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Part One: Meanings of Prepositions

Lesson 1

ABOUT1. About identifies a topic or concerning a certain subject.Example: This course is about prepositions.

2. About can identify the cause of an emotion or condition.Example: We are excited about our vacation.

3. About can mean approximately.Example: It's about nine o'clock.

4. About can mean in all parts of.Example: Papers were scattered about the house.

5. About can mean to be ready or prepared to do something.Example: The game is about to finish.

More examples:The news about sports was exciting.The reports about the meeting are ready.John loves tales about dinosaurs.Mary often speaks about her adventures in India.The students talked about nothing but the exams.Do you worry about world problems.Have you ever dreamed about being lost.The dogs eat about a pound of meat a day.The library is about three miles from the house.The race is about to start.

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Lesson 2

ABOVE1. Above can mean in or at a higher placeExample: A dark cloud was above the house

2. Above can mean higher in rank, value, or power Example: A sergeant is above a private

3. Above can indicate something written earlier in a book, articleExample: See the instructions above

4. Above also means more than Example: James is six inches above the average height

5. Above can mean too good or honorable toExample: Mary is above cheating

More examples

Let's hang the picture above the sofaHer blood pressure is above normalIn the navy, a captain is above a commanderPlease follow the above tipsThe policeman is above crueltyOur friends live in the apartment above oursHe values honesty above moneyThe supervisor is above the workersThe English books are on the shelf above the history books

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Lesson 3

Across

1. Across indicates the direction of movement from one side to the otherExample: The man ran across the yard

2. Across on the other side of a placeExample: My friend lives across the street

3. Across from means opposite or facingExample: My secretary sits across from me

4. Across can also means in every area ofExample: People across the world are using the Internet

More examples

Sultan swam across the swimming poolIt took an hour to row across the lakeLayla walked across the parkThe mosque is across from my houseShe sliced across the top of the watermelonThe baby crawled across the roomBookstores can be found across the country

NoticeVerbs like crawl, drive, go, limp, move, ride, run, swim, walk are used before across to show movement from one side to the other

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Lesson 4

After1. After means later than or followingExample: Susan always sleeps after lunch

2. After can mean behind in place or orderExample: B is after A in the alphabet

3. After means next to or lower than in importance Example: Lieutenants rank after captains

4. After means with the name of Example: Saudi Arabia was named after Mohammad bin Saud

5. After also means because of Example: After her rudeness to him, he never calls her again

6. After can mean despite or in spite ofExample: After his great success, he still wants more

7. After means in pursuit of or in search ofExample: The cat ran after the mouse

8. After can mean following continuouslyExample: The bored lecture went on hour after hour

More examples

They always go to school after breakfastAfter the match they returned to the hotelWater was listed after juice on the menuFreshmen are after sophomores in seniorityWashington Monument is named after George WashingtonAfter the worker's bad behavior, the boss fired him After their criticism of the house, they bought itPeter chased after the ballDay after day she waited for her daughter to call

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Lesson 5

Against

1. Against means in a opposite direction toMeaning: The bird flew against the storm

2. Against means in forcible contact withMeaning: Waves crashed against the shore

3. Against means in hot stile opposition to Meaning: The citizen voted against the unjust law

4. Against means contrary toMeaning: Stealing is against the law

5. Against means as a defense or protection fromMeaning: The kids were vaccinated against smallpox

6. Against means as contrast, in comparison withMeaning: The red tie looks good against that blue shirt

7. Against means touching, leaning on for supportMeaning: The tired child leaned against her mother

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Lesson 6

Ahead of1. Ahead of means in front of Example: My friend arrived first, and was ahead of me in line

x 2. Ahead of means before or in advance ofExample: London is about five hours ahead of New York

x 3. Ahead of can mean more advanced thanThe Japanese are ahead of us in their research

More examples:I could see the other car about half a mile ahead of usSultan and Mohammad arrived a few minutes ahead of usRiyadh is about two hours ahead of JeddahShe walked alone ahead of the crowdThe path ahead of him was darkWe reached the airport ahead of youThe project has been completed two months ahead of the schedule

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Lesson 7

Alonglonglonglong

• Along means in a line or at a point next to the length of Example: We walked along the river to the town

More examples:

She planted flowers along both sides of the drivewayThey saw no one along the way to townShe lives in a house along the shoreThe signs along the highway were brightly litShe walked slowly along the roadCarry on along this street until you get to the traffic lightsWe were driving along the King's Road

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Lesson 8

Among1. Among means in the middle of or surrounded byExample: The baby crawled among his many toys

2. Among also means in the group, one ofExample: He's among the best English teachers in Kingdom

3. Among expresses things shared by more than twoExample: Divide the money among the five workers

4. Among also means with each otherExample: The boys fought among themselves over the toys

5. Among means by cooperatingExample: We should be able to raise the money among us

6. Among can mean with allExample: That hairstyle is popular among teenagers

More examples: x

She is like a bee among flowersHe found the letter among his old papersThe children were lost among the crowdHe was chosen among the best football players of 21st centuryShe is among the best students at EnglishDeal the cards among all the playersDistribute the food among the poor familiesWe talked the problem over among ourselvesBowing is customary among the Japanese

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Lesson 9

Around1. Around means in a circular direction or on a boundary of somethingExample: The family sat around the table and talked

2. Around means here and there or nearExample: The rumors going around the office aren't true

3. Around means on or to the farther side of Example: The park is around the next corner

4. Around means about or at approximatelyExample: I'll see you around seven o'clock

More examples: x

We saw seventeen huts around the lakeThe desks formed a circle around the classroomShe wore a ribbon around her neckShe walked around the blockTen houses are being built around the neighborhoodThey drove all around city looking for their lost kidThe pilot flew around the stormThe garage is around the house to the rightAround the hill you'll see the riverThey'll arrive around three

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Lesson 10

As1. As means in the role of Example: John works as a mechanic during summer vacation

More examples:The family uses their extra bedroom as a studyAlan uses his garage as a workshopMary works as an interpreter at the hospitalThe perfume smelled as rosesThe gym is also used as an auditoriumPeter volunteered as an ambulance driver

Notice:You can use these verbs before the preposition AS (act, choose, serve, substitute, use, volunteer, work)

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Lesson 11

At1.At can indicate locationExample: The women are at the supermarket

2. At At indicates a place of attendanceExample: The children are at school

3. At can indicate in the direction of; towardExample: The small boy threw a rock at the window

4. At is used to express timeExample: We are leaving at four thirty

5. At can mean busy using something; workingExample: I have been at the computer all day

6. At can indicate a conditionExample: Those two countries have been at peace for ten years

7. At can indicate reactionExample: We were shocked at the condition of the classrooms

8. At indicates a degree of skillExample: Your son is good at tennis, but not very good at hockey

9. At can indicate a rate or levelExample: Mary tries to buy everything at a discount

10. At can indicate the highest possible degree in valueExample: At least she comes to work every day

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More examples:She was waiting me at the bus stop.

We aren't allowed to watch television when we are at dinner.

She is at a meeting.

The teacher smiled at the new girl.

They laughed at John.

We are leaving at four thirty.

They went home at midnight.

We always eat lunch at noon.

I've been at the cash register all night.

That couple is really great at playing ping pong.

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Lesson 12

Before1. Before means earlier than or ahead of placeExample: We must leave before four o'clock.

2. Before can mean in a more important position thanExample: She is so ambitious that she puts her job before her family.

3. Before can mean facing or in front ofExample: The player had many adoring fans before him.

4. Before can mean in the futureExample: The bride smiled as she thought of the happiness beforeher.

5. Before can mean in the presence ofExample: I was told to appear before the judge.

More examples:

If you arrive before us, please waitThe students finished the test before the given timeSummer began the day before yesterdayJust before sunset, the message arrivedA comes before B in the alphabetThe cartoons come before the movieAlan gave a speech before the whole schoolThe teacher stood before the class and lecturedThe troublemakers were called before the principalGood health comes before moneySusan put her family before her new job

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Lesson 13

Behind1. Behind means at the back of or in the rear of

herbehindHe sat : Example

2. Behind can mean in a place or time that has been passed or left byyoubehind s time to put your worries 'It: Example

3. Behind can mean late or later than usual schedulebehindThe train is : Example

4. Behind means supporting or encouraging himbehindThe successful man had an ambitious woman : Example

5. Behind also means in pursuit of the escapeesbehindThe police were hard : Example

:More Examples me in classbehindMy friend sits the chairbehindThe trash can is

him because he is richbehinds financial problems are 'Ahmad on my history readingbehindm 'I

the lead runnerbehindMichael was two steps him on the highwaybehindTerry heard a car horn honking

rouble his friends when they were in tbehindPeter stood his successbehinds good personality is 'Alan

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Lesson 14

Below1. Below means lower in number or degree thanExample: You body temperature is below normal

2. Below can mean lower in rank or level thanExample: In our company the supervisors are below the directors

3. Below can mean south of Example: The U.S.A is below Canada

4. Below also means unsuitable to the rank or dignity ofExample: Such petty behavior is below me

More Examples:Do not write below this lineThe temperature fell below freezing during the nightHer marks in the exam were below averageA private in the police force is below a sergeantMoney should always ran below honorSkirts which are below the knees are indecentA captain is below a generalThe rainfall is below average this year

Notice:The prepositions under, underneath, below and beneath have slight differences. We will discuss all of them later, if Allah wills.

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Lesson 15

Beneath1. Beneath means under with a space in between and concealed byExample: My glasses were beneath the newspaper

2. Beneath can mean less worthy thanExample: Because she is famous, she thinks her family is beneath her

3. Beneanth means not up to one's standardsExample: She was a little wild, but committing a crime was beneath her

Notice:

Typical nouns after beneath related to no 3breaking the law, adultery, committing a crime, gossiping, lying, murder, stealing, forgery, acting silly.

More Example:They a picnic beneath the shade of a tree.The mud was hidden beneath the first snowfall.Acting silly was beneath the boss's dignity.Lying to get a job was beneath her.

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Lesson 16

beside and besidesbesidesand beside: ll present two confusing prepositions'I

BesideBesideBesideBeside: : : :

1. Beside means next toExample: Please come over here and sit beside me

BesidesBesidesBesidesBesides: : : :

1. Besides means exceptingExample: Everyone besides me is at the beach

2. Besides means in addition toExample: There will be six people coming, besides you and Peter

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Lesson 17

Between1. Between indicates separation of two people or things.Example: I was sitting between Alan and Peter.

2. Between can show connection of two places.Example: Route 239 goes between New York and Washington.

3. Between can indicate a choice of.Example: Mary has to choose between the two jobs.

4. Between means not lower or higher in number.Example: We have saved between three and four thousand dollars.

5. Between means from a time to another.Example: Don't call me between Thursday morning and Friday night. because I'll be busy

6. Between can mean shared by.Example: The pizza was equally divided between the two boys.

7. Between means privately shared information.Example: Just between you and me, I think Steve is greedy.

More Examples:Linda sat between her two children.Sami pressed the ant between two pages of a book.the swing hung between two trees.Susan divided the cake between her Kamal and Jim.We only had seven dollars between us, so we didn't eat out.I couldn't decide between chocolate and vanilla ice cream.George had to choose between the red and the white tie.The path between the cottage and the lake was steep.The hall between the front and back doors was narrow.The temperature has been between 40 and 49 degrees all summer.There is a big difference between Japanese and Saudi customs.

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Notice: Between can sometimes be used of more than two when the people or things are considered as individuals , especially when it relates to sharing things For example, We ate all the chocolates between us.

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Lesson 18

ButMeaning: It means except.Example: Alan works every day but Friday.

More examples:

The student read the whole book but the introduction.The picnic was fantastic but the food.

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Lesson 19

Beyond1. Beyond means on the far/other side of.Example: Our Street is beyond the traffic light.

2. Beyond means past the limits of or farther than.Example: That situation is beyond my understanding.

3. Beyond can mean later than.Example: In this town nothing is open beyond ten o'clock.

4. Beyond also means in addition to.Example: We asked for nothing beyond peace and quiet.

More examples:We live in a village beyond the city.The school is beyond the supermarket.We heard the plane landing beyond the terminal.His behavior was beyond understanding.The meeting lasted beyond the dinner hour.I can't see beyond my nose without my glasses.

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Lesson 20

By1. By indicates an actor, instrument or causeExample: The work was done by a carpenter

2. By means following the boundary of something; alongExample: They walked by the side of the road

3. By indicates a method or wayExample: She made a little money by begging

4. By can means according to a form, a period of time, weight, number etc…Example: We buy eggs by the dozen

Note: by the usually followed by words like: month, day, hour, piece, bag, dozen, bucket, cup, box, etc

5. By can mean not later thanExample: You must be here by 6:00

6. By means near or next toExample: His desk is by mine

7. By indicates multiplication, divisionExample: We multiplied four by three: 4x3=12

8. By can mean a lot of Example: He gets emails by the hundreds every week

Note: You can use these words (numbers) after by the hundreds, thousands, dozens etc

9. By can indicate the extent of a win or a lossExample: The horse won by a nose

10. By can show source, origin, or professionExample: Mary is cheerful by nature

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More examples: I always pay my bills by checkMary relaxes by swimmingThe offices communicate by faxPoems by Shakespeare are easy to recognizeThe prisoner was released by the guardThe letter should reach China by next weekWe're usually asleep by elevenA red bird flew by my windowWe filed by the dinosaur exhibitTom is Canadian by birthThey're doctors by profession

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Lesson 21

Close to1.Close to means near.Example: They are sitting close to each other.

2. Close to indicates a very friendly or intimate relationship.Example: She is very close to her older sister.

More examples: He lives close to our house.Alan's home is close to his school.The supermarket is close to the Chinese restaurant.My cousins are very close to each other.

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Lesson 22

DespiteDespiteDespiteDespite / / / / In spiteIn spiteIn spiteIn spite of of of of1. Despite indicates an illogical occurrence.Example: We had a good time despite the bad weather.

Note: In spite of has the same meaning and usage as despiteWe had a good time in spite of the bad weather.

More example:Despite the rain, we went outHe is still active despite his ageDespite all my efforts, some students failedShe flew to Africa in spite of the bad weather We won the match in spite of the unjust iceIn spite of all his hard work, he failed the test

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Lesson 23

Except1. Except means excluding; butExample: We work every day except FridayExample: All guests drank coffee except me.

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Lesson 24

During1. During indicates within a period of timeExample: We slept during the day

2. During means at the same time as another eventExample: They lived in the north during the war

More example: I heard raining during the night.Flowers bloom during the spring months.They rested during the hottest hours of the day.He had slept during the class, she failed the exam.Many people were without jobs during the war.The power went off for a minute during the teacher's speech.She had the hiccups during the class and had to leave the room.

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Lesson 25

In front of1. In front of means located before or facing something.Example: There is a van in front of Ali's house.

2. In front of can mean in the future.Example: She has a lot of problems in front of her.

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Lesson 26

Down1. Down indicates movement from a higher place to a lower oneExample: The rocks rolled down the mountain

2. Down means following the way of; alongExample: The old man went down the road on foot

3. Down indicates destructionExample: The police broke down the door

Notice: Typical verbs before DOWN: come, drive, go, move, run, skate, walk, bring, carry, pull, push, ride, take, fall, and roll.

More examples: She went down the stairs to the second floorThe snow began to slide down the mountainThe boys raced down the hill to the bottomIt takes all day to climb down the mountain to the foothillsThe rain poured down the spoutThe mosque is about a mile down to road from hereIf you continue down this path you will see the houseThe logs floated down the river toward the seaThe sailed down the river to the sea

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Lesson 27

For1. For indicates a recipient or beneficiary.Example: I have a present for you.

2. For indicates a special purpose.Example: You need a coat for winter.

3. For can indicate the intended result of an action.Example: The boys were screaming for help.

4. For can explain the reason of an action or fact.Example: He apologized for his absence.

5. For can indicate the expected benefit of an action.Example: We play soccer for fun.

6. For can indicate the effect of an adjective.Example: Calcium is good for your bones and teeth.

7. For can indicate the recipient of someone's feelings.Example: We are happy for her on her wedding day.

8. For can indicate activity or preparation on an occasion.Example: What did you have for dinner?.

9. For indicates a substitute.Example: We had to use a newspaper for an umbrella.

10. For can mean available.Example: The house is for sale.11. For can indicate a destination.Example: We are leaving for Makkah in two weeks.

12. For can indicate representation.Example: Red is for stop; yellow is for caution; green is for go.

13. For can indicate equality in an exchange; amount.Example: I bought a grammar book for thirty dollars.

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14. For can indicate length of time.Example: I have been teaching for nine years.

15. For can indicate need on a future date.Example: She needs these books for the next term.

16. For can mean despite.Example: For all his experience, he's not a qualified teacher.

17. For indicates the person or people responsible for an action.Example: That problem is for you to solve.

18. For can describe a sense or talent .Example: She has a touch for drawing.

19. For can indicate an unusual fact.Example: That boy is tall for his age.

20. For can indicate favor or support.Example: You have to stand up for your rights.

21. For can mean because of.Example: We are thankful for your help.__________________________________________________________

Lesson 28

Like1. Like can mean similar to.Example: She is like her mother.

2. Like can indicate similar behavior.Example: Sam swims like a duck.

3. Like can describe excessive behavior.Example: She spends money like water.

4. Like can indicate an example.Example: They grow root vegetables, like beets, carrots, radishes, and turnips.

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Lesson 29

From 1. From indicates a source.Example: He is from Saudi Arabia.

2. From indicates a point of departure.Example: The ship sailed from Jeddah.

3. From can indicate separation.Example: Keep away from the crowd.

4. From can indicate difference.Example: Three from nine equals six.

5. From . . . to can indicate the lowest and highest limits of an estimate;between.Example: You will earn from eighty to ninety riyals an hour.

6. From . . . to can give the starting and ending time or place.Example: We work from January to April.

7. From can indicate the material something is composed of.Example: This suit was made from three different fabrics.

8. From can indicate a position for viewing or hearing.Example: I can see the bridge from my window.

9. From can indicate a result.He's fat from eating too much.

10. From can indicate avoidance.Example: They hope to stop her from running away.

11. From can mean because of.Example: From his accent, I believe he is from Egypt.

12. Used to indicate differentiation.You have to know the right from the wrong.

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Lesson 30

In1. In indicates location inside or within something else.Example: I live in Jeddah.

2. In indicates membership of a group or category.Example: There are seven people in our family.

3. In can indicate a period of time.We will travel to Makkah in June.

4. In can mean after a period of time.Example: She will be here in five minutes.

5. In can mean movement or transfer from one place into another.Example: Please pour the juice in the glass.

6. In indicates the number of individual parts of something.Example: There are seven days in a week.

7. In means during a type of weather.Example: They walked all day in the rain.

8. In can indicate separated parts of something.Example: She cut the cake in twelve pieces.

9. In can indicate direction.Example: The girls went in this direction.

10. In can indicate ratio.Example: He is one in a million.

11. In indicates the style or composition of recorded material.Example: The letter was written in ink.

12. In indicates the use of a language or style of expression.Example: The paper was written in English.

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13. In indicates current style.Example: She likes to be in style.

14. In indicates a condition.Example: She is always in a good mood.

15. In describes a manner of behavior.Example: He spoke in a loud voice.

16. In means wearing.Example: She came in a long dress, and he was in a suit and tie.

17. In indicates involvement in a career or project.Example: Alan has worked in teaching for years.

18. In defines an arrangement.Example: The students entered the class in groups.

19. In indicates composition of money.Example: Maram always pays in cash.

20. In indicates purpose.Example: They came in search of gold.

21. In can define a measurement.Example: I don't know my weight in kilos.

22. In can indicate a special relationship.Example: Peter was in a fight with Richard.

23. In indicates a location on the body.Example:I have a pain in my chest.

24. In can indicate a current state.Example: The car is not in gear.

25. In can indicate a reaction.Example: Her friend left in disappointment.

26. In can indicate quantities.Example: People came in hundreds to meet the king.

27. In can indicate an example.Example: They have a wonderful friend in John Smith.

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28. In can mean when.Example: Terry is correct in saying that Mary was lazy.

29. In can refer to the process of a game.Example: In football, players don't touch the ball with hands.

30. In can mean on the occasion of.Example: She smiled in acceptance.

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Lesson 31

Into1. Into indicates entranceExample: We went into his office

2. Into can indicate forced contactExample: The car crashed into a tree

3. Into can indicate divisionExample: Three into twelve equals four

4. Into can indicate a change in condition or formExample: He always gets into trouble at school

5. Into can indicate interest or occupationExample: Her husband is really into football

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Lesson 32

Of 1. Of indicates belonging or connection.Examples: the pages of the book.

the women of that family.the works of Shakespeare.the head of department.a professor of mathematics.a native of Jeddah.the third of June.

2. Of can name another noun.Example: I don't know the name of the school.

3. Of can indicate the location of a part.Example: The passage is in the middle of the page.

4. Of indicates a description.Category: What kind of shoes are you looking for?.Container: We bought two boxes of cereals.Sensation: I didn't like the smell of that meat.Value: The price of the dress was outrageous.Measurement: Do you know the measurement of your waist.

5. Of indicates a number or proportion.Example: Three of the girls are our daughters.

6. Of can identify abstract nouns by their source.Sound: I heard the cry of a baby.Force: We all need a breath of fresh air.Sight: The blue of her eyes was the color of the ocean.

7. Of can indicate material or composition.Example: My new bag is made of leather.

8. Of can identify contents or topic.She ate a salad of lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers.

9. Of can indicate dedication of time to a special purpose.Example: We stood for a moment of silence.

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10. Of can indicate absence.Example: There is a need of cooperation.

11. Of can indicate separation.Example: He was cured of cancer.

12. Of can indicate one's feelings toward the object.Example: He has a love of learning.

13. Of can indicate an attitude toward something.Example: Children are very fond of cartoons.

14. Of can indicate a reason.Example: I came here because of you.

15. Of can describe behavior.Example: It was very kind of Mark to help us.

16. Of can describe a noun by connecting it to a quality.Example: He is a man of honor.

__________________________________________________________

Lesson 33

Onto1. Onto indicates movement from one position to another one.Example: The child hopped onto the bed.

2. Onto indicates knowledge of misbehavior.Example: The police are onto that gang about the missing money.

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Lesson 34

Off1. Off indicates movement from one place to another.Example: The car ran off the road.

2. Off can indicate separation.Example: She cut off her beautiful long hair.

3. Off means connected to or not far from.Example: Our street is off Main Street.

4. Off can indicate behavior that is not as usual or no longer true.Example: The children are off school today.

5. Off can indicate lack of contact.Example: Please keep off the grass.

6. Off means cause to stop functioning.Example: Please turn off the radio.

___________________________________________________________

Lesson 35

Opposite1. Opposite means facing; across from.Examples: I sat opposite him at the library last night.

My house is opposite the drugstore.

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Lesson 36

On1. On indicates location higher than something and touching it; on top of.Example: The newspaper is on the table.

2. On indicates an outside location.Example: Let's have a barbecue on the balcony.

3. On indicates a surface location.Example: She rides her bicycle on the sidewalk.

4. On indicates certain inside surface locations.Example: There is a fly on the ceiling.

5. On indicates surface contact.Example: The child pasted the picture on the page.

6. On indicates location in a part of an area.Example: The garage is on the right side of the house.

7. On means facingExample: What street is your house on?

8. On indicates movement to something; onto.Example: She jumped on the bed.

9. On indicates travel in vehicles in which one can walk.Example: She goes to work on the bus.

10. On indicates an individual method of travel.Example: He goes to school on foot.

11. On means wearing.Example: The lady put on her new dress.

12. On indicates physical support.Example: The child leaned on his father.

13. On can indicate trust in something or someone.Example: He relies on me to pay his rent.

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14. On can indicate frequency.Example: We have sports class on Sundays.

15. On can indicate a form of record.Example: They recorded the chants on tape.

___________________________________________________________

Lesson 37

Out1. Out can indicate removal.Example: Please take the trash out.

2. Out can indicate distribution.Example: The teacher told me to hand these papers out.

3. Out of indicates movement from inside.Example: He was freezing when he got out of the water.

4. Out of indicates absence.Example: The boss is out of the office.

5. Out of indicates a distance from.Example: The restaurant is about three miles out of town.

6. Out of can mean no longer in supply.Example: I can't make a cake because I am out of eggs.

7. Out of can mean not as usually expected.Example: All her clothes are out of style.

8. Out of indicates the basic ingredients or composition of something.Example: She makes the skirts out of scarves.

9. Out of can indicate a fraction.Example: Nine out of ten people on that street have new cars.

10. Out of can indicate beyond.Example: We waved until he was out of sight.

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11. Out of can indicate a reason for action.Example: She invited him to the party out of kindness.

___________________________________________________________

Lesson 38

Over1. Over means above.Example: The plane flew over our building.

2. Over can mean higher than.Example: The water at this end of the pool is over your head.

3. Over (adverb) can mean more than.Example: He was driving at over eighty miles an hour.

4. Over indicates movement above something and to the other side of it.Example: We had to climb over the mountain to get here.

5. Over can mean covering something.Example: The child wore a warm jacket over her dress.

6. Over indicates control.Example: She rules over her family like a tyrant.He likes to have power over his associates.

7. Over can mean location on the other side of something.Example: They live over the river.

8. All over can mean in many parts of a place.Example: They have traveled all over the world.

9. Over can mean during.Example: We had an interesting discussion over breakfast this morning.

10. Over can indicate a topic.Example: They argued over politics all night.

11. Over (adverb) can mean again.Example: She didn't like my work; she told me to do it over.

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12. (All) over (adverb) means finished.Example: The party was over at nine o'clock.

13. Through the medium of; via.Example: She addressed us over the loudspeaker.I can't tell you over the phone.

___________________________________________________________

Lesson 39

Past1. Past means beyond.Example: The gas station is on your left, just past the shopping center.

2. Past indicates movement in front of and beyond a place.Example: They often walk past the park.

3. Past means older than.Example: I'm sure he is past fifty.

4. Past means no longer able to do something.Example: She is bitter now, and past caring.

5. Past (adverb) means later than.Example: They left at half past seven (7:30).

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Lesson 40

Through1. Through indicates passage within something.Example: The highway was closed, and we had to come through the city.

2. Through can indicate a gateway or obstacle between two places.Example: We came through the front door.

3. Through can indicate vision beyond something.Example: The window is so dirty that I can't see through it.

4. Through can indicate the parts beginning, between, and including.Examples: They have to work from Monday through Friday.

Please read from chapter one through chapter four.

5. Through can mean finish something that requires effort.Example: I have to get through school before I can get married.

6. Through can indicate in all parts of a place; throughout.Example: We walked all through the garden.

7. Through can mean by means of.Example: We heard the news through friends.

8. Through can indicate a reason.Example: She achieved success through hard work._________________________________________________________

Lesson 41

Throughout1. Throughout means in all parts of a placeExample: There are spiders throughout the building

2. Throughout means during an entire period of timeExample: She stays at the beach throughout the summer

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Lesson 42

To 1. To indicates the destination of a verb.Example: I'm going to bed.

2. To indicates the destination of a noun.Example: The train to New York leaves at six o'clock.

3. To indicates a transfer from a person or place.Example: He delivers the mail to the office.

4. To indicates a beneficiary.Example: They made a toast to the bride and groom.

5. To indicates an effect on the recipient.Example: He is a credit to his mother and father.

6. To can indicate a reaction.Example: He responded to my letter right away.

7. To can indicate someone's behavior toward another person.Example: He was very cruel to me.

8. To can indicate attachment.Example: The gum is stuck to my shoe.

9. To indicates the end of a period of time; until.Example: They work from morning to night.

10. To means before, in telling time.Example: It is ten (minutes) to three in the afternoon.

11. To can indicate continuous repetition of an action.Example: The bus rocked from side to side.

12. To can indicate a comparison of value.Example: Your car is similar to mine.

13. To can indicate a problem or solution.Example: She knows the secret to success.

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14. To can indicate ownership, membership, and connection.Example: The book belongs to me.

15. To can indicate an exclusive relationship.Example: This is the key to my front door.

16. To indicates the accompaniment of sound.Example: I wake up to the noise of the city.

17. To means leading to an extreme condition.Example: He tore the paper to pieces.

18. To indicates an upper limitation of an approximation.Example: He is thirty-eight to forty years old.

19. To indicates a relationship between the subject and the object.Example: The library is close to the park.

20. To can indicate restriction.Example: We limited him to three meals a day, with no snacks.___________________________________________________________

Lesson 43

Toward1. Toward means in the direction of a placeExample: She ran toward the playground to see her friends

2. Toward indicates attitude about somethingExample: She is very affectionate toward her parents

3. Toward indicates the direction of actionExample: They are heading toward an agreement

4. Toward indicates the object of a contribution or partial paymentExample: The money will go toward helping the family.

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Lesson 44

Under1. Under means in a lower position than something else.Example: We sat under the tree.

2. Under means covered by something else; underneathExample: The children hid under the table, thinking we couldn't see them.

3. Under means less than.Example: He has three children under age ten.

4. Under can indicate control.Example: Under this boss we have little freedom to express our own..ideas

5. Under can indicate a current situation or state.Example: Those two thugs are under investigation by the police.

6. Under can identify the category of a noun in written reference material.Example: You can find my name under ''S" in the telephone book.___________________________________________________________

Lesson 45

Until• Until indicates the time of change of an activity or situation

They waited until six o'clock.The boys studied until midnight.They lived here until their wedding; then they left.She was busy until her graduation.They didn't watch the game until halftime.

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Lesson 46

Up1. Up indicates movement to a higher place.Example: The cat climbed up the tree.

2. Up (adverb) indicates location at a high place.Example: The balloon is up.

3. Up indicates location further along the way.Example: Their farm is three miles up the road.

4. Up indicates movement along a way.Example: She is going to travel up Route 66.

5. Up indicates movement against a current of water.Example: They swam up the river for exercise.

6. Up indicates a desired result.Example: They are trying to drum up support.

7. Up indicates creativity.Example: We dreamed up a wonderful idea.

8. Up can indicate division into piecesExample: They divided up all the money.

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Lesson 47

With1. With means in the company of.Example: Susan is with her sister.

2. With means in the same place as.Example: Put your coat with mine.

3. With can mean added together.Example: She always drinks her coffee with sugar.

4. With can describe something by indicating what it has.Example: I have an article with pictures for my presentation.

5. With can describe a manner of behavior.Example: They accepted the proposal with enthusiasm.

6. With can describe someone's feelings about something.Example: The child was bored with her toys.

7. With can indicate a working relationship.Example: They are not concerned with our group.

8. With can indicate the instrument or tool used for an action.Example: She writes with a pen.

9. With can indicate a noun that covers or fills an area.Example: She filled the pitcher with lemonade.

10. With can indicate struggle.Example: He is always fighting with his brother.

11. With can indicate support or cooperation.Example: They are cooperating with the authorities.

12. With means at the same time as.Example: He rises with the sun.

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13. With means at the same rate as.Example: Wisdom comes with experience.

14. With means in the same direction as.Example: It will take longer because we will be with the traffic.

15. With can indicate separation.Example: Our company severed relations with that client years ago.

16. With is used in a comparison or contrast.Example: Your blouse clashes with your skirt.

17. With can indicate equality.Example: Our team is tied with theirs: the score is two to two.

18. With can indicate the cause of a condition.Example: The boy's face is wet with tears.

19. With can mean despite.Example: I love him with all his faults.

___________________________________________________________

Lesson 48

Within1. Within means not outside a placeExample: Those schools are within the county jurisdiction

2. Within means less than a period of timeExample: He will finish within five minutes

3. Within means less than a distanceExample: There is a hospital within five miles of the school

4. Within means possible; not exceeding the limits of somethingExample: At last, the beach is within sight!

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Lesson 49

Without1. Without indicates the absence of somebody.Example: She can't live without you.

2. Without means not having.Example: We are without money this month.

3. Without means not using.Example: She can't read without her glasses.

4. Without means not performing an action.Example: He left without saying good-bye.

This is the End of

Part One

Meanings of Prepositions

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Part Tow: Prepositionsof Brief

About:1. On the subject of: This is a story about elephants.2. Approximately: He is about ten years old.

Above:1. Higher than; over: The plane flew above the clouds.2. Earlier on a page: There is a heading above each diagram.

Across:1. From one side to the other: We walked across the field.2. On the other side of: There is a store across the street.

After:1. Later in time: after ten o'clock; after lunch2. Later in a series: Q comes after P in the alphabet.3. In pursuit of: The dog ran after the cat.

Against:1. In opposition to: Theft is against the law.2. Touching; supported by: I leaned my bicycle against the wall.

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Along:1. Following the length of: We walked along the road.

Among:1. Within a group: The money was shared among three people.

is usually used only when referring to among, ish In formal Engl:Notemore than two

two is used when referring to between, In contrast. persons or thingspersons or things.

Around:1. Circling something: We walked around the block.2. Surrounding: There is a fence around the garden.3. In different parts of: I looked around the house for the keys.4. In the other direction: We turned around and went back home.5. Approximately: He is around six feet tall.

At:1. A specific location: at 23 Chest nut Street; at the park2. A point in time: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas3. A condition: at peace; at war; at rest4. An activity: at work; at school; at play5. Towards: Look at someone; wave at someone

Before:1. Earlier in time: before two o'clock; before Christmas2. Earlier in a series: S comes before T in the alphabet.

Behind:1. At the back of: The little girl hid behind her mother.2. Late: I am behind in my work.3. Cause; origin: Who was behind that idea?

Below:1. Lower than; under: below freezing; below sea level2. Later on a page: Footnotes are provided below the text.

Beneath:1. Lower than; below: beneath the earth

Beside:1. Next to; at the side of: I sit beside her in class.

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Besides:1. Also; as well as: We study other languages besides English.

Between:1. An intermediate location: Toronto lies between Montreal and

Vancouver.2. An intermediate time: between Christmas and New Year's Day3. Intermediate in a series: B comes between A and C in the alphabet.4. An intermediate amount: between five and ten people5. Within a group of two: The money was shared between two people.

Beyond:1. Farther than: The mountains lie beyond the horizon.2. Further than; exceeding: That was beyond my expectations.

But:1. Except: I have read all but the last chapter.

By:1. Near: a house by the sea2. Past: He waved as he drove by the house.3. Not later than: Try to finish the work by next week.4. In units of: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight5. Through the means of: travel by plane

Despite:1. In spite of: We walked downtown despite the rain.

Down:1. To a lower position: The ball rolled down the hill.2. Further along: He lives down the street.

During:1. Throughout a period: She works during the day.2. Sometime within a period: An accident occurred during the night.

Except:1. Not including: I have visited everyone except him.

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For:1. Duration of time: We walked for two hours.2. Distance: I walked for five kilometers.3. Purpose: I bought this jacket for you.4. In the direction of: She left for New York.5. In favor of: We are for the proposal.6. Considering: The boy is clever for his age.

From:1. Place of origin: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico2. Start of a period of time: from now on; from yesterday until today3. Start of a range: From 20 to 30 people were present .4. Cause: He suffers from nervousness.5. Source: I first heard the story from you.

In:1. Place thought of as an area: in London; in Europe2. Within a location: in the room; in the building3. Large units of time: That happened in March, in 1992.4. Within a certain time: I will return in an hour.5. By means of: write in pencil; speak in English6. Condition: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret7. A member of: He is in the orchestra; in the navy8. Wearing: the boy in the blue shirt9. With reference to: lacking in ideas; rich in oil

Inside:1. Within: They are inside the house.

Into:1. To the inside of: We stepped into the room.2. Change of condition: The boy changed into a man.

Like:1. Resembling: That looks like him.2. Appearing possible: It looks like rain.3. Be in a suitable mood for: I feel like going swimming.

Near:1. Close to: near the school; near the ocean

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Of:1. Location: east of here; the middle of the road2. Possession: a friend of mine; the sound of music3. Part of a group: one of us; a member of the team4. Measurement: a cup of milk; two meters of snow

Off:1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass.2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast.

On:1. Touching the surface of: on the table; on the wall2. A certain day: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.3. A certain street: on South Street4. About: a book on engineering5. A state or condition: on strike; on fire; on holiday6. By means of: live on a pension; shown on television

Onto:1. To a position on: The child climbed onto the table.

Opposite:1. Facing: The library is opposite the fire station.

Out of:1. To the outside of: She went out of the room.2. From among: We won two games out of three.3. Motive: We spoke to them out of politeness.4. Material: The bridge is made out of steel.5. Beyond: out of control; out of danger

Outside:1. On the outer side of: outside the house2. Beyond the limits of: outside my experience

Over:1. Above; higher than: There are cupboards over the sink.2. Covering: We spread an extra blanket over the bed.3. Across: I jumped over a puddle.4. More than: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour5. During: I saw him several times over the past week.6. By means of: We made plans over the telephone.

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Past:1. Up to and beyond: I walked past the house.2. After (in time): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two3. Beyond: past belief

Per:1. For each: 60 kilometers per hour; price per liter

Since:1. From a specific time in the past: I had been waiting since two

o'clock.2. From a past time until now: I have been waiting here since noon.

Through:1. Across; from end to end of: the main road through town2. For the whole of a period: I slept through the night.3. By means of: Skill improves through practice.

Throughout:1. In every part of: throughout the world2. For the whole of a period: throughout the winter

To:1. In the direction of: Turn to the right.2. Destination: I am going to Rome.3. Until: from Monday to Friday; five minutes to ten4. Compared with: They prefer hockey to soccer.5. With indirect object: Please give it to me.6. As part of infinitive: I like to ski; he wants to help.7. In order to: We went to the store to buy soap.

Toward (or Towards): 1. In the direction of: We walked toward the center of town.2. Near; just before (time): It rained towards evening.

Under:1. Beneath: under the desk; under the trees2. Less than: Under 100 people were present.3. In circumstances of: under repair; under way; under discussion

Underneath:1. Below, under: underneath the carpet

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Until/Till:1. Up to a certain time: She will stay until Friday; until 5 p.m.

Upon:On and upon have similar meanings. Upon may be used in certain expressions, as in once upon a time.

Up:1. To a higher place: We went up the stairs.2. In a higher place: She lives up the hill.

Up to:1. As far as: up to now; I have read up to page 100.2. Depending on: The decision is up to you.3. As good as; ready for: His work is up to standard.

Versus:1. Against (sports, legal): The next game is England versus Australia.

Via:1. By way of: He went to Los Angeles via San Francisco.

With:1. Accompanying: He came with her; I have my keys with me.2. Having; containing: Here is a book with a map of the island.3. By means of; using: I repaired the shoes with glue.4. Manner: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty5. Because of: We were paralyzed with fear.

Within:1. Inside of: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer

Without:1. Not having: Do not leave without your coat; without money

This is the End ofPart Tow

Prepositions of Brief

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Part Three: Prepositions with nouns,Adjectives and verbs

1. Nouns followed by prepositions

The following are examples of nouns which are usually followed by certain prepositions. In the case of phrases which are idioms, the meanings of the phrases are indicated in brackets.

Against take precautions against

For have affection for make allowances for have compassion for an excuse for a reason for have a reputation for have respect for have sympathy for have a talent for lie in wait for (ambush) pave the way for (prepare for)

From absence from

In have confidence in have faith in have an interest in take part in make progress in

Into have insight into

Of have an abhorrence of an acknowledgement of take advantage of take care of take command of evidence of an example of an excess of make a fool of make fun of (ridicule) have an impression of a lack of neglect of a number of

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a pair of be part of a possibility of make a practice of (do often) a proof of a quantity of recognition of a recollection of a result of run the risk of (risk) catch sight of (see suddenly) a sign of a survey of a symbol of a symptom of a token of make use of a way of wash one's hands of (stop caring about and dealing with)

On an attack on dependence on make an impression on play a joke on shed light on (explain) have pity on

To have access to pay attention to an objection to a reply to a response to lay siege to (besiege) shut one's eyes to (deliberately ignore a problem)

Toward or Towards animosity toward(s) an attitude toward(s)

With have a connection with find fault with (criticize) fall in love with change places with

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2. Adjectives and verbs in the passive voice followed by prepositions

In some cases different prepositions can be used without causing a change in meaning. For instance, the following examples both have the same meaning.E.g. I was angry at them.

I was angry with them.

However, in many cases, the use of different prepositions causes a change in meaning. For instance, the past participle protected is typically followed by the preposition from. However, like many other past participles, protected may also be followed by the preposition by, where by serves to introduce the performer of the action expressed by the past participle.E.g. The city is protected from the soldiers.

The city is protected by the soldiers.The first example indicates that the soldiers are a threat to the city; whereas the second example indicates that the soldiers are protecting the city.

The following are examples of predicate adjectives and past participles of verbs in the Passive Voice which are usually followed by certain prepositions. In addition, it should be kept in mind that most verbs in the Passive Voice can be followed by a phrase beginning with the preposition by.

About anxious about concerned about curious about depressed about doubtful about enthusiastic about excited about happy about pleased about wrong about worried about

At adept at alarmed at amazed at overjoyed at shocked at surprised at

Between torn between

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By accompanied by caused by guided by manufactured by obsessed by written by

For blamed for eligible for famous for fit for known for late for noted for praised for punished for qualified for ready for responsible for ripe for sorry for suitable for

Fromabsent from apart from derived from descended from detached from different from distinct from exempt from far from isolated from omitted from protected from removed from safe from separated from

In absorbed in disappointed in engaged in immersed in interested in involved in

Of accused of afraid of ashamed of aware of capable of certain of composed of conscious of convinced of deprived of devoid of fond of ignorant of independent of jealous of proud of regardless of reminded of sure of suspicious of suspected of terrified of tired of worthy of

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On based on dependent on intent on

To acceptable to accessible to accustomed to adapted to addicted to adjacent to attached to attributable to close to committed to comparable to dedicated to detrimental to devoted to due to equal to equivalent to essential toexposed to faithful to favorable to foreign to impervious to indifferent to indispensable to inferior to kind to loyal to next to obedient to obliged to oblivious to opposed to parallel to partial to peculiar to preferable to prior to proportional to reconciled to reduced to related to relative to relevant to resigned to resistant to restricted to senior to sensitive to similar to subject to subordinate to suited to superior to susceptible to tied to

Toward or Towards protective toward(s)

With acquainted with affiliated with associated with besieged with compared with compatible with confronted with consistent with covered with cursed with exasperated with familiar with

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finished with identified with infatuated with patient with pleased with satisfied with synonymous with threatened with

3. Verbs followed by prepositions

The following are examples of verbs which are often followed by certain prepositions.

About care about complain about forget about lie about (tell a lie) reminisce about talk about think about wonder about worry about

Against discriminate against protest against react against rebel against turn against

At aim at bark at connive at frown at gaze at glare at growl at hint at look at point at shoot at smile at snap at sneer at stare at wave at wink at

For apply for apologize for beg for blame for budget for hope for long for look for mourn for pay for plead for pose for pray for prepare for press for register for

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search for shop for substitute for vouch for wait for wish for

From abstain from benefit from deduct from derive from desist from deter from detract from deviate from differ from divert from escape from extricate from flee from infer from profit from protect from quote from radiate from recoil from recover from refrain from shrink from stem from suffer from

In believe in engage in indulge in intervene in invest in participate in persist in succeed in

Into change into convert into delve into dip into develop into divide into fall into merge into plunge into pry into sink into transform into

Of approve of beware of conceive of consist of deprive of die of disapprove of smell of

On blame on concentrate on depend on impinge on impose on insist on intrude on pounce on reflect on rely on

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report on spy on subsist on thrive on

Over preside over trip over

To adapt to adhere to adjust to amount to belong to conform to contribute to correspond to listen to object to pertain to prefer to refer to relate to respond to resort to revert to submit to subscribe to succumb to surrender to yield to

With agree with associate with collaborate with combine with communicate with comply with concur with consort with contend with cooperate with cope with correspond with flirt with mingle with share with sympathize with

This is the End of

Part ThreePrepositions with nouns, adjectives and verbs

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CDEر إHوفKLMNOPQDRا KTRا

1 He made his escape by jumping ______ a window and jumping ______ a waiting car.

A. over / intoB. between / intoC. out of / betweenD. out of / intoE. up to / out of

2 To get to the Marketing department, you have to go ______ those stairs and then ______ the corridor to the end.

A. over / intoB. between / intoC. out of / betweenD. out of / intoE. up / along

3 I saw something about it ______ television.A. inB. onC. atD. throughE. with

4 I couldn't get in ______ the door so I had to climb ______ a window.A. through / inB. between / intoC. out of / betweenD. out of / intoE. up / along

5 She took the key ______ her pocket and put it ________ the lock.A. over / intoB. between / intoC. out of / inD. by / onE. up to / out of

6 He drove ______ me without stopping and drove off ______ the centre of town.A. from / intoB. towards / overC. along / upD. past / towardsE. in / next to

Prepositions Diagnostic Test

٦٦

7 I took the old card ______ the computer and put ______ the new one.A. through / inB. out of / inC. out of / betweenD. out of / intoE. up / along

8 I went ______ him and asked him the best way to get ______ town.A. from / intoB. towards / overC. along / upD. by / onE. up to / out of

9 It's unlucky to walk ______ a ladder in my culture. I always walk ______ them.A. through / inB. out of / inC. under / aroundD. out of / intoE. up / along

10 The restaurant is ______ the High Street, ______ the cinema.A. through / inB. out of / inC. under / aroundD. in / next toE. up / along

11 Sally left school ______ the age of 16 and went to work ______ a bank.A. through / inB. out of / inC. under / aroundD. in / next toE. at / in

12 He jumped ______ the wall and ______ the garden.A. over / intoB. towards / overC. along / upD. by / onE. up to / out of

13 He was driving ______ 180 miles per hour when he crashed ______ the central barrier.

A. at / intoB. out of / inC. under / aroundD. in / next toE. at / in

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14 She ran ______ the corridor and ______ the stairs to the second floor.A. from / intoB. towards / overC. along / upD. by / onE. in / next to

15 John is the person standing ______ the window, ______ the woman with the long blonde hair.

A. at / intoB. beside / next toC. under / aroundD. in / next toE. at / in

16 When the bull ran ______ me, I jumped ______ the fence.A. from / intoB. towards / overC. beside / next toD. by / onE. in / next to

17 Look, that car's ______ fire.A. throughB. withC. inD. intoE. on

18 He saw a parking space ______ two cars and drove ______ it.A. over / intoB. between / intoC. along / upD. by / onE. up to / out of

19 Harry comes to work ______ car but I prefer to come ______ foot.A. at / intoB. beside / next toC. by / onD. in / next toE. at / in

WXYZال]^ _`YX

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20 He took the book ______ the shelf and put it ______ his bag.A. from / intoB. at / intoC. beside / next toD. by / onE. in / next to

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