basis to tailor health

information. An explorative study in a physical activity intervention among pre-diabetic individuals in Northern

Finland. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 29 (2), 131-140.

References

Page 34: Perceptions of fear appeal and preference for feedback in tailored health communication

Thank You.