Carbon Capture and Storage: what is it, why is it relevant, and does it work?

Introduction to Carbon capture and storage What is it, why is it relevant, and does it work?

Chris Hendriks Managing Consultant [email protected]

03/07/2014

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CCS is a bridging technology

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CCS uses existing fossil-fuel based system


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CCS is cheap


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CCS costs energy


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CCS argument map


Available at: http://www.co2-cato.org/

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Content of presentation

> Position of CCS in GHG abatement strategies

> Introduction to capture, transport and storage of CO2

> Costs of CCS and other abatement options

> Current state of CCS development

> Main challenges for CCS


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Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage


Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) is a process

consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and

energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and

long-term isolation from the atmosphere. IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2005

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CCS as an intermediate solution

Source: Ecofys

CCS is a necessary step towards a sustainable energy system

Scenarios 450-550 ppm

CO2-capture and storage

Renewable energy

Energy efficiency

0

5

10

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25

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2000 2025 2050 2075 ….

Year

Wor

ld w

ide

CO

2 em

issi

ons

( G

t C/y

)


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IEA ETP (2014) scenarios


Source: IEA

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IEA ETP 2DS scenario


Source: IEA

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Captured and stored CO2 in 2DS scenario (Global)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2011 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

CO2 emissions (GtCO2/a)

Other transformation

Power

Transport

Buildings, agriculture, fishing, non-specified other

Industry

Other transformation - captured

Power - captured

Industry - captured

Source: based on ETP- IEA

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Global Energy Assessment - scenarios


Source: GEA

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Global Energy Assessment


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MESSAGE Energy efficiency

MESSAGE Supply

MESSAGE Mix

IMAGE Energy efficiency

IMAGE Supply

IMAGE Mix

MESSAGE Energy efficiency

MESSAGE Supply

MESSAGE Mix

IMAGE Energy efficiency

IMAGE Supply

IMAGE Mix

2010 2030 2050

GtCO

2/a Total energy related

CO2 emissions

Total stored CO2with CCS

6 GtCO2

18 GtCO2

Source: GEA

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Main CCS elements

CO2 capture CO2 transport CO2 storage


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CO2 capture


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Scale of emission sources (global)


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Type of fuels

> Fossil fuels > Biomass

– Technical potential (2050) : 2 – 10 GtCO2


CO2

CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2 transport

and storage

Biomethane, Liquids and Electricity

CO2

CH4

bio

Source: Ecofys

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Post-combustion capture


Source: GCCSI

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Pre-combustion capture


Source: GCCSI

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Oxy-fuel capture


Source: GCCSI

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Example: post-combustion with MEA solvent

heat

power

power


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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

- -

prod

uctio

n of

CO

2 (g

/kW

h)

CO2 emission of reference plant

Captured versus avoided


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0

200

400

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- -

prod

uctio

n of

CO

2 (g

/kW

h)


additional CO2 by CCS


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0

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- -

prod

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CO

2 (g

/kW

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CO2 captured

net CO2 emission



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0

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400

600

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1400

- -

prod

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n of

CO

2 (g

/kW

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CO2 captured


net CO2 emission



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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

- -

prod

uctio

n of

CO

2 (g

/kW

h)

CO2 captured

CO2 avoidedCO2 emission of

reference plant

net CO2 emission



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How to reduce energy use

> Heat integration in the plant – Low-temperature heat required: do not use fuel but heat from low-

pressure section of steam turbine > Waste heat from other industrial processes > Improving capture process

– Better solvents (higher capacity, lower temperatures)

> Current “state-of-the-art” post-combustion capture reduces energy use to 20-30% (efficiency penalty of about 8-10%)


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CO2 transport


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Pipelines

> High upfront investments > Not flexible (in route and

capacity) > Long lead-time > Low specific transport costs

> Low investments > Flexible (in route and

capacity) > Short lead-time > High specific transport costs

Ships

Source: Ecofys

Photo: Yara

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Transport costs for 2.5 Mt per year (€/tCO2)


Source: ZEP

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Transport costs for 20 Mt per year (€/tCO2)


Source: ZEP

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CO2 storage



Source: GCCSI


4

2

3

Residual trapping: CO2 is trapped in tiny rock pores and cannot move

CO2 is trapped in tiny roc

Dissolution trapping: CO2 dissolves into surrounding salt water

Mineral trapping: CO2-rich water sinks to the bottom of the reservoir

and reacts to form minerals

Stratigraphic and structural barriers: CO2 movement is blocked by

impermeable caprocks

1

Source: ZEP


Source: IPCC SR

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Costs of CCS


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Costs power generation (Europe, €/MWh): current


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Coal - PC

Gas - Combined Cycle

Biomass - dedicated

Nuclear

Solar PV

Wind onshore

Wind offshore

EUR2012/MWh

Source: Ecofys

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Costs power generation(Europe, €/MWh): 2030-2035


Source: Ecofys

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Coal - PC

Gas - Combined Cycle

Biomass - dedicated

Nuclear

Solar PV

Wind onshore

Wind offshore

CCS - Coal

CCS - NGCC

EUR2012/MWh

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Impact on mitigation costs without CCS


Source: IPCC WG3 AR5

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Actual and expected CCS projects


Source: GCCSI

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Boundary Dam


Photo: Bellona

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ROAD project

03/07/2014 Chris Hendriks

> Post-combustion > 1.1 Mt/y > Empty gas field > EU and national

subsidies > Awaiting FID

45

Source: E.On

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E.ON Coal-fired plant under construction


Photo: E.On


Source: Ecofys


Source: Ecofys See: ccs.ecofys.com/CONNECT-co2-transport-network-tool/

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CCS complex


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Themes requiring solutions (1)

> Legal/Regulatory – Transboundary shipment of CO2

– Liability of stored CO2

– Recognition of stored CO2 from biomass in ETS – CO2 composition standards

> Economics – Cost reduction – Demonstrations required – Impact of changing power markets – Financing systems


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Themes requiring solutions (2)

> Public – Role of CCS – Safety aspects – Compensation scheme for local public

> Technical – Monitoring systems for stored CO2

– Reducing energy use – Industrial sources and combining smaller sources

> Organisational – Setting up infrastructure – Let the system work: capture – transport - storage


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Typical topics Ecofys on CCS

> Environmental performance of CCS

> Techno-economic studies

> Stakeholder interaction

> Business case development

> Policy development

> Economic value of CCS (market share, added value, employment)



Source: Ecofys

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Five ‘issues’ to address to improve CCS deployment

1. Role of CCS in abating CO2 emissions

2. Research and development to improve performance of CCS

and improve stakeholder capacity building

3. Improvement of economic conditions to accelerate the deployment of CCS

4. Establish short, effective and transparent procedures to

develop and implement CCS projects

5. CCS project developers need sufficient certainty about long-term spatial planning, long-term political commitment and economic viability


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Conclusion

> For 2˚C target: CCS is required, including bioCCS

> CCS: technology is available; policy context not

> CCS is important for industry

> CCS important for non-OECD countries

> Current progress on CCS mainly outside Europe

> Main challenges:

– Economics

– R&D and demonstration

– Public acceptance

– Complex organisation -> focus on clusters of industry/power


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Thank you!


Dr. Chris Hendriks Managing Consultant Kanaalweg 15-G | 3526 KL Utrecht | The Netherlands T: +31 (0)30 662 3393 E: [email protected] I: www.ecofys.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ecofys.com/


Scenarios using building blocks for steps in the value chain

Fuel

Extraction

Fuel logistics Conversion and

capture

Compression Transport Storage

> Natural gas

> Coal

> Biomass production

> …..

> Ship oceanic + inland

> Pipeline (gas)

> LNG (oceanic) plus inland

> ….

> Pulverized coal + post combustion

> Pulverized coal + oxyfuel

> IGCC + pre-combustion

> NGCC + post

> ….

> Electric (from grid/from power plant)

> Gas fired

> …….

>

> Pipeline onshore

> Ship + infra

> Pipeline offshore

> ……….

> Aquifer (Offshore/

> Onshore)

> Hydrocarbon (Offshore/

> Onshore)

> …………….

> Coal (Dutch mix)

> Ship oceanic + inland

> Pulverized coal + post combustion

> Electric (from power plant)

> Pipeline onshore

> Hydrocarbon (onshore)

Lots of combinations possible, for example:

Technology

Carbon Capture and Storage: what is it, why is it relevant, and does it work?