NANOROBOTS IN HEART SURGERY

Submitted by : Jerin Joy

Seminar Guide: Asst. Prof. Ajay Kumar P.V

Nanorobots in a nutshell…o Nanorobots are typically

devices ranging in size from 0.1 -10μm and constructed of nanoscale components.

o Nanorobots can be used in medical applications for removing Heart blocks, tumour cells etc.

2

FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT OF NANOBOTS:

ViscosityIs the physical property that represents the tendency of a fluid to undergo deformation when subjected to shear stress.

FrictionIn nano domain friction is governed by Amonton-Coulomb’s laws states that sliding friction is propotional to normal load and independent of apparent area of contact between sliding bodies and sliding velocity.

Non-rigidityIn nano domains,low spring constants make nano mechanisms highly sensitive to forces thus making it non rigid in nano domains.

InertiaIn nano domains, the motion is instantaneous and there is little overshoot because of less inertia properties.

Peclet NumberIs the ratio of thermal energy convected to the fluid to the thermal energy conducted within the fluid,

Brownian motionIs the random motion of particles In a fluid resulting from their collision with the fast moving atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid.

3

VISCOSITY:

oViscosity is a measure of clingingness of molecules with adjacent molecules and imparts resistance characteristic to fluid against shear.

o Experiments conducted in nano-domains show that the fluid loses its liquid-like behaviour and assumes solid-like characteristics.

4

FRICTION IN RELATION WITH MINIATURIZATION:◦ In nano domains, the apparent area of

contact and real area of contact close to unity and resistance to sliding increases as area of contact increases.

◦ At the macro scale, material thicknesses are generally billions of atomic layers, but at the nano-scale, there are only a handful of atomic layers available.

◦ In nano scale by changing the spacing of atoms on one surface and matching or mismatching them with another, at a point the friction decreases.

5

NON RIGIDITY IN NANO DOMAINS:

◦ Nano-structures/mechanisms have very low values of spring constant and not infinite as in case of rigid bodies.

◦ In nano-domains, local deformations affect overall motion to larger extent.

1

6

LOW INERTIA IN NANO-DOMAINS:

◦ With low inertia and high viscous forces, the moving bodies in nano-domains swims in very low Reynolds number regimes.

◦ Due to inertial forces, time makes little difference towards contribution from inertial forces.

◦ Navier Stoke’s equation:

On neglecting the inertia terms, it reduces to,

◦ Due to inertial effects nanobots need rigid and flexible oars to move forward. 7

LOW PECLET NUMBER:

◦ Nanobots are supposed to move with the convective motion, but it is only possible when the peclet number is more than unity.

◦ So to move the nanobots with greater efficiency, the designer may need to consider diffusion instead of convection.

8

BROWNIAN MOTION:

◦ Under normal conditions, in a liquid, a Brownian particle will receive about 1028 collisions per second and undergoes a kink in the motion with each collision.

9

MOVEMENT OF NANOROBOTS:

BIOLOGICAL◦ In biological movement

of nanobots, movement is possible by active and rotating or beating cilia or rotating flagella.

◦ Kinesin, dyneines and myosins are commonly known as biological motors.

ARTIFICIAL◦ In artificial movement

of nanobots, components such as molecular sorting rotors and a robot arm are used.

◦ The outer surface of nanobots are made of diamondoid new material.

10

PARTS OF A NANOROBOT:

11

NANOROBOT SIMULATION:

Nanobots are simulated in the following environments:

The workspace used in the simulator comprised an environment consisting of a segment of the vessel of length L with a small target region on the wall emitting a chemical into the fluid.

In the simulation, the chemical signal was taken to be produced uniformly over the target region at the rate Q.

12

HOW NANOROBOTS PERFORM HEART SURGERY?

◦ Nanorobots are injected into the body via the femoral artery in the leg.

◦ Nanobots mainly use the circulatory system to move inside the body.

• The nanobots are driven to the site of plaque is by using a long range sensor such as radio active dye.

• After the plaque is detected it is grinded into micro particles using the rotating needle and the diamond-chipped burr.

• After the surgery, the nanobot is removed from the body by guiding the nanorobot to anchor a blood vessel that is easily accessible from outside and perform a small surgery to remove it. 13

ADVANTAGES:• The microscopic size of

nanobots translates into high operational speeds.

• Easy and painless operation.

• Less side effects when compared to traditional surgeries.

• Faster and more precise diagnosis.

• Individual units require only a minimum amount of energy to operate. 14

DISADVANTAGES:◦ The nanorobots should be very

accurate otherwise harmful events may occur.

◦ The initial design cost is very high.◦ The design of this robot is very

complicated.◦ Sometimes robots go out of control

inside human body due to various factors discussed.

◦ Very expensive technology and its very hard to program the nanorobots.

15

CONCLUSION:

The nanorobots used in medicine are predicted to provide a wealth of promise. When the severe side effects of the existing therapies are been considered, the nanorobots are found to be more innovative, supportive to the treatment and diagnosis of vital diseases. The nanorobotics are found to exhibit strong potential to diagnose and treat various medical conditions like heart attacks, cancer, diabetes, kidney stones etc. The nanorobot can allow us a personalized treatment, hence achieving high efficacy against many diseases.

16

REFERENCES:

◦ www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1113403734/friction-in-nanobots-060415/

◦ https://dl2.pushbulletusercontent.com/Y5qBcABjaTq5ITUV9RJyBhMP9w5HVbaK/paper6.pdf

◦ http://www.nanorobotdesign.com/papers/communication.pdf

◦ http://www.noveltyjournals.com/download.php?file=Replacement%20of%20Heart-343.pdf&act=book

◦ http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0019483216301031/1-s2.0-S0019483216301031-main.pdf?_tid=9ec7adde-5426-11e6-8a68-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1469643733_e183ce9afd25fd1998b7ab26b5be1e89

◦ http://www.nanomedicine.com/Papers/NMRevMar05.pdf

◦ http://www.ijpbs.net/51.pdf

17

Thanks!

18