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Biodiversity conservation

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Didus ineptus

Oxford University Museum of

Natural History

Biodiversity is Short for

Biological

Diversity

The presence of air and water

makes life possible on the earth.

How do we Define Biodiversity?

Biodiversity includes all organisms, species, and populations; the genetic variation among these; and all their complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems.

It also refers to the inter-relatedness of genes, species, & ecosystems

and

their interactions with the environment.

Biodiversity is studied in three

different levels :

Genetic

Species

Ecological

Genetic diversity

It is the variation in Genes in a particular Species.

This difference has given us beautiful Butterflies, Roses etc.

Species diversity

It refers to

the variety of

living organisms

that has evolved

on the Earth

Hangul Deer

Black Buck

Ecosystem diversity

This refers to the variety of habitats which includes climate, vegetation and geography of a region.

OceanicWetlands

Forests

Deserts

Frozen Polar Ice caps

Genetic diversity is all the different genes contained in all individual plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.

Species diversity is all the differences within and between populations of species, as well as between different species.

Ecosystem diversity is all the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes, as well as variation within individual ecosystems.

Just how many species

do we really

have?

Global Biodiversity [All figures in thousands]

500505545Chordates9

20010020070Mollusks8

8,0002,000100,000950Insects7

4001001,00015Nematodes6

320300500270Plants5

6002101,20080Protozoa &

Algae

4

1,5002002,70072Fungi3

1,000503,0004Bacteria2

400501,0004Viruses1

Working

Figure

Estimate

[Low]

Estimate

[High]

Species

describedTAXAS.No.

Global Biodiversity

Evolution & Biodiversity?

Natural Processes can put species at risk from Extinction

Logically the species evolve, and are ultimately destined to die out to extinction. Species with small populations and with limited ranges are more vulnerable.

Extinction of widespread species is caused following

Environmental first strike and favored by stresses

outside normal ranges.

But the current rate of extinction of species is much

higher than that existed in the past.

NATURAL CAUSES

FOR LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

• Floods

• Earthquakes

• Landslides

• Natural competition between species

• Lack of pollination

• Diseases

• Meteorite strike

What are the Threats to Biodiversity?

The loss of biodiversity is a significant

issue for scientists and policy-makers and

the topic is finding its way into living

rooms and classrooms.

Species are becoming extinct at the fastest

rate known in geological history and

most of these extinctions have been tied

to human activity

MAN-MADE CAUSES

FOR LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

• Destruction of Habitat

• Pollution

• Hunting

• Indiscriminate use of Toxic chemicals

• Genetic Erosion

Threats to Biodiversity 1

Usually as a direct result of

human activity and population

growth, is a major force in the

loss of species, populations, and

ecosystems.

Habitat loss and destruction : Deforestation

Industrialisation

Urbanisation

Genetic Erosion

Biodiversity of Maize/Corn

NAFTA : Corn : Maize Conflict

332 Production in Mill. MT 20. 2

<200 (80% GM) Varieties >50,000

Varieties contributing 80% of Net Crop

08 35 (10 with>5%)

110 $/MT Cost of Production 210 $/MT

$262/ha Crop Subsidy $90/ha

+80% Post NAFTA subsidy -28%

Post NAFTA Maxican imports 323 %

Post NAFTA Maxican Sale Price - 48%

Loss of Jobs & Food security in Mexico

United States

Mexico

#1 Global Position #4

50% Live stock feed 15%40 % Bio Ethanol 10 %10% Exports 05%

03 % Human Consumption 68 %09% Starch, Corn Oil, Sweetener 03%

Transmigration of young peopleRise on Crimes & Narcotics

Collapse of Economy & Agriculture

United States : MexicoNAFTA : Corn - Maize Conflict

Threats to Biodiversity

Alterations in ecosystem composition

such as the loss or decline of a species, can lead to a loss of biodiversity.

Elimination of coyotes in the canyons of southern California are linked to decreases in song bird populations.

Threats to Biodiversity

The introduction of exotic (non-native)

species can disrupt entire ecosystems and

impact populations of native plants or

animals. These invaders can adversely

affect native species by eating them,

infecting them, competing with them, or

mating with them.

The over-exploitation (over-hunting,over-fishing, or over-collecting) of a species or population can lead to its demise.

Threats to Biodiversity

Trade in wild lifeTimber - 100,000 Billion $Fisheries - 50,000 Billion $Mammal Furs - 750 Million $Ornamental Plants-250 Mil. $Edible snails - 460 Million $

Illegal Trade5 to 8,000 Billion $/Y

Threats to Biodiversity

Threats to Biodiversity 7

Global Warming induced

Climate change can alter

environmental conditions.

Species and populations

may be lost if they are

unable to adapt to new

conditions or relocate.

�Medicine

�Ecosystem Services

�Biotechnology

�Environmental Monitoring

�Food & Crop Security

�Recreation & Aesthetics

�Pets & Domestic animals

�Political & Social issues

�Ecosystem Security & Resilience

Biogeographic region that is both a

significant reservoir of Biodiversity

and is threatened with destruction

MEGADIVERSE NATIONS

Biodiversity is not evenly distributed among

the world’s countries. Only 12 countries lying

partly or entirely in the tropics account for

60% to 70% of the world’s biodiversity.

These include Australia, Brazil, China,

Columbia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia,

Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, and

Zaire.

MEGADIVERSE NATIONS

2162801 086409Zaire

2512971703361Peru

282717 1010449Mexico

1712941200293Malaysia

144269250-Madagascar

2706001519515Indonesia

1973531200350India

358345 1447280Ecuador

4073831721359Columbia

2652701195 394China

516467 622 428Brazil

197686-255Australia

No of amphibiansNo of reptilesNo of birdsNo of MammalsCountries

HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY

Hotspots are regions that harbor a great diversity of endemic species (species limited to a specific geographical area) and at the same time have been significantly impacted and altered by human activities.

To qualify as a Hotspot, a region must support 1500 endemic plant species or 0.5% of the global total and it must have lost more than 70% of it’s original habitat.

�One of the 12 Mega biodiversity country� Has 02 World’s Biodiversity Hot Spots� 8% of World’s Biodiversity� 81,000 Animal Species� 45,000 Plant Species (6000 endemic)� 50% of World’s Tigers �100% Asiatic Lions

Rate of Extinction of Species• 90 vertebrate species have become extinct in

every century.

• 1 species of higher plants has become extinct in every 27 years.

• 75% of birds & mammals have become extinct in recent years were island dwelling species.

• It is estimated that ¼ th world’s biodiversity is under risk of extinction in next 20-30 years.

• In last 40 yrs, 120 species of mammals & 225 of birds have become extinct in the world.

Some Endangered Birds & Animals

• Lesser florican

• Great Indian bustard

• Nilgiri tahr

• One horned rhino

• Lion-tailed macaque

• Asiatic lion

• Tiger

Lesser florican

Saras crain

Great Indian bustard

Nilgiri tahr

One horned rhino

Lion-tailed macaque

Asiatic lion

Tiger

Environmental Ethos & Concerns are inherent to Indian Psyche

Our religious scriptures , our customs &

traditions, and code of conduct [Dharma]

are richly entwined with love, concern &

compassion to all the fellow living beings

with whom we share this beautiful Planet

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

After studying the need for biodiversity and

the loss of biodiversity it becomes evident

that ultimately the survival of the Human

race itself is threatened.

Therefore the conservation of biological

diversity is of paramount importance to the

survival of man and only he can initiate and

sustain a strategy for the same.

CULTURE & BIODIVERSITY

Traditional beliefs and practices have helped to

preserve flora and fauna in certain areas- in their

glory. Nature worship is a tribal belief based on the

premise that all creations of nature have to be

protected.

The Mundas and the Santhals of Bihar worship Mahua

ad Kadamba trees and the tribals of Orissa worship

the Tamarind and Mango trees during weddings.

Banyan tree is considered sacred in India.

Biodiversity conservation Treaties

�Ramsar Convention, 1971 [Wetlands] -146 countries�World Heritage Convention (WHC), 1972

[Cultural & Natural Heritage] -180 countries�Convention on international Trade in endangered species of Wild flora & Fauna (CITES), 1973[endangered species ] -166 countries

�Convention on conservation of Migratory

species of wild animals (CCMS), 1979 & 2005

[Migratory species ] -90 countries

�Convention on Law of the Seas (UNCLOS),1971 [Marine Life] -146 countries

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

• Ex- situ conservation- conserving biodiversity outside the areas where they naturally occur is known as ex-situ conservation. Here animals and plants are reared or cultivated in areas like Zoological or Botanical parks.

• In-situ conservation- conserving the animals and plants in their natural habitats is known as in-situ conservation. E.g. Sanctuaries, national parks, reserved forests, biosphere reserves etc.

Projects to save Threatened species

• Project Tiger- initiated in 1973 with 9 tiger reserves

• Crocodile Breeding Proj-started in 1975 with UNDP

• Lesser Cats Project – launched in 1976 with WWF

• Manipur Brow-antlered deer Proj- launched in 1981

• Project Elephant- launched in 1991

• Project Rhino- launched in 1987 in Kaziranga.

• Himalayan musk deer project- launched in 1981

• Project Hangul - launched in 1970 in Kashmir valley

Conservation

Protecting the environment is everyone’s responsibility.

There is an increased awareness among the people towards

conservation of ecology.

Greenpeace movement has resulted in ban on whaling.

Chipko movement by Sunderlal Bahuguna and later by

Chandiprasad Bhatt stopped felling trees in parts of Himalayas.

In our own small way each of us can contribute to

conserving biodiversity in one form or other.

Conservation – Every body's Concern

People’s movement

Some of the activities in environment conservation include :

• Holding rallies for mass awareness on deforestation, construction of Dams or factories in sensitive areas.

• Spreading awareness through mass media like TV radio and publications.

• Creating awareness through environmental training programme, folk art media like street plays etc.

• Introducing Environmental legislation to tackle the sensitive environmental issues.

• Mass movement like Chipko, Appiko,Beej Bachao Andolan etc.

Greenpeace movement

Chipko movement [Appiko]

Crop Bio diversity conservation

What can we do to save biodiversity ?• Reject products made of animal parts like skin, fur,

ivory, bones, nails etc.

• Adopt vegetarianism to reduce animal slaughtering and more plants to be grown for food.

• Plant trees wherever possible as they are beneficial.

• Avoid insecticides, pesticides & chemical fertilizers.

• Recycle the waste like paper, glass and plastic.

• Follow environment friendly agricultural practices.

• Make use of sustainable technologies [improved chulhas, wind energy, solar power, ground water recharging etc. ]

When will We Realize?Till when last river is pollutedTill when last lake is dried-upTill when last game is hunted downTill when last tree is chopped off

We will not realize that

The money can’t be eaten

What do we leave for our children?