PINE NEEDLEYOUTH CLIMATE SUMMIT

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA AIR FORCE STATION TUGHLAKABAD

NEW DELHI -80

PREPARED BY - Vivek Kumar Singh

THE PINE NEEDLE The modern English name pine derives

from Latin pinus . In the past ( pre-19th century ) they were often known as fir .

The bark of most pines is thick and scaly , but some species have thin , flaking bark.

The new spring shoots are sometimes called “ candles “ they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first , then later turn green and spread outward .

Pines are evergreen , coniferous resinous trees ( or rarely shrubs ) growing 3–80 m tall , with the majority of species reaching 15–45 m tall . The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon , and the tallest is a 268.35-feet ( 81.79-meter ) tall ponderosa pine located in southern Oregon's Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest .

Pines are long- lived , typically reaching ages of 100–1,000 years , some even more . The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine , Pinus longaeva.

Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere host some native species of pines . One species ( Sumatran pine ) crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2° S . In North America , various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far as 66° N to as far south as 12° N.

COMPOSITION OF PINE TERPINEOL ( 30.2 % ) : - Terpineol is a naturally occurring monoterpene

alcohol that has been isolated from a variety of sources such as cajuput oil, pine oil, and petit grain oil. There are four isomers :- alpha-, beta-, gamma-Terpineol , and terpinen-4-ol. Terpineol has a pleasant odor similar to lilac and is a common ingredient in perfumes , cosmetics , and flavors.

LINALOOL ( 24.47 % ) : - Linalool is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol chemical found in many flowers and spice plants with many commercial applications , the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent . It has other names such as β- linalool , linalyl alcohol , linaloyl oxide , p-linalool , allo-ocimenol . Linalool is used as a scent in 60–80 % of perfumed hygiene products and cleaning agents including soaps , detergents , shampoos , and lotions . It is also used as a chemical intermediate . One common downstream product of linalool is vitamin E .

COMPOSITION OF PINE (CONTD.)

LIMONENE ( 17.01 % ) : - Limonene takes its name from the lemon . Limonene is a chiral molecule . Limonene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene . It oxidizes easily in moist air to produce carveol , carvone , and limonene oxide . Limonene is increasingly being used as a solvent for cleaning purposes , such as the removal of oil from machine parts , as it is produced from a renewable source. Limonene is also used as a solvent in some model airplane glues and as a constituent in some paints . As it is combustible , limonene has also been considered as a biofuel.

ANETHOLE ( 14.57 % ) : - Anethole (anise camphor) is an organic compound that is widely used as a flavoring substance. It is a derivative of phenyl propene , a type of aromatic compound that occurs widely in nature, in essential oils. It is distinctly sweet, measuring 13 times sweeter than sugar. It is used in alcoholic drinks :- ouzo and Pernod. It is also used in seasoning and confectionery applications, oral hygiene products, and in small quantities in natural berry flavors.

COMPOSITION OF PINE (CONTD.)

CARYOPHYLLENE ( 3.14 % ) : - Caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils , especially clove oil. Caryophyllene is one of the chemical compounds that contributes to the spiciness of black pepper . The widespread plant natural product betacaryophyllene is an FDA approved food additive and ingested daily with food it is the first dietary cannabinoid .

EUGENOL ( 2.14 % ) : - Eugenol is a phenylpropene , an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol . It Is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil , nutmeg , cinnamon , basil and bay leaf . It is present in concentrations of 80–90 % in clove bud oil and at 82–88 % in clove leaf oil . Eugenol is used in perfumeries , flavorings , essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anesthetic . It is commonly used in wisdom tooth extraction surgeries complicated by dry socket . Clove oil is growing in popularity as an anaesthetic for use on aquarium fish as well as on wild fish when sampled for research and management purposes . Eugenol is hepatotoxic , meaning it may cause damage to the liver .

COMPOSITION OF PINE NOMENCLATURE (IUPAC NAME)

MOLECULAR FORMULA

STRUCTURE

TERPINEOL 2 -(4 -Methyl -1 -cyclohex - 3-enyl ) propan-2-ol

C10H18O

LINALOOL 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol

C10H18O

LIMONENE 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene

C10H16

ANETHOLE ( E )-1-Methoxy -4 -( 1- propenyl ) benzene

C10H12O

CARYOPHYLLENE 4 ,11 , 11 - trimethyl - 8-methylenebicyclo[7.2.0] undec-4-ene

C15H24

EUGENOL 4-Allyl-2- methoxyphenol

C10H12O2

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF PINE NEEDLES

S.NO. PARAMETERS AVAILABLE %

1 ASH 1.31

2 CARBON 52.60

3 HYDROGEN 07.00

4 OXYGEN 40.10

S.NO PARAMETERS AVAILABLE %

1 Mean Moisture Content 9.76

2 Mean Ash Content 4.37

3 Mean Volatile Matter Content 70.03

4 Fixed Carbon Content 15.83

HARMS CAUSED BY PINES In month of March, pine is causing a serious loss to biodiversity, as

pine creates conditions for other species to die out. This problem is aggravated by the fact that people need wood for cooking and they prefer native species for this purpose to pine wood.

FOREST FIRE CAUSED BY PINE NEEDLE

Thick carpet of pine needles spread over the forest floor during the dry summer months causes any forest fires to spread very quickly as the pine needles are highly flammable. The pine trunk being fire resistant does not burn quickly while saplings of all other native species fall prey to the fires. Thus, the pine creates conditions to keep other species from regenerating , while spreads itself year after year. Pine also creates xerophytic conditions, by depriving the soil of moisture as the pine needle carpet, if not burnt inhibits percolation of water into the soil by causing it to run down the slope before it has had a chance to be absorbed by the soil. This causes further loss of biodiversity.

PINE OIL TOXICITY:- Pine oil has a relatively low toxicity level for humans , a low corrosion level and limited persistence. However , it irritates the skin and mucous membranes and has been known to cause breathing problems. Large doses may cause central nervous system depression.

TOXICITY OF PINE TEA :- All pines can be toxic if we consume too much of it. That means we have to drink pine needle tea every single day in order to get sick from it so we shouldn't worry about it. The only reason it is that way is because it's high in vitamin C. It's almost like taking a vitamin supplement. Since the pine needles are poisonous it would be safe to assume that the rest of the tree is poisonous as well. Burning these trees may pose no risk as the tree has to dry before it can be burned anyways. That might cause it to be void of any chemicals in the tree that could cause possible harm to our lungs or other parts of our body.

TABLE SHOWING TOXICITY OF PINE TYPES

PINE TYPE PONDEROSA LODGEPOLE MONTEREY

TOXICITY HIGH TOXICITY MEDIUM TOXICITY MEDIUM TOXICITY

LODGEPOLE PONDEROSA

MONTEREY

POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTTARAKHAND

THE PINE NEEDLE GASIFIER

THE PINE NEEDLE GASIFIER POWER PLANT

Berinag is a poor little town about 100 km from Pithoragarh in hill state Uttarakhand . A small company based there is now changing lives of locals with a unique project - Generating Power From Pine Needles . Jain set up a gasifier on a piece of land donated by the locals of Berinag.

The company, Avani Bio Energy , was launched by the Haryana-born Rajnish Jain in May 2011. Jain had been running a non-governmental organisation called Avani in Berinag since 1999.

Uttarakhand is home to more than 340,000 hectares of pine forests. Clubbed with stretches in western Nepal and Himachal Pradesh , pine forests cover about 1.5 million hectares. On one hand , pine needles which litter the forest floor during dry summer months form a carpet on the soil causing the rainwater to run down the slopes before it percolates into the soil. On the other hand, the highly inflammable pine needles cause forest fires which deprive all other species except pine ( trunk being fire resistant ) from regenerating .

Pine needles make for such a loose biomass that they cannot be run through gasifiers , which convert biomass into combustible gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) , hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4).

Jain then toyed with the idea of increasing the density of pine needles by converting them into wood like briquettes . That process was highly energy -intensive and so not viable . He succeeded in setting up a plant that generates 9 kW of electricity. CHARCOAL AS A BY- PRODUCT

1. THE WORKING OF MACHINE

THE PINE NEEDLE GASIFIER ( CONTD. )

The needles are chopped into fine pieces to increase density , before being fed into the plant . The material is then burnt with limited oxygen supply. This generates producer gas which , after cleaning and cooling, is fed into a generator to produce electricity. One-tenth of the pine needles used as biomass comes out as charcoal - a by-product which can be used in place of wood and kerosene as cooking fuel .

FINELY CHOPPED PINE NEEDLES

THE PINE NEEDLE GASIFIER ( CONTD. )

After many years of exploring and researching , a 9 kW pine needle gasifier system has been developed and installed in this year , as a pilot , at AVANI campus . This system is fully operational and generates 9 kW of electricity . Out of this 9 kW , 1.5 kW is consumed for running the system and a continuous output of 7.5 kW is available for productive use such as welding and calendaring applications .

Jain is already busy setting up another gasifier a 120 kilowatt power plant in Chachret , a small village in Pithoragarh , home to 108 families . The power generated will be enough to light up 10 other villages, apart from Chachret , assuming each family consumes 100 watts of power , mainly for lighting and watching television . The plant will also generate enough cooking fuel for all the families in Chachret for the whole year .

2. POWER GENERATION ABILTIY

THE TWO SUCCESSFUL

PROJECTSHosahalli is the first un-electrified village in India to be served by a biomass gasifier in terms of quality supply of electricity. The village is located 100 km from Bangalore in Tumkur District, Karnataka. The bio-energy project was planned and implemented by the Centre for Sustainable Technology (CST), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in the year 1988. The gasifier was operated only to provide home lighting and pump drinking water requirements.

In Hosahalli village there are 35 house holds and the total population of the village is 218, the installed gasifier capacity is 20kw, in which 4kw is provided for lights, 2.6 Kw is provided for drinking water, and 5.6Kw is provided for irrigation pumps.

A GASIFIER INSTALLED IN

HOSAHALLI

Kasai, which is located in Betul district. This village is located far away from the district center and is not easily accessible by road. The villagers are mostly tribal and agriculture is their main economic mainstay. The village has about 55 households with a population of 392. The Kasai Village Gasifier under the Village Energy Security Program (VESP) the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE), Govt. of India has a mandate of addressing the complete energy requirements of un electrified villages in the states of Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttarakhand.

The electricity generated from the gasification plant installed under this project is 2 x 9 kW .The system operates for 5 hours a day and on an average generates 40 units per day or 1200 units per month. The operation and maintenance of the plant is done by the local youth who have been trained in this aspect.

A GASIFIER INSTALLED IN KASAI

CHEMISTRY OF GASIFICATION In a gasifier, the carbonaceous material undergoes several different processes like drying, pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification processes. The dehydration or drying process occurs at around 100°C. Pyrolysis processes occur at around 200-300°C.

The combustion process occurs as the volatile products and some of the char reacts with oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and small amounts of carbon monoxide, which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions.

The basic reaction here is :- C + O2 ↔ CO2 (1) ΔH = -393.5 kJ/mole

Gasification process occurs as the char reacts with carbon and steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen, via the reaction :-

C + H2O ↔ H2 + CO (2) ΔH = 131.3 kJ/mole

CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2 (3) ΔH= - 41.1 kJ/mole

OTHER METHODS TO PRODUCE ELECRTICITY

Power Through Watermills :- As per UREDA estimates , some 15,000 traditional watermills called Gharats exist in partially functioning or defunct condition in the State of Uttarakhand. After upgradation, they hold the potential of providing 5 kW of electricity which cannot just light the neighbouring areas. But can also be used for some productive applications like milling, drying and thrashing of grains or for fibre - processing activities like spinning, dyeing, drying, etc. If these water mill resources are upgraded and managed in a planned and organized manner they can be a significant source of cheap power for the rural population of Uttarakhand.

Hydro Power :-Uttarakhand has got enormous potential for hydropower generation. Apart from its large and medium hydropower potential, which is estimated to be 20,000 megawatts, it also has huge potential for small, mini and micro hydropower generation. Hydropower potential of the state can be harnessed and used for its development.

Power for Cooking & Heating :-Due to the difficult terrain and in accessibility of many of the remote areas of the state , providing CNG or LPG is a difficult task . However , the cooking wand water heating requirements can be met through solar cookers and solar water heaters respectively . The alternative in the form of the use of improved cook stoves could also be lucrative to meet the cooking needs in the villages of Uttarakhand . The briquettes of charcoal which is a residue of the pine needle gasification process can be used for cooking purposes .

A MODE OF EMPLOYMENT FOR

VILLAGERS Jain hopes to create more employment opportunities locally .

Each power plant needs more than 100 collectors of pine needles . Apart from training villagers to operate the plants .

Jain set up a gasifier on a piece of land donated by the locals of Berinag . He employs villagers to collect pine needles and bring them to the plant . Villagers get ₹ 1,000 for every tonne of needles collected .

SOCIAL SUPPORT TO THE POWER PLANT

Avani Bio Energy received $250,000 in funding from Acumen Fund, a non-profit venture fund.

The company has also received a grant of ₹ 24 lacs from automotive giant Mahindra & Mahindra.

The company has got a lot of help from nearby villages. The people themselves has contributed lot of money to this

project either in cash or by doing physical work in factories.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO INHABITANTS

The fuel gas will be produced in a villager gasifier and piped directly to households at the same monthly cost as subsidized LPG with no delivery fees. “Families that cannot afford to pay rupees can pay by collecting 160 kg of pine needles for a week’s worth of gas”. Where a family would spend 32 hours gathering wood for cooking in a week, they can collect enough pine needles in 16 hours to pay for a week’s worth of gas reducing the overall time spent collecting fuel by 50%.

Extra gas will be used in a generator to produce electricity which will be sold to the local grid utility at a fixed rate, improving the reliability of local electricity and earning additional income to pay local pine needle collectors and technicians. Additionally, each 120 kW of installed capacity would save 1700 tons of CO2 emissions by replacing wood for cooking and generating renewable electricity from biomass, potentially producing almost 1.5 million rupees in carbon credits.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO INHABITANTS(CONTD.)

USES OF PINE NEEDLE Pines are among the most commercially important

tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world . In temperate and tropical regions , they are fast-growing softwoods that will grow in relatively dense stands .

Biomedical :- A tea made by steeping young , green pine needles in boiling water ( known as “ tallstrunt “ in Sweden ) is high in Vitamins A and C .

Although pine oil can cause allergic reactions, it is very useful to relieve mental, physical and sexual fatigue, while having a cleansing and clearing effect on a room.

Industrially, pine oil is used as collector in metal extraction from ores. For e.g., in copper extraction pine oil is used to soak all copper sulfide ores for froth flotation. Therefore , it is important in the industry for the froth flotation process.

Gum can be extracted from pine trees.

SOME OTHER USES OF PINE The Handmade papers made from pine needles can be

recycled. To make recycled paper . To optimize the ratio of waste paper (Cellulose) and pine

pulp for paper making. To try various other options like : Egg Trays, apple trays,

Card boards, exam boards, etc. To add decorative items like silk thread to the recycled

paper.

PINE NEEDLES FOR USEFUL DECORATIVE ITEMS

To use pine needles for day–to–day products. To generate skill and economic development . Restoration of old village techniques. FLOWER POTS , COASTERS . TABLE MATS , DOOR MATS. PEN STANDS. In Himalayan region people use pine needle brooms for cleaning

purposes.

Mixed with Fuller’s earth and cellulose for making Molecular models. To make a cost-effective and biodegradable material. To convert into other applications such as carbon. Similarly various decorative items like statues of idols can be made

using pine powder.

CONCLUSION There is immense power in pine needles if they are used

properly . Pine needle gasification is indeed a very promising technology for decentralized power generation in the Himalayan region due to the wide availability of pine needles . The generation of power is not the only benefit of this technology , it also contributes towards the environment. The result is a two-pronged strategy of development where we can save the environment and the cost for this is itself paid by energy production . While the prospects for this technology are very good, the challenges in implementation are also very high . There are many aspects related to pine needle gasification that must be dealt with in an efficient manner on a community level . This includes waste management , safety issues , load management and mode of plant operation .

The paper studies bring out the message that pine needle gasification technology holds large promise as a decentralized power generation system in terms of improving the quality of life, which includes supply of hygienic drinking water, irrigation and supply of quality electricity for rural Himalayan regions.

The generation of power is not the only benefit of this technology; it also contributes towards protecting the environment. The result is a two-pronged strategy of development where we can save the environment and the cost for this is itself paid by energy production.

This technology can be sustained using local available resources like raw material and manpower for day-to-day operation of the plant.

An important conclusion is that even at small capacities a sustained economical environment friendly operation is possible, as the major operational costs are related to raw material (pine needles) cost which is locally available.

Due to the decentralization it will also reduce the cost of transportation of pine needles thus reducing the dependence on fossil fuel, an important concept for distributed power generation packages for the rural sector.

REFERENCES Google.com Wikipedia.com Avani official website G. Sridhar, H. V. Sridhar, Basawaraj , M.S. Sudarshan H. I. Somsekhar, S.

Dasappa and, P. J. Paul Case Studies on Small Scale Biomass Gasifier Based Decentralized Energy Generation Systems

P. Sasidharan , K. P. Murali , and K. Sasidharan , “Design and development of ceramic-based biomass gasifier-an R and D study from India,” Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 2, pp. 49- 52, 1995.

G. Y. Chen and J. Andries, “Circulating fluidised bed gasification of biomass resources: originality in system design and experimental approach,” In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy Conversion and Application, 2001, pp. 1263-1268.

DU Innovation Project 2014-15 Performed By Gargi College.

THANK YOU !

THE END