PowerPoint

1Thank youToday I am talking about motion aftereffect for perceiving motion in depth. Before talking about motion aftereffect, let me describe two binocular cues for seeing motion in depth

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MRI

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8Fixate the center and see motion aftereffect when it stopped.You may see the motion aftereffect in the same direction as the dominant motion of the adaptation stimulus.Let me show again.

3D motion direction seen

Adaptation: monocular (right eye)Test: binocularMAE

Adaptation TechniqueExpose the right eye to leftward motion3D MAE with binocular observation

9Let me explain the influence of the monocular motion aftereffect on perceiving motion in depth.After the right eye is exposed to rightward motion, leftward motion is seen in the right eye. If the motion perception due to MAE is combined to the output of the left eye, receding motion will be seen.

Motion of upper halfMotion of lower half

Motion of lower halfMotion of upper half

Adaptation stimulusPerceived motion

Adapting right eyeAdapting left eye

Stimulus and perception

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10This slide shows the relationship between the adaptation conditions and the predicted direction of motion in depth due to monocular MAE.After the right eye is adapted by this stimulus, the upper half will be seen receding and the lower half will be seen approaching if the monocular motion signal caused by MAE inputs to the mechanism sensitive to inter-ocular velocity differences. After the left eye is adapted, the direction in the depth reverses. The upper half moves in this direction and the lower half moves in this.

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:Frame AFrame B

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http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/psychology/culhamlab/Jody_web/Track 3 red disks (fixating the center)

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William James (1842 - 1910)

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz(1821- 1894)

Helmholtz on covert attention (1867)covert attention: It is a curious fact, by the way, that the observer may be gazing steadily at the two pinholes and holding them in exact coincidence, and yet at the same time he can concentrate his attention on any part of the dark field he likes, so that when the spark comes, he will get an impression about objects in that particular region only. In this experiment the attention is entirely independent of the position and accommodation of the eyes, or indeed, of any known variations in or on the organ of vision. Thus it is possible, simply by a conscious and voluntary effort, to focus the attention on some definite spot in an absolutely dark and featureless field. In the development of a theory of the attention, this is one of the most striking experiments that can be made.(Physiological Optics, Vol, 3, p. 455. Thoemmes Press Ed.)

Michael S. Landyhttp://www.cns.nyu.edu/~msl/

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Helmholtz on covert attention (1867)

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25Thank youToday I am talking about motion aftereffect for perceiving motion in depth. Before talking about motion aftereffect, let me describe two binocular cues for seeing motion in depth

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Downing & Picker (1985)

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Cued at 1

0Target locationFixationCued at 5

suppressionfacilitation

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SSVEP(steady state visual evoked potential)ERP(event related potential)

Attentiononal center

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Morgan et al., 1996; Kashiwase et al., 2012

SSVEP(Steady-State-Visual-Evoked-Potential)30

Amplitude5Hz

5Hz

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Mangun & Hillyard, 1987; Polich, 2007P3

ERP(Event-Related-Potential)31

Amplitude0.1s 0.5s 0.9sFlash

P3

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RSVP (Rapid serial visual presentation)

RSVP: Detect target H at one or two locations (5Hz) (green letters)Luminance flicker at 8 disks10.7Hz11.4Hz12.3Hz13.3Hz14.5Hz16.0Hz17.8Hz20.0Hz

Single DoubleAPCV 2012, ECVP 2013, VSS 2014

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6000msCueCue

6000ms 3156

6000ms

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RSVP task: Detection of target H among distractors, U, E, and P at cued location(s). 200 ms presentation.Luminance flicker at 8 disks10.7Hz11.4Hz, 12.3Hz13.3Hz, 14.5Hz16.0Hz, 17.8H or 20.0Hz

7 deg1.9 deg3.8 deg top right disk

Single cue Double cueRSVP (Rapid serial visual presentation) task at cued disk(s)

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AmplitudeDistance from cue (deg)SSVEPSingle cue

Double cues

N=7

Time after target (msec) -2002000400600090180-180-90Distance from cue (deg)

(b) Target Distractor(Z score)

Time after target (msec) Target Distractor(Z score)Single cue(a) Distance from cue (deg)Target Distractor (Z score)(c)

ERPtargetN=7

Time after target (msec) -2002000400600090180-180-90Time after target (msec) Target Distractor(Z score)Distance from cue (deg)

Target Distractor(Z score)Double cue(a) (b) Distance from cue (deg)Target Distractor (Z score)(c) ERPN=7

Two stages of visual spatial attention Early stage (e.g. target detection): EnhancementLate stage (e.g., letter identification): Selection/Inhibition

Focus of attention

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Reed et al., 2006

Bigot & Grosjean, 201214/12/01 HIP43

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14/12/01 HIP44

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Shioiri et al., 201014/12/01 HIP46Time

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14/12/01 HIP47

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14/12/01 HIP48

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Attentional modulationsmaller larger