What does “RESEARCH MEAN” ???

• Derived from the prefix re which means repeat or redo, and to find or look for something which had been in existence before.

Other definition of RESEARCH

• A systematic investigation of some phenomena or series of phenomena by experimental method

• It is a systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information or data for some purpose

• A systematic attempt to provide answers to unanswered questions

• The process of gathering data information to solve a particular or specific problem in a scientific manner

PURPO

SE

OF

• To discover new facts about known phenomena and verify existing knowledge

• To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by existing methods and information

GOALS

OF

• To enhance and improve life

• To find the answers to certain questions through the application scientific procedures

•Does a researcher needs to have objectives in his/

her research?

YES.

• Research is as an organized approach including enunciating the problem, forming a hypothesis, gathering data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusions, either in the form of solution for the concerned problem or in certain generalizations for some theoretical formulation.

• Research objectives are actually a specification of the final reason behind undertaking research in the first place. They aid in creating a specific list of information needs. Only when the investigator understands the problem that management desires to deal with can the investigation project be designed to give the relevant information..dpuf

CHARA

CTER

ISTIC

S OF

RESEARCH WORK• R – ESOLUTE: A research work must be

marked by courage and firm determination on the part of the researcher to adequately complete his/ her work

• E - SSENTIAL: It must be significant not only to the researcher, but also, and more importantly to the readers of his/ her work.

• S - TATISTICALLY SOUND: It must present numerical data that are correct

• E – MPIRICAL: It must be based on the researcher’s experiences, whether direct ot vicarious ( experienced by someone, watched, heard)

• A – CCURATE: It must be devoid ( being without) of errors in grammar, mechanics, facts, organization, and the likes

• R – ESULT- ORIENTED: It must produce the desired effects which the researcher initially has in mind prior to the conduct of research

• C – RITICAL: It must be a product of good judgment and critical thinking

• H – YPOTHESIS- BASED: It must be on a scientific (hypothesis) guess which is stated either positively ( alternative hypothesis) or negatively ( null hypothesis)

• W – ELL- DONE: It must not be hapharzardly

( aimless)or hastily ( hurriedly) done

• O – BJECTIVE: It must be devoid of biases (unreasoned judgment), prejudices (favoritism) , and subjectiveness

( personalize/ based on opinions than facts)

• R – ESTRICTED: It must be limited in scope

• K – NOWLEDGE- LADEN: It must be loaded with information that the readers need

• S – YSTEMATIC: It must done presented in an orderly manner

Other Characteristics

• C – OMPREHENSIVE: The researcher must be serious about understanding a phenomenon and has to analyzed all aspects before making a generalization or conclusion

• R – IGOROUS: Procedures to be followed in solving a problem must be relevant, appropriate, justified, and strictly observed

• V – ALID: The formulation of conclusions must be based on actual findings

• V- ERIFIABLE: Researcher can check the correctness of its results be replicating the study based on the methods and procedures employed by the researcher

STEP

S IN D

OING

A

• Selecting a subject

• Determination of the problem

• Formulation of a hypothesis

• Doing a library research

• Designing a research

• Making an initial plan

• Completing the plan and writing the first draft

• Preparation of an instrument for collecting data

• Collection of data

• Analysis of data

• Determination of implications and drawing of conclusions based on findings

• Revising the rough draft and preparing the final copy

• Writing of recommendations for future research

TYPE

S OF

• Descriptive Research

- This type of research endeavors to describe systematically, factually, accurately, and objectively a situation, problem or phenomenon. It seeks to describe “ WHAT IS” .

• Correlational/ Associational Research

- In this type of research, the investigator tries to probe the significance of relationship between two or more factors or characteristics.

• Explanatory Research

- The researcher seeks to clarify how and why a relationship exists between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.

• Exploratory Research

- This is undertaken when the investigator is after probing or exploring areas where little is known about the research problem.

• Experimental Research

- The researcher probes into the cause and effect by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatments or conditions.

• Comparative Research

- The investigator delves on analyzing the possible effect of a factor which cannot be manipulated and controlled.

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER

What is a research paper?

• A research paper is a conventional full- dress report.

•  is an expanded essay that presents your own interpretation or evaluation or argument. 

•  is more than the sum of your sources, more than a collection of different pieces of information about a topic, and more than a review of the literature in the field.

• PREFATORY PAGES

• Title Page• Table of Contents• Acknowledgement• Abstract

REPORT PROPER

• CHAPETER 1: INTRODUCTION

- Introduction- Background of the Study- Objectives- Significance of the Study- Scope and Limitations

CHAPETER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

- Review of Related Literature- Conceptual framework- Hypothesis- Definition of Terms

CHAPETER 3: METHODOLOGY

- Experimental Design- Materials and Procedures- Respondents- Sampling

CHAPETER 4: RESULTS AND FINDING

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Science

WHAT IS SCIENCE

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT?

IS SIP SIMILAR TO RESEARCH?