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ducknetwebblogspotcom
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
wwwshmoopcom
wwwshmoopcom
PolysaccharideVirulence factorProtection
Plasmid
wwwshmoopcom
Plasmid
PeptidoglycanStructural support
Pilli
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
wwwshmoopcom
wwwshmoopcom
PolysaccharideVirulence factorProtection
Plasmid
wwwshmoopcom
Plasmid
PeptidoglycanStructural support
Pilli
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
wwwshmoopcom
wwwshmoopcom
PolysaccharideVirulence factorProtection
Plasmid
wwwshmoopcom
Plasmid
PeptidoglycanStructural support
Pilli
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
csls-textcu-tokyoacjp
wwwshmoopcom
wwwshmoopcom
PolysaccharideVirulence factorProtection
Plasmid
wwwshmoopcom
Plasmid
PeptidoglycanStructural support
Pilli
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwshmoopcom
wwwshmoopcom
PolysaccharideVirulence factorProtection
Plasmid
wwwshmoopcom
Plasmid
PeptidoglycanStructural support
Pilli
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwshmoopcom
PolysaccharideVirulence factorProtection
Plasmid
wwwshmoopcom
Plasmid
PeptidoglycanStructural support
Pilli
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwshmoopcom
Plasmid
PeptidoglycanStructural support
Pilli
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
micromagnetfsuedu
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwwpclipartcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
biology4alevelblogspotcom
bullDiffusion across membrane is decided by size of the molecule as well as its solubility in lipids(as lipids are the major components of the blayer)
bullThe lipid bilayer is permeable to a few small uncharged molecules likeoxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Thus they simply move across through diffusion
bullIons and hydrophilic moiety finds it difficult to move across and thus have protein which provide sites for such molecules but in the presence of a concentration gradient(since ATP is not used)
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
UniportersbullGLUT1 ndash widely distributed glucose transporterbullGLUT4 - primary insulin regulated glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
geoweeksblogspotcom
Symporters
bullSGLT1 - Na+ glucose symporter in gut epitheliabull Important for transport of nutrients through intestinal epitheliumbull Amino acids are transported in similar manner
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Antiporters
bullNHE-1 - Na+H+ antiporter in kidney and gut epithelia for regulation of systolic blood pressurebull3Na+Ca2+ antiporter in the heart for regulation of heart contractility
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
hyperphysicsphy-astrgsuedu
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bullExamples leucocytes neutrophils and monocytes can engulf foreign substances like bacteria
bullAlso used in case of cell migration and adhesion related functions
bullExamples The uptake of extracellular fluids such as hormones and enzymes by the body cellsbullThe human egg cell takes up the nutrients present in the surrounding environment secreted by the other cellsbullUptake of nutrients by the cells containing microvilli present in the intestine
bullExamples Neurotransmittersreleased from the neuron cellsbullSecretion of pancreatic digestive enzymesbullRepairing wounds of the plasma membrane
academicbrooklyncunyedu
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bull Drugs is a chemical substance used in the treatment cure prevention or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-beingrdquo
bull This chemical substance can be polar (hydrophilic) non-polar (hydrophobic) and small or large in size
bull Drugrsquos transport across the membrane usually takes place through facilitated diffusion or receptor mediated delivery
bull Exchange of these chemicals also occur by active transport or other transport mechanisms depending upon the chemical nature of the drug and the target organ
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
fearmasterywordpresscom
FirstThere are several barriers lining the organs which do not allow passage of the drug molecules or gene containing molecules simply through diffusions or active transports
Second Specific delivery of drug or gene to the targeted organ
Third Keeping the normal cells (un diseased) out of contact of the drug action or exposure to chemicals that the drug contains
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwmodworkscom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
The word rdquotrans fectionrdquo is a blend of trans- and infectionGenetic material (such as super coiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs) or even proteins such as antibodies may be transfected
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfection is specifically used for eukaryotic cells
Transformation is the broader term used for both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer of gene drug or any macromolecule into an eukaryotic cell is transfection
Transfer of gene of interest into any cell can be termed as transformation
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane(s)
Transfer is done typically through non viral methods
Transfer is done usually with a viral vector or carrier
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Electroporationmdashthe use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
It is a procedure that is gaining in popularity for standard gene transfer and also allows the generation of genetically modified mice
It can be used with most cell types and because it requires fewer steps can be easier than alternate techniques
It can be used for in vivo gene transfer particularly for surface or near surface tissue such as skin muscle and certain tumors or even internal tissues such as liver
wwwbio-radcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bullInduction of membrane pores using ultrasound is exploited to facilitate entry of proteins nucleic acids and drugs into the cell
wwwintechopencom
bullThe microbubbles consist of lipid shell and perfluorocarbon gas on the inside The plasmid gene to be delivered resides in the shell
bull After infusing the microbubbles with pDNA intravenously they are detected in the target organ by echography
bullUnder ultrasound exposure the microbubbles burst and the energy creates transient pores in membranes of surrounding cells and pDNAsare inserted into the cells
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwintechopencom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bullMicroinjection is a well established technique used routinely for injection of animal cells tissues and embryos to insert genetic material such as DNA RNA proteins and macromolecules directly into animal cells or embryos a cell cytoplasm or nucleus
bullGenetic material is inserted via a needle which penetrates the cell membrane andor the nuclear envelope
thegeneticsofpikachuweeblycom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bullUse of a gene gun directly shoots a piece of DNA into the recipient plant tissuebull Tungsten or gold beads are coated in the gene of interest and fired through a stopping screen accelerated by Helium into the plant tissuebullThe particles pass through the plant cells leaving the DNA inside
wwwbio-radcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
This method also alters the permeability of the cell membrane
bull Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the
cell membrane creating an electrostatically neutral situation
bull Lowering the temperature stabilizes the membrane making the
negatively charged phosphates easier to shield
bull Then a heat shock creates a temperature imbalance and thus a
current which helps get the DNA into the cell
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwavncharityorguk
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
fearmasterywordpresscom
bullDevelopment of drug delivery systems for brain delivery is one of the most challenging research topics in pharmaceutical areas
bullThis is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which separates the blood from the cerebral parenchyma thus limiting the brain uptake of the majority of therapeutic agents
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bullIt is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)bull It is formed by capillary endothelial cells which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity bullIt allows the passage of water some gases and lipid soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function bullIt prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins from reaching to brain
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
bullIt should be controlled and not damage the barrier
bullDrug should be biodegradable specific and not toxic
bullThe drug load transported through the BBB should be adequate for reaching therapeutic concentrations in the brain
bullTherapeutic concentrations should be maintained for a sufficient duration of time for the desired efficacy
Characteristics of ideal drug delivery acrossthe BBB
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Liposome = ldquoliposrdquo(means fat) + ldquosomardquo (means body)
When lipids are placed in contact with water the unfavorable interactions of the hydrophobic segments of the molecule with the solvent result in the self assembly of lipids often in the form of liposomes
icanhassciencecom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
wwwintechopencom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Hydrophobic drugs place themselves inside the bilayer of the liposome and hydrophilic drugs are entrapped within the aqueous core or at the bilayer interface
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Liposomes can be surface functionalized to enable movement through PEGylation and to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis by using targeting ligands such as antibodies peptides proteins carbohydrates and various other small molecules
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Chemotherapeutics or diagnostics can be encapsulated into the aqueous lumen incorporated into the lipid bilayer or conjugated to the liposome surface
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) density determines its structure at the liposome surfaceDensities below 9 -gt a mushroom-like globular structure above 9 -gt a more rigid extended brush-like morphology
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Liposomes are composed of biodegradable biologically inert and non-immunogenic lipids
They produce no pyrogenic or antigenic reactions and possess limited toxicity
The ease of surface modification to bear the targetable properties make liposomes widely acceptable
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
The entrapment of the drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic into the liposomes is used to bypass the frequent generic toxicity associated with the drug as often seen in cancer drugs
The modification of liposomes permits a passive or active targeting of the tumor site
Specific modification effect enables an efficient drug payload into the malignant cell of tumors while the non-malignant cells become minimally impacted
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of DiabetesBy Matsumoto S SoRelle JA and Shimoda M DOI 10577222808
Transfection by ElectroporationHuntington Potter PhD and Richard Heller PhD
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Ultrasound and MicrobubblesZhi-Yi Chen Yan Lin Feng Yang Lan Jiang Shu ping GeDisclosuresCardiovasc Ultrasound 201311(11)
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
Nanobiotechnology-Based Strategies for Crossing the BloodndashBrain BarrierKewal K Jain
Drug transport across the bloodndashbrain barrierWilliam M Pardridge
Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug DeliveryMelis Ccedilağdaş1 Ali Demir Sezer2 and Seyda Bucak3
httpwwwbtxonlinecomcategoriesMicroinjection
oilersnationcom
oilersnationcom