IPS Amazonia Methodology

INDICE DE PROGRESSO SOCIAL NA AMAZONIA BRASILEIRA 2014

Nutrition and Basic Medical Care Undernourishment Morbidity due to under nutrition Maternal mortality rate Child mortality rate Mortality due to infectious diseases

Water and Sanitation Access to piped water Rural access to improved water facilities Access to improved sanitation facilities

Shelter Availability of affordable housing Access to electricity Trash collection

Personal Safety Adult homicide rate Exposure to violence Traffic deaths

Access to Basic Knowledge Adult literacy rate Primary school enrollment Secondary school enrollment Quality of education

Access to Information and Communications Mobile telephone subscriptions Mobile internet users

Health and Wellness Life expectancy Deaths from cancer, cardiovascular diseases,

and diabetes Obesity rate Morbidity due to respiratory diseases Suicide rate

Ecosystem Sustainability Forest coverage Deforestation rate Water stress Protected areas Degraded areas

Personal Rights Political pluralism Mobility Property rights over land

Personal Freedom and Choice Child labor Children and teen pregnancies Access to culture and recreation Familial vulnerability

Tolerance and Inclusion Violence against women Violence against indigenous Inequality between whites and blacks

Access to Advanced Education Tertiary school enrollment Women’s mean years in school Young people studying college degrees

Basic Human Needs Opportunity

Social Progress Index

Foundations of Wellbeing

MUNICIPAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE IPS AMAZÔNIA 2014 (REFER TO ANNEX B FOR INDICATOR DEFINITIONS)

Nutrition and Basic Medical Care Undernourishment Morbidity due to under nutrition Maternal mortality rate Stillbirth rate Child mortality rate Mortality due to infectious diseases Malaria annual parasite rate

Water and Sanitation Access to piped water Rural vs Urban access to improved water

source Access to improved sanitation facilities Rural access to improved water facilities

Shelter Availability of affordable housing Access to electricity Quality of electricity Trash collection

Personal Safety Adult homicide rate Level of violent crime Traffic deaths Terror Exposure to violence


Access to Information and Communications Mobile telephone subscriptions Mobile internet users Community radios Internet providers



Ecosystem Sustainability Forest coverage Deforestation rate CO2 emissions due to deforestation Sustainable energy sources Water stress Protected areas Degraded areas

Personal Rights Political participation Political pluralism Freedom of information Mobility Property rights over land Rural habitants’ property rights

Personal Freedom and Choice Slave labor Child labor Children and teen pregnancies Access to culture and recreation Familial vulnerability

Tolerance and Inclusion Violence against women Violence against indigenous Violence against homosexuals Inequality between whites and blacks

Access to Advanced Education Tertiary school enrollment Women’s mean years in school Inequality in education quality Young people studying college degrees




MUNICIPAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE IPS AMAZÔNIA 2014 VS THE FIRST DRAFT (NEW INDICATORS IN GREEN)


Water and Sanitation Access to piped water Access to improved sanitation facilities Rural access to improved water facilities


Personal Safety Adult homicide rate Traffic deaths Exposure to violence





Ecosystem Sustainability Forest coverage Deforestation rate Protected areas Degraded areas Water stress








INDICATORS COLOR-CODED BY LEVEL OF MATCHING WITH THE 2014 GLOBAL FRAMEWORK

Same indicator Close definitiion Best available proxy New indicator

BRAZILIAN AMAZON REGION• Amazon: 772 municipalities*, in 9 States

• Area: 5 million km2 (59% of Brazil)

• Population: 23.8 million inhabitants (12.7% of Brazilian population)

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*There are 773 municipalities – but for data gaps, Mojuí dos Campos (Pará) was exluded.

DATA SOURCES

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Brazilian Government Institutes DATASUS - Department of Informatics of Brazilian Health System (9)IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (8)INEP - National Institute for Educational Studies Anisio Teixeira (1)INPE - National Institute for Space Research (2)INPE and EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) – (1)TSE - Brazilian Superior Electoral Court (1)SNIS - National Information System on Sanitation (2) UN Agency/Brazilian Government Institute IBGE and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) – (9) Brazilian Government Agency ANATEL - National Telecommunications Agency (2)ANEEL - National Electric Energy Agency (1)DENATRAN - National Traffic Department (1) Expert Assessments (NGOs) CIMI - Indigenous Missionary Council (1)CPT - Pastoral Land Commission (1)CIMI and CPT - (1)Imazon (Amazon Institute of People and the Environment) and ISA (Social and Environmental Institute) - (1)Mapa da Violência – (2)

Brazilian Government Agencies

10%

Brazil Govern-

ment Insti-tutes55%

Expert Assessmen-ts (NGOs)

14%

UN Agency/

Brazil Govern-

ment Insti-tutes21%

SOURCES BY DIMENSION

Basic Human Needs Foundations of Wellbeing

Opportunity

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Brazil Government Agencies

5%

Brazil Gov-

ernment Insti-tutes42%

Expert Assessments (NGOs)

16%

UN Agency/

Brazil Gov-

ernment Insti-tutes37%


11%

Brazil Govern-

ment Insti-tutes61%

Expert As-sessments

(NGOs)11%

UN Agency/

Brazil Govern-

ment Insti-tutes17%


6%

Brazil Govern-

ment Insti-tutes38%

Expert Assessments (NGOs)

25%

UN Agency/

Brazil Govern-

ment Insti-tutes31%

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AGE OF DATA

o The median date of IPS Amazônia indicators is 2012, because the main data source is the national census. Average date is closer to 2011.

2010 2011 2012 20130

10

20

30

40

50

60

44

2

52

2

% of Data Points


Water and Sanitation Access to piped water Access to improved sanitation facilities Rural access to improved water facilities


Personal Safety Adult homicide rate Traffic deaths Exposure to violence





Ecosystem Sustainability Forest coverage Deforestation rate Protected areas Degraded areas Water stress








INDICATORS COLOR-CODED BY YEAR 2012-2013 2010-2011

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CALCULATING THE INDEX

CRITICAL DECISIONS

o Utopia/Dystopia

• Three different scenarios were tested:

a) Theoretical maximum and minimum values for each indicator

b) Maximum and minimum values from the database

c) Worst and best municipalities from all Brazil for each indicator

• The c) scenario was chosen to obtain a national comparable score. In order to avoid outliers a three-standard-deviation-from-the-mean rule was used to determine the maximum and minimum values.

o A national Brazil unit was developed to test the comparability of the model and its contextual relevance

• The data for Brazil came from the same sources as did the data for the municipalities.

• In cases where the indicators were available only for the Brazilian Amazon region, the values of Brazil were the weighted averages of the region.

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CRITICAL DECISIONS

o More than 80 different indicators have been proposed and tested in order to define the best available Amazonian model of social progress (43 indicators).

The reasons to drop an indicator included:

• Irrelevance for the Amazonian Context (Number of universities, Modern slavery, Indoor air pollution deaths)

• Underestimation of the Measurement (Violence against homosexuals, Level of violent crime, Political participation, Corruption, Quality of electricity)

• Low Geographic Coverage (Crime perception, Sustainable energy sources, Rural vs urban access to improved water source, Freedom of information)

• Low Variance Indicators (Existence of community radios, Ownership status of media companies, Households with water facilities, Inequalities between blacks and indigenous)

• High Levels of Correlation (Stillbirth mortality and Rural conflicts over land)

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WEIGHTS DETERMINED BY PCA

o 10 of the 12 components are essentially weighted equally.

• Water and Sanitation and Personal Safety showed differences of more than 0.10 points in just one indicator each: Access to improved sanitation facilities, and Exposure to violence, respectively.

o Health and Wellness, as in the global model, was adjusted to deal with the negative weighting of indicators:

• Life expectancy and Deaths from cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes were grouped together and PCA was applied.

• Obesity, Morbidity due to respiration diseases, and Suicide rate were grouped together and PCA was applied.

• The groups were weighted 50% each in the Health and Wellness component.

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o Ecosystem Sustainability was adjusted to deal with the negative weighting of indicators:

• Deforestation rate, and Water stress were grouped together and PCA was applied.

• Forest coverage, Protected areas, and Degraded areas were grouped together and PCA was applied.

• The groups were weighted 50% each in the Ecosystem Sustainability component.

o In Annex A there is more detailed information by component.

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COMPARABILITY: BRAZIL ON GLOBAL SPI VS BRAZIL ON IPS AMAZÔNIA

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o By contrasting the scores for Brazil from the global SPI model and the Brazil observation of the IPS Amazônia model we find that:

• There is a difference of only 3.2% between them in the overall score.

• By Dimensions, the differences are -0.72%, 7.07% and 2.93%, for the scores in Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing, and Opportunity respectively.

• By components, 9 of 12 have differences of less than 13.05%.

• Meanwhile, Access to Basic Knowledge is the one with the highest difference, with the IPS Amazônia score 29.65% lower than the global score. This can be explained because in the IPS Amazônia model there is an indicator that measures the quality of the education, an indicator that is missing in the global SPI model. In addition, the school-enrollment indicators are based on net populations and not total populations as in the global.


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• Ecosystem Sustainability is the second one with more variation in respect to the global model, with 29.44% in favor of the IPS Amazônia model. In this component all indicators are unique, and were developed to measure this ecosystem specifically.

• The Shelter component showed differences of 25.72% in favor of the IPS Amazônia model; this is because the indicators are quantitative proxies of the qualitative indicators used in the global SPI and are obtained from the national census, so they can be better representations of the Brazilian context.

• In this process of evaluating comparability between models we found two main sources of variability: the values of Brazil, and the different scenarios of Utopia/Dystopia.


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OBSERVATIONS

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o The big challenge of the IPS Amazônia model was finding the adequate data to measure the concepts of the Social Progress Index according to the context of the region.

o At the municipal level it is easier to find more quantitative indicators to replace the perception indicators that the global model uses (e.g. Quality of electricity supply).

o In this level of analysis the characterization and measurement of the regions can be more specialized and detailed (e.g. Degraded areas).

o This subnational model improved social progress measurement by incorporating more reliable indicators to measure a concept (e.g. Quality of education).

o The Opportunity dimension was the more difficult to measure because of its specific components and the lack of data in the region; there is a shortage of this kind of data for most of the Amazonian municipalities.

o More studies and cases need to be realized to clarify the comparability of the model.

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ANNEX A: COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

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Nutrition and Basic Medical Care Undernourishment: Nutritional status of people below the appropriate weight , per 100,000 people. Morbidity due to under nutrition: Diseases related to deficiencies in nutrition , per 100,000 people. Maternal mortality rate: Number of maternal deaths. Child mortality Rate: Infant mortality up to 5 years. Mortality rate due to tuberculosis, malaria, dengue and HIV: Number of deaths related to tuberculosis, malaria,

dengue and HIV

Water and Sanitation Access to piped water: Percentage of private households with a water service connected within or outside the

house. Rural access to improved water source: Difference between the percentage of rural population with water

facilities and the average percentage of rural population with water facilities from the group of 30 municipalities with similar rural population structure.

Access to improved sanitation facilities: Percentage of private households by type of sanitation.

Shelter Availability of affordable housing: Percentage of private households by level of satisfaction with housing adequacy. Access to electricity: Percentage of private households with electricity. Trash collection: Percentage of private households with proper trash collection services.

Personal Safety Homicide rate: Homicide rate per 100,000 people. Exposure to violence: Teens killed by violence , per 100,000 people. Traffic deaths: Mortality due to road traffic injury, per 100,000 people.

ANNEX B: INDICATORS DEFINITION

BASIC HUMAN NEEDS

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Access to Basic Knowledge Adult literacy rate: Persons aged 15 years or older who can read and write. Primary school enrollment : Net attendance rate to elementary education. Secondary school enrollment: Net attendance rate to secondary school . Quality of education: Development index of basic education (IDEB).

Access to Information and Communications Mobile telephone subscriptions: Connection rate for mobile users adjusted by population density. Mobile internet users: Connection rate for 3G internet users adjusted by population density.

Health and Wellness Life expectancy : The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to

stay the same throughout its life. Deaths from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes : Total number of deaths related to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and

diabetes. Obesity rate: Percentage of defined population with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher (age-standardized estimate),

both sexes. Morbidity due to respiratory diseases: diseases related to respiratory affections. Suicide rate: Mortality due to self-inflicted injury, per 100,000 people.

Ecosystem Sustainability Forest coverage: Density of forest coverage by municipality. Degraded Area: The percentage of overgrown pastures, pasture with bare soil, pasture regeneration soil, mining and deforestation

areas by municipality. Deforestation rate: Deforestation rate by municipality. Water stress: Evaluation of the supply of water in the ecosystem. Protected areas : Rate of protected areas by municipality.

FOUNDATIONS OF WELLBEING

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Personal Rights Political pluralism: Councilors by party. Mobility: Density of terrestrial transportation services among municipalities. Property rights over land: Number of threatened people in Rural Areas because of property, rate per municipality by 1,000 inhabitants.

Personal Freedom and Choice Child labor: Rate of children, from 10 to 17 years old, working. Children and teen pregnancies: Percentage of children and teen pregnancies. Access to culture and recreation: Existence in the municipality of a library, theater, cultural center or stadium. Familial vulnerability: Ratio between the number of women who are heads of household, have not finished elementary school and

have at least 1 child under the age of 15 living in the household and the total number of female heads of households multiplied by 100.

Tolerance and Inclusion Violence against women: Number of cases of domestic violence, sexual and other violence against women. Violence against indigenous: Number of cases of violence against indigenous people. Inequality between whites and blacks: Mean years of school by race.

Access to Advanced Education Tertiary school enrollment: Mean years of tertiary education completed among people over age 25. Women’s mean years in school: Mean years of school attendance among women between 25 and 34 years old, including primary,

secondary and tertiary education. Young people studying college degrees: Ratio between the number of people aged 18 to 24 attending higher education (undergraduate,

specialization, master's or doctorate) and the total population of that age group multiplied by 100.

OPPORTUNITY

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IPS AMAZÔNIA

Science

IPS Amazonia Methodology