- 1. Progress in Bean Technology Generationfor Drought
ToleranceEIAR, Ethiopia (S. Gebeyehu, T. Assefa)KARI, Kenya (D.
Karanja, D. Macharia) DARS, Malawi (E. Mazuma)Selian Research
Station, Tanzania (S. Kweka, J. Msaky) DR&SS, Zimbabwe (G.
Makunde) CIAT (S. Beebe, R. Chirwa, P. Kimani, J. Ricaurte)
2. Three Broad Activities Fast track evaluation of existing
lines On station On farm Breeding of new drought tolerant germplasm
CIAT NARS Capacity building Infrastructure Training of technicians
Degree training 3. Activity 3: Capacity BuildingOur Goal:Create a
network for drought research on beans in East and southern Africa,
under thePABRA umbrella 4. Ethiopia-EIAR Kenya -KARI
-CIATColombia:N. TanzaniaCIAT HQ -SARI Malawi-DARS-CIATZimbabwe
-DR&SS 5. Field workshops: Kenya and Malawi,2008 Quantifying
soil moisture Physiological sampling 13 Professionals & 15 xxxx
technicians 6. Consultancy of Charles Wortmann, Ph.D., U. of
NebraskaVariablesSite descriptions andrecommendations Water quality
Melkassa, Ethiopia Soil water holding capacity Thika, Kenya
Irrigation facilities Kabete, Kenya Weather patterns Katumani,
Kenya Kiboko, Kenya Planting dates Kandiyani, Malawi Kasinthula,
Malawi Chiredzi, Zimbabwe Selian, Tanzania Madiira, Tanzania 7.
Equipment on site EQUIPMENTCOUNTRIESDavis Vantage Pro2 Weather
Station. ETH, KYA, MWI, TNZ, ZIMLaptop computer Watermark soil
moisture system with Meters. Sensor for Soil moisture system. Ohaus
Explorer Pro Toploading Balance. Ohaus Explorer Pro Toploading
Balance. Digital camera SONY DSC-H50/B ET Gauge SPAD 502DL
Chlorophyll meter Soil Corers SC-1 PorometerETH, KYA, MWITurf-Tec
Infrared Turf Thermometer with probe Hand-held FluorPen with
firmware upgrade WHINRIZO Prosoftware on CDROM Calibrate Color
Optical Scanner Root positioning system for STD scanners 8.
Additional training, 2009 Country-by-country training by J.
Ricaurte March-April 2009 On-site, hands-on use of equipmentCountry
/ Site Persons trainedTraining inEthiopia / 8 from Melkassa ET
gage,Melkassa Watermark irrometer,Malawi / 6 from KandiyaniSPAD
Chlorophyll meter,Kandiyani1 from Kasinthula Fluorpen FP100, 3 from
Harare Leaf Porometer, (Zimbabwe)Infrared Thermometer, root
sampling,Kenya /8 from KabeteKabete scanning & analysis of root
2 from Katumani spa imagesTanzania / 4 from SelianSelian 9.
Students sponsored by TL-2* Berhanu Amsala (Ethiopia): U. of
Pretoria, RSA Nitrogen fixation under drought Felix Waweru (Kenya):
U. Nairobi, Kenya RILs and regional collection of TL-1 Lizzie
Kalolokesya (Malawi): U. of Zambia Marker assisted selection for
disease resistance (with TL-1) Godwill Makunde (Zimbabwe): Free
State U., RSA Analysis of TL-1 reference collection Other students
with research support of TL-2: Teshale Assefa (Ethiopia): U. Padua
Drought tolerance, canning quality and bruchid resistance Susan
Gachanja: U. Nairobi Physiological analysis of Fast Track nursery(*
Isaac Fandika transferred to New Zealand in 2009 under other
funding) 10. Activity 1: Fast track 11. First cycle evaluations:
Katumani Second cycle evaluations:Multiple sites 12. Gender-
discriminated evaluation of lines, Katumani 13. Farmers in Malawi
instruct Scientistsin On-farm research 14. Yields (kg/ha) on 2
stations in EthiopiaMelkassa Awassa Farmer preferred Stressed
Irrig. Stressed Irrig.2 G-111-48 1286 1534 7751604X 8 KIDNEY
Sel(F9) 9 1089 9026761303X11 NAVY LINE 26 1237 6166401864 12 NAVY
LINE 47 1249 1622 6351222 14 NAVY LINE 60 7131398 9851101 18 KG
17-13 7141611 6501358X19 GCI DRY BEAN 181087 1789 1104 1326X20 KG
67 13 9231445 6821664X21 KG 71 13 1130 1977 5931630X22 NEW BILFA 45
9041191 7541423 24 Awash melka (Ch) 478814602930 25 Nasir (Ch)
8759204451450Mean 8851247 6301282LSD (0.05) 6388918841119 15. Fast
TrackNo. Lines Men /No. siteswomen Ethiopia9 >1007 Kenya216N.A.5
Malawi23 62 / 624 Tanzania206 / 133 Zimbabwe 120pend6(20 per site)
16. Activity 2: Breeding 17. Breeding small-seeded Mesoamerican
types: Yield under Terminal Drought of Virus-Resistant
Beans(Colombia) Yield (kg/ha) Maturity (d)SCR 302389 65SCR 2 2356
63SCR 112157 63SCR 4 2152 64SCR 3 2134 63SCR 162097 63SER 16 (Tol.
Ch.) 1951 59Canela (Com. Ch.) 1367 64LSD (0.05) 404 18. Commercial
light red colorin Drought resistant beans59 bc-3 lines to Africa
19. Breeding large-seeded Andean types:KARI cv. KAT-B1 20. (KAT B1
x SAB 618) x (SAB 623 x SAB 627) 21. Yield data of Andean lines in
Colombia, January, 2009 SAB lines Control Genotypes A - Red beans
Calima - Red Mottled bean B - White beans Quimbaya - Red bean C -
Red mottled beans Cos16 - Cream Striped bean2600 D - Cream Striped
beans Aba36 - White bean629 E - Various beans691659 626692 684
Quimbaya 694 631650 693 646 618 645686 641 657 Quimbaya 702 640
616627 6832100 658 649685 690 651 638630 628 652Yield(Kg/Ha) 660682
696642647681 687639656Calima 637624 617 648 679 663
COS16695653664Cos16 625644662701 Calima 675710 643 689 698 661688
7001600671709 711619560 680 622 678 621712 708 633 623 670707 713
677 654697 733735 736 674738 737 655 632 699 673 667 672 Calima 705
719 676 732 Quimbaya 704726 665 718 Aba36Quimbaya Quimbaya 620669
706 716634 717727 666 668714 703720 7391100734 715729 721724 731
730 Cos16 Calima 725 728 723722 Cos16 A B CD E600 0 1 2 3 4 567 8 9
10 11 1213 14 22. Local selection in National Breeding
programs:Crosses Generated by EIAR-Melkassa*CapsulaxA.melka
NASIRxSER128
ChorexSAB713CapsulaxSAB712NASIRxSER78ChorexMEX142CapsulaxSAB713A.melkaxMEX142
DimtuxSER176CapsulaxVAX3AwashmelkaxVAX3DimtuxSER128CapsulaxCOS16
Awash1xMEX142DimtuxSER78NASIRxSER16
Awash1xVAX3WolayitaxSER176NASIRxSEA5ChercherexMEX142WolayitaxSER128NASIRxBAT477ChercherexVAX3WolayitaxSER78NASIRxRAZ44
ChercherexBAT477Awash1xG21212NASIRxSER176ChorexSAB712 * 4-parent
double crosses are planned 23. Local selection in National Breeding
programs:52 Crosses sent from CIAT Drought resistanceCIAT
selectionsRegional selections Commercial colors Disease and pest
resistanceBacterial blight, storage pests 24. Local selection in
National Breeding programs: Ph.D. thesis (Teshale Assefa): Cross
planned specifically for Ethiopia Local selection Commercial
quality Application of water management managed stress On station
evaluation of lines by farmers 25. Phenotypic evaluation of 81 bean
genotypes under drought stress (Melkassa, Ethiopia)20082009 Grain
yield, Drought (kg / ha) Grain Yield, Irrigated (kg / ha) 26. Local
selection in other countries Kenya: 15 F2 and 48 F4 from CIAT
Parental material sent Tanzania: 5 F2 from CIAT Malawi: 21 F2 and
59 F4 from CIAT Zimbabwe F5 from previous M.Sc. Thesis 27. Drought
ScienceWhat have we learned? 28. Physiological parameterso o o o
oPod Partitioning Index Pod Harvest Index(Pod biomass / Shoot
biomass @ mid pod fill) (Grain / Total pod biomass)X 100X 100 29.
Root length, km m-2 in terminal drought on a fertile
soil(resistant) (susceptible) Total stress 1.02 stress: 1.02 Total
stress 1.34 stress: 1.34 Total control: 1.24 Total control:
0.88Drought stressed Irrigated control 30. The Riddle of Roots A
common denominator of much abiotic stress resistance Access to
moisture and nutrients Resistance to aluminum But too many roots
shift the balance toward vegetativegrowth VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTIVE
Shoots Roots This results in poor SINK STRENGTH a fundamental
problem for improving bean 31. What is new in breeding? 32. Gene
pools of Common Bean P. vulgarisP. vulgaris Tertiary
poolMesoamerican AndeanP. acutifoliusPrimary poolP. coccineus - P.
dumosusP. costaricensis P. parvifolius Secondary pool P. lunatus =
Wild and cultivated forms 33. SER 16 = Good remobilization P.
coccineus DroughtWatered Drought Watered Newsources ofX root
traitsfrom Interspecificcrosses:Variability inroot
systemsInterspecific ProgenyDroughtWatered 34. Tepary bean
(Phaseolus acutifolius) Early, rapid root penetration Thin, long
roots Stomatal control for WUE Unambiguous shift fromvegetative to
reproductivegrowth Efficient remobilization tograin Tolerant to
high temperatures 35. Crosses with Tepary: introgression by
congruity backcross(P.vulgaris x xxxxxx P.acutifolius)XP.v.X P.a.
P.v.X P.a.Interspecific Commercial Check 36. Looking ahead Good
progress with one stress(drought) Do we need a different ideotype
withmultiple stress? Low fertility + Drought 37. 36 Mesoamerican
genotypes underDrought + Low P Level of P: 15 kg / ha Rainfall
distribution: 38. SXB 412 (1257 kg/ha) vs Tio Canela (709 kg/ha)
39. Yield under Combined P and Drought Stress LineYield (kg/ha) DTF
DTM Grain fill (d) SXB 412 12574179 38 NCB 226 Drought res.,
12063374 41 SXB 409 Low P tol.11874082 42 SXB 405 11753979 40
PEROLA11704683 37 DOR 390 11404687 41 A 774 10423979 40 SER 118 936
3979 40 CARIOCA 730 4282 40 TIO CANELA 75 709 4683 37 SEA 15Drought
res., 625 3476 43 SEN 56Low P susc. 563 3275 43 SEA5379 3473 39 G
40001-P. acutifolius190 3776 39 LSD (0.05)266 2.5 3.1 40. An
ideotype for combined stress Phys. PlantingFlowering Mat. Harvest
Slightly DecisiveQuicklonger shift
todryvegetativereproductivedownphase forphase, for biomassdrought
resistance 41. CAL 143 standard cultivar insouthern Africa Released
in 5countries Late to pod Largebiomass Rustic,excellent inpoor
soilCAL 143 under terminal drought inColombia 42. (CAL143 x SAB
620) x SAB 626 43. Drought Science: CIAT and
PartnersEthiopia-Breeding C. Afr. Republic -Physiology-Quality
labCIAT HQMali ?Kenya -TL-1 lab work-Training Burkina F. -Expl.
breeding-Breedingefforts (e.g., testing Rwanda Burundi
parentals)TogoN. Tanzania -Pre-breeding S. Tanzania(interspecifics)
Malawi -PhysiologyZambia -Training -Breeding ZimbabweMozambique 44.
Lessons learned Remobilization is an important trait
thatcomplements deep rooting and contributes todrought resistance
Multiple stress of drought with low P or high Almight require a
different ideotype. Lines from the Malawi program did especially
well after selection in poor soil. Interspecific crosses may offer
variability for roottraits, high temperature, or other traits. Bean
stem maggot resistance is also a desirabletrait to combine with
drought resistance. 45. Lessons learned Early farmer involvement is
totally feasible Field training in physiology and nurserymanagement
has been well received bypartners A regional platform is in place
forsystematic drought research 46. Phase 2 Plans Broaden geographic
scope More countries in E-S Africa West Africa (after diagnostics)
Test strategies for multiple stress Explore potential of traits
from runnerbean and tepary (and tepary per se!) Integrate selection
criteria into droughtbreeding Pod harvest index Molecular markers
from TL-1 47. Phase 2 Plans Address biotic problems of drought
areas Implement markers from TL-1 for resistance Disease management
strategies Initiate crosses of drought x BSM Pursue canning quality
in selected lines Revisit cross-crop targeting andcooperation
Capacity building Finish Ph.D. theses Field training for new comers
Only modest capital 48. Presentations National Bean Congress.
Zacatecas, Mexico,5-7 Aug., 2009. 14th Australasian Plant Breeding
& 11th Societyfor Advancement in Breeding Research in Asia
&Oceania Conference. Cairns, Australia. 10-14Aug. 2009
Interdrought Conference. Shanghai, China. Oct.2009 49. Thank you
50. Seed of an interspecific progeny vsP. acutifolius P.
acutifoliusCommercialcheckINB 841
