Textile Technology for

Non-Textile Graduate

Engr. Sahadat HussainSr. Consultant Environmental and ProcessEngineering Resources International(ERI) Ltd.

Textile TechnologyA textile or cloth is a flexible woven material

consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibers often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibers of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting.

The Study area that deal with Textile or Cloth, Fiber, Yarn and Readymade Garments manufacturing and processing are called textile technology.

Textile Technology Textiles are prepared from:

Natural Fiber – Cotton, Silk, Wool and JuteManmade Fiber – Rayon,

Polyester, and NylonBlended - Cellulose + Viscose,

Synthetic + Natural.

Textile Technology Fabric Type :

Knit fabric –Warp Knit and Weft KnitExample: - T-Shirts, Under-garments and Mosquito NetWoven fabric – Denims, Shirts, Pants

and Home Textiles.

Textile Industries

Textile IndustriesSpinning Mills – Cotton

Spinning Mills - Synthetic Spinning Mills

Composite Mills – Knit Composite Mills - Woven Composite Mills

Textile Industries Knit Composite Mills

Knitting – Circular or Flat Knitting Machines , Dyeing – Batch Dyeing MachineFinishing – Squeezer, Stenter/Dryer and Compactor Garments – Sewing Machines.Rotary/ Screen Printing (Special case)

Woven Composite Mills-Weaving – Looms or Hand loomsDesizing – Scouring & Desizing MachinesDyeing – Continuous Dyeing MachinesGarments/ Sewing Section.Rotary/ Screen Printing (Special case)

Textile Wet Processing Knit Dyeing and Finishing Woven Dyeing and Finishing Yarn Dyeing and Finishing Denim Dyeing and Finishing Denim Washing and Finishing Garments Washing Sweater Washing Rotary / Screen Printing

Dyeing Process- Depending on Types of Dyes

• Acrylic Fiber

• Wool• Cotton• Linen

• Polyester

• Acrylic• Nylon

• Cotton• Wool• Silk• Nylon Reacti

ve Dyeing

Disperse

Dyeing

Basic Dyeing

Acid dyeing

Dyeing Process- Depending on Types of Dyes

• Polyester

• Acrylic

• Cotton• Wool

• Cotton• Linen

• Cotton• Linen• Rayon Vat

/Indigo

Dyeing

Sulfur Dyein

g

Gel Dyein

g

Pigment

dyeing

Dyeing Process

Pretreatment

• To remove Oil stain and other dirt from the fabric

• To remove the natural color of cotton• To improve the absorbency of the fiber

Dyeing

• To add color as per desire shade• Continue the process until the desire

shade matching

After Treatment

• To remove the unbind color and other chemicals

• To fix the color for desire wash fastness• To make the fabric neutral

Knit Dyeing and Finishing ProcessFigure 2-2 : Process Flow Diagram

Inputs ReleasesProcess

Greige Fabric Storage

Batching and Inspection

Slitting/Dewatering

Conveyor Dryer

Compaction

Pre - Packing

Inspection

Final Packing

Dispatch

Half BleachPeroxide, Caustic, OBA, Acid, Detergent, Enzyme, Auxiliaries

Waste Water with high pH, Temp, BOD, COD

Reactive Dyes, Disperse Dyes, Acids, Auxiliaries, Softeners

DyeingWaste Water with high pH, Temp., TSS, TDS, BOD, COD

OBA/ Full Bleach

Stenter

Waste water with low pollution loadElectricity, Compressed Air

Solid Waste

Solid WasteElectricity, Compressed Air

Electricity, Compressed Air, Steam, Softener or Other Finishing Agents

Electricity, Compressed Air, Steam

Condensate Cooling Water

Electricity Solid Waste

Solid WasteElectricity

Nominal amount of waste water,Hot exhaust (Flue Gases)

Nominal amount of waste water,Hot exhaust (Flue Gases) ,Condensate

Electricity, Compressed Air, Steam, Gas, Softener or Other Finishing Agents

Knit Dyeing and Finishing ProcessOBA / Full Bleach

105 °C , 40 minCooling70 °C

60 °CPeroxide

OBA

Drain

55 °C , 10 min 55 °C , 40 minAcid + Bio polishing

80 °C , 30 min

Drain

AcidBio polish chemical

Cooling70 °C

Bleaching (Medium/Dark shade)

105 °C , 30 minCooling70 °C

60 °CPeroxide

Drain

55 °C , 10 min 55 °C , 40 minAcid + Bio polishing

80 °C , 30 min

Drain

AcidPeroxide Killer Bio polish

chemicalCooling70 °C

Dyeing

Drain

Rinsing

60-80 °C , 40-60 min

Cooling70 °C

Drain Drain

Rinsing Neutralization

Drain

55 °C , 10 min

80-95 °C , 20-30 minCooling70 °C

Drain

Soaping

Drain

Rinsing

Rinsing

Fixer + Softener

Drain

DyesAuxilliaries

Knit Dyeing and Finishing Machines

Dyeing Machine

• Pretreatment • Dyeing• After Treatment

Squeezer/ Dewateri

ng

• To remove water from fabric• To turn the fabric• To make the fabric untwist

Stenter/ Dryer

• To add softening chemical to the fabric (not for all fabrics)

• To adjust the fabric width • To adjust the fabric GSM (Gram per Square Meter)

Compactor

• To make the fabric soft for desire hand feel• To remove the fly from the fabric and make it

smooth• To make the fabric shiny

Woven Process (Additional

Singing Process• To remove fly from the fabric surface by using flame

Mercerizing Process

• To add caustic soda to the fabric for silk-like luster. 

Cold Pad Batch (CPB) process

semi-continuous dyeing that consists of pad-batch, pad-jig, pad-roll the fabric is first impregnated with the dye-liquor in, what is called a padding machine. Then it is subjected to batch wise treatment in a jigger.

Curing Process ( for Rotary Printing)

Special Heat treatment for printed fabric at certain temperature by using steam

Woven Dyeing and Finishing ProcessFigure 3-1 : Process Flow Diagram

Singe/ Desize

Scouring

Solomatic bleach/ Bleach

Heat Set/ Width Set

Fluff

Fluff

Waste Water with highpH

peroxide, caustic,Auxiliaries

Greige Fabric Inspection

Inputs ReleasesProcess

Waste Water with high pH,Temp, BOD, COD

Caustic, Auxiliaries

MercerizeCausticWaste Water with highpH, Temp

Width Set

Waste Water with highpH, TSS, TDS, BOD,COD, TKN

Print

Dyes, Auxiliaries,Caustic, Salt Dyeing

water with high pH,Temp., TSS, TDS, BOD,COD

Curing/ Steaming

Wetting AgentWaste water withTSS, TDS, temp.

Washing

Dispatch

Waste water, TSS,BOD, CODFinishing

Inspection / Folding

Binder, Thickener,Ammonia, Dyes

Woven Dyeing and Finishing ProcessPretreatment /Scouring Process

Reactive Dyeing Process

Woven Dyeing and Finishing ProcessPretreatment /Scouring Process

Reactive Dyeing Process

Denim Washing Process

Denim Washing ProcessTimeline diagram for denim washing