英语写作基础

Common Errors• ⅠRun-on Sentences( 串句）• 串句是在没有连接词或标点符号的情况

下，将两个独立的单句串在一起。• “ 逗号割裂” ----- 逗号不可以连接两个

独立的句子；句号和分号可以。• Example: The exam was postponed, t

he class was canceled as well.

Three Ways to Avoid Run-on Sentences

•Period and a Capital Letter( 句号 + 大写）

•Comma and a joining word ( 逗号 + 连接词）

•Semicolon （分号）

例句：

• The exam was postponed. The class was canceled as well.( 句号 + 大写）

• The exam was postponed, and the class was canceled as well.( 逗号 + 连接词）

• The exam was postponed; the class was canceled as well.( 分号）

ⅡFragmentary Sentences( 破句 )• 有些所谓的句子，或无主语，或无谓语动词。

仅仅是单词的堆砌，无法表达一个完整的意思。• 从属连词引起的破句（从属连词引导的从句不

能单独成一个句子）• Which is a good thing.----- 破句• 改正方法：增加主句；删除连接词• He told me a story which is a good thing.• It is a good thing.

-ing 分词和不定式引起的破句• He works ten hours a day. Then going

to class for two hours.• 改正方法：添加主语，把 -ing 变为动词

的正确形式； being 改为 be• He works ten hours a day. He goes to c

lass for two hours.• He works for ten hours a day and then

goes to class for two hours.

增加细节引起的破句• 由于增加一些由 for example, such as, inclu

ding 等细节引起的破句缺少主语或是谓语动词。

• One of my greatest joys in life is eating desserts. Such as cake or ice cream.

• 改正方法：把破句与前边具有完整意义的句子连接起来；为破句增加主语或谓语动词。

• One of my greatest joys in life is eating desserts, such as cake or ice cream.

缺少主语的破句•改正方法：把破句与前句相连；

增加适当主语。• He went to the refrigerator to get milk.

And discovered no milk left.• He went to the refrigerator to get milk

and discovered no milk left.

Ⅲ Faulty Parallelism( 错误平行结构）• 平行结构是把两个或两个以上意思并列

的成分用同等的语法形式来表达。• 反之则为错误平行结构。• A student needs books, notebooks, an

d he needs pens.• A student needs books, notebooks an

d pens.

改正错用的并列连词• And who\ and which• 应尽量避免使用；除非前面已经出现由 who\w

hich 引导的从句。 eg. Tom, a wise boy, and who is my friend,

is from U.K. Tom, who is a wise boy, and who is my frie

nd, is from U.K. Tom, a wise boy and my friend, is from U.K.

多项平行• 把一组词连续的排列起来，使意思和结

构保持平行。• When we arrived home, we unpacked

our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating lunch,

• When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, ate our lunch, and went to sleep.

注意错误的省略• 在平行结构中省略关键词，会使搭配不

当，句义模糊。• 检验方法：将动词与助动词分别搭配，

若时态有误，该平行结构便不成立。• He always has and always will compet

e for the highest honor.• He has always competed and will alw

ays compete for the highest honor.

用 than\ as 引出的比较•要保持逻辑通顺，语法无误• My leaning is as much as Paul.• My learning is as much as Paul’s lear

ning.

ⅣⅣMisplaced ModifiersMisplaced Modifiers(( 修饰语修饰语错置）错置）

修饰语可以是单词，词组，从句或是一个修饰语可以是单词，词组，从句或是一个句子句子

将修饰语与被修饰语之间摆放的位置不恰将修饰语与被修饰语之间摆放的位置不恰当（通常是互相间隔的距离太远）而使语当（通常是互相间隔的距离太远）而使语意模糊，歧义（意模糊，歧义（ ambiguity)ambiguity)

修饰语和被修饰语之间要尽量靠近，才不修饰语和被修饰语之间要尽量靠近，才不至于引起歧义现象，从而搞不清楚被修饰至于引起歧义现象，从而搞不清楚被修饰语是什么。语是什么。

He killed the wasp that stung him with a newHe killed the wasp that stung him with a newspaper.spaper.

With a newspaper, he killed thWith a newspaper, he killed the wasp that stung him.e wasp that stung him.

P66P66Practice P67Practice P67

Also ImportantAlso ImportantOnly, just, almost, nearly Only, just, almost, nearly 等词尽量放在离等词尽量放在离

被修饰语最近的地方，通常放在被修饰语之前。被修饰语最近的地方，通常放在被修饰语之前。Look at the following examples:Look at the following examples: （分别表达（分别表达

什么意思）什么意思） Only she said that she loved English.Only she said that she loved English. She only said that she loved English.She only said that she loved English. She said that only she loved EnglishShe said that only she loved English She said that she only loved English.She said that she only loved English. She said that she loved English only.She said that she loved English only.

不同的位置表达绝对不同的含义。不同的位置表达绝对不同的含义。

表示时间，地点或方式的短语表示时间，地点或方式的短语或分句放到句首一般不会造成或分句放到句首一般不会造成歧义。歧义。

P70P70

对于那些难找到恰当位置的修对于那些难找到恰当位置的修饰语，放到句首大可放心。饰语，放到句首大可放心。

P70P70

Which\that Which\that 引的从句紧紧放到被引的从句紧紧放到被修饰语的后面修饰语的后面

P72P72

不要把修饰语放到一个句子中可以不要把修饰语放到一个句子中可以前后修饰的两个部分之间。前后修饰的两个部分之间。

P72P72 Practice2 p74Practice2 p74 Practice1 p72Practice1 p72

ⅤⅤ Dangling Modifiers(Dangling Modifiers( 垂悬垂悬修饰语）修饰语）

修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象。修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象。 eg. Listening to the sad news, my eyes filled witeg. Listening to the sad news, my eyes filled wit

h tears.h tears. Listening Listening 的实施者不是的实施者不是 my eyes, my eyes, 而是而是 I,I, 因此因此 listeninlistenin

g to the sad news g to the sad news 便成了无依着的分词修饰语。便成了无依着的分词修饰语。

改正方法：明确动作的实施者；将分词词组或省改正方法：明确动作的实施者；将分词词组或省略句扩展成从句。略句扩展成从句。

Listening to the sad news, I felt my eyes filled witListening to the sad news, I felt my eyes filled with tears.h tears.

As I listened to the sad news, my eyes filled with As I listened to the sad news, my eyes filled with tears.tears.

常见的垂悬修饰语常见的垂悬修饰语 垂悬分词垂悬分词 垂悬不定式垂悬不定式 垂悬介词垂悬介词 垂悬省略句垂悬省略句P 77P 77Practice1 p80Practice1 p80

Sentence Brevity（简洁）

ⅠCombining Short Sentences（合并短句） p95

短句使用过多不利于思想的表达

常见的合并短句的方法

•删除句子中重复的词；•把相似的词归并到一起；•使用连词 and;•使用逗号。• P95 p96

ⅡJoining Sentences and Doing

With Unnecessary Words（合并句子，删除赘词）

•把两个或两个以上的句子合并为一个句子，删除赘词，能有效的表达思想。

•P92 practice

Sentences Variety（多样性）

•灵活多样的句子结构会使文章生动活泼，富有节奏。

•善于交替使用简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句、倒装句、掉尾句、长句、短句、平行结构等。

• 句子开头除了用名词、代词外，还可以用状语从句、介词短语、分词、不定式等。

Look at the following Sentences ：（开头）

• Slowly， he went there on foot.• To succeed in that speech, he practice a l

ot.• Because he was tired and hungry, he did

not want to come today.• Angry, he began to shout at that little boy.

• In the library, Mr. Smith met her wife.

常见的能使句子多样性的例子：

• Modifying Phrases ( 修饰性短语） p88• Relative Pronoun( 关系代词，复合句中） p91

• Participle Phrases( 分词短语） p97• -ly Openers （使用副词开头的句子） p100• To Openers( 使用动词不定式开头的句子） p102

使用句子简洁、多样性的方法修改自己的 free-writing

第一章自测题

重写句子 She got a medal in the Olympic Games, a

ccording to China Daily reports.(掉尾句）

Marry is sweet, she is considerate. She is loving.( 合并句子）

A burglar stole into the home last night, the front door was unlocked.( 复合句）

Jogging is a popular form of exercise, many doctors don’t recommend it.( 并列句）

改写病句 The river is low in the winter, for it will be

full again by spring. The game was illegal in the back room

that you just played in. The dog often barks at night lives next

door. To speak out her ideas, opening the

phone is OK. Hearing the news, his head was blank.