ECH-A

Energy-Saving and Carbon-

Reducing Emulsified Heavy

Crude Oil Equipment

VAST CALIBRE TECHNOLOGY INC.

E- mail:VIGIRA@HOTMAIL.COM

TEL:886955111899(Rep) SKYPE: VIGIRA

1

Table of Contents

Use of Heavy Crude Oil and Problems 2

Related technologies 3

Comparison of related technologies 4

ECH-A Emulsification Device 5

ECH-A Performance Test and Comparison 9

Estimation and Comparison of ECH-A and Related Techniques in Their Oil-efficient Capacity 25

Water Addition Suggestion for Energy-saving Heavy Crude Oil. 29

2

Use of Heavy Crude Oil and Problems Characteristics and Use of Heavy Crude Oil

Heavy crude oil is the residues at the bottom of the tower left over from processing and cracking of crude oil. Its heating value (8,500 ~ 11,000 Kcal/kg) is high, so are its bitumen and sulfur content.

Because heavy crude oil has a high heating value and is relatively cheap, it is widely used.

Problems associated with use of heavy crude oil Incomplete burning is likely, which will lead to greater air

pollution and higher emission indexes (suspension particulates SS, SOx, NOx, NO, CO, and tail gas emission temperature)

Because heavy crude oil has greater viscosity and repeated heating is thus necessary, bitumen will sediment and oil silt will clog the nozzle and pipeline. As such, the frequency of cleaning the burner nozzles and the oil tank is relatively high, leading to economic losses.

3

Related technologies Additives in the heavy crude oil:

To enhance the burning performance of heavy crude oil, additives can be pour point depressants, demulsifiers, and bitumen dissipating agents.

Bottleneck problems Compared with the saved fuels, additives are expensive with limited

benefits.

Without auxiliary equipment, additives cannot be used separately.

Average oil-efficient rate after additives costs are deducted: 8%

With ECH-A, bottleneck problems are solved. There is no need for any additives and it saves on fuels, with numerous

benefits

There is no need to add auxiliary equipment. Installation is easy.

Ratio of water addition can be as high as 40%, depending on the needs. With addition of 18.5% of water, the oil-efficient rate is 16.19%.

Emulsifying water can be replaced by organic industrial waste water. It is more eco-friendly.

4

Comparison of related technologies

Related Techniques

Comparison Items

Use of additives ECH-A

1. Cost-saving

(Relatively reduced fuel

expenses)

Low (below 8%) High (With addition of 18.5%

of water, the oil-efficient rate

is 16.19%)

2. Air pollution

improvement

High High

3.Stability High High

4. Burner and peripheral

equipments

High Low

5. Overall economic

benefit

Low High

5

ECH-A Emulsification Device

ECH-A Design Concepts

Online reconstitution of energy-saving and eco-friendly emulsified heavy crude oil.

Complete emulsification of heavy crude oil + water to generate highly-efficient secondary nebulization and contribute to complete burning for enhanced oil-efficent rate.

Complete homogenizing emulsification. Storage and transportation is possible.

Complete homogenizing emulsification with stable burning conditions.

Optimized reconstitution ratio can be applied with the burning equipment on-site to reflect actual demand.

6

Appearance of ECH-A

LxWxH = 2m x 1.5m x 1.8m

7

Energy-Saving and Eco-Friendly

Heavy Crude Oil Process of ECH-A

Raw material

heavy crude oil

(60 – 100%)

Water or organic

industrial waste

water

(0-40%)

Burning device

ECH-A energy-

saving and eco-

friendly heavy

crude oil

ECH-A Emulsification Device

8

Secondary nebulization of oil mist

in the burning chamber

(Micro-explosion) = The key for

ECH-A to enhance oil-efficient and

reduce emissions of pollutants.

9

ECH-A Performance Test and

Comparison

Testing Institution

Research Developments on Combustion, Science

and Technology, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, National Cheng Kung University

Secondary nebulization water drop distribution

and analysis

Comparison of ECH-A and heavy crude oil

Burning test

Air pollution test

10

Secondary nebulization testing

equipment

11

From ECH-A oil mist to secondary nebulization

(micro-explosion)

1. ECH oil mist is heated

2. When the temperature exceeds 100℃, water in the oil mist starts to gasify and the volume starts to inflate.

3. When the water gasifying pressure is greater than the tension on the surface of the oil mist, the oil mist explodes.

4. The oil mist explodes to several particles with smaller diameters. Their oxygen-absorbing capability is enhanced, contributing to the burning.

12

ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil –

Water Drop Distribution Analysis

Manufactured Date 03/25/2010 Location: Sanxia, Taipei

Test 1, 05/15/2010 Location: Guiren Campus, National

Cheng Kung University

Test 2, 06/21/2010 Location: Guiren Campus, National

Cheng Kung University

100 amplification factor 200 amplification factor 400 amplification factor 100 amplification factor 200 amplification factor 400 amplification factor

Figure 4 Distribution Map of Water Drop Diameters in Oil No. F03-25-10B (Test No.

M06-21-10B) Figure 3 Distribution Map of Water Drop Diameters in Oil No. F03-25-10B (Test No.

M05-15-10B)

Test No. M05-15-10B M06-21-10B

Measured water drop quantity 200 200

Average diameter (μm) 4.96 5.3

Standard deviation (μm) 3.09 2.6

Maximum diameter (μm) 19.25 18.3

Minimum diameter (μm) 1.16 2.2

Distribution Map of Water Drop

Diameters

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

13

Heavy Crude Oil VS. ECH-A Emulsified

Heavy Crude Oil

Burning Temperature Test – Testing

Platform

Figure 2 Photographs of Multiple-Fuel Burning Test Equipment

Figure 3 Configuration Layout of Temperature Measurements for Horizontal Burners.

14

Heavy Oil VS. ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison Table and Statistics of Burning

Temperatures

Fuel oil Content % Water

addition ratio

%

Minimum

flame

temperature

℃(R7)

Maximum

flame

temperature

℃(R7)

Heavy crude

oil

100% 0 % 1104 1136

ECH-A

Emulsified oil

81.5 % 18.5 % 1057 1095

15

Heavy Crude Oil VS. ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison Table of Burning Temperatures – Actual

Measurement Record Sheet

ECH-A

Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10A; Test No.: B06-16-10A)

Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10B; Test No.: B06-16-10B)

Time*(minute )

Original Data

Original Data

6％O2 Modification

6％O2 Modification

6％O2 Modification

6％O2 Modification

Original Data

Original Data

*Timing starts after the oil has gone through the pre-burn test for 1 hour.

Time*(minute )

Heavy crude oil

16

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified

Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison Table of Secondary Air Supply

Fuel oil Content % Water

addition ratio

%

Consumption

L/Hr

Secondary air

supply

M3/hr

Heavy crude

oil

100% 0 % 20 210

ECH-A

Emulsified oil

81.5 % 18.5 % 20 195

17

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified

Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison of Secondary Air Supply – Actual

Measurement Record Sheet Heavy crude oil ECH-A

18

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified

Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison Table of Burning Efficiency

Fuel oil Content % Water

addition ratio

%

Minimum

efficiency %

Maximum

efficiency %

Heavy crude

oil

100% 0 % 84 85

ECH-A

Emulsified oil

81.5 % 18.5 % 85 86

19

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified Heavy

Crude Oil

Comparison Table of Efficiency and Stability –

Actual Measurement Record Sheet Heavy crude oil ECH-A

20

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified

Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison Table of Heating Values

Fuel oil Heavy crude

oil content %

Water

addition ratio

%

Net heating

value

cal/g

Heavy crude

oil

100% 0 % 9711

ECH-A

Emulsified oil

81.5 % 18.5 % 9440

21

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified Heavy

Crude Oil

Comparison Table and Statistics of Heating Values ECH-AHeavy crude oil Oil No.

Density＠60℉, g/mL

Flash point, ℃

Sulfur content, %

Flow, ℃

Dynamic

viscosity cSt

Total aromatic hydrocarbons, wt%

Water content, vol%

Carbon content, wt%

Hydrogen content, wt%

Nitrogen content, μg%

Net heating value, cal/g

Total heating value, cal/g

Note: “-" in the table means that the analysis was not performed.

Test method

22

#6 Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified

Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison of Air Pollution Emissions

Air Pollution Emissions Testing Equipment

23

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified

Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison Table of Air Pollution Emissions Fuel oil O2 % max CO2 % max CO (ppm)

min

NOx (ppm)

max

Sox (ppm)

max

Heavy

crude oil

6.2 10.9 0 369 199.5

ECH-A

Emulsified

oil

Water

Content

18.5%

6.15 10.5 0 286.6 180.6

24

Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil

Comparison Table and Statistics of Air Pollution

Emissions

ECH-A

Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10A; Test No.: B06-16-10A)

Original Data

6％O2

Modification

Original Data

6％O2

Modification

Original Data

6％O2

Modification

Original Data

6％O2

Modification

Time*(minute )

Time*(minute )

Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10B; Test No.: B06-16-10B)

*Timing starts after the oil has gone through the pre-burn test for 1 hour.

Heavy crude oil

25

Estimation and Comparison of

ECH-A and Related Techniques in

Their Oil-efficient Capacity

26

ECH-A Average Oil-efficient Rate Estimate Table * Based on Test

Report on 07/09/2010

Example: Water Content of 20%

I. Oil-efficient rate

1. #6 Heavy crude oil total heating value: 10,260 cal/g = 10,260,000 kcal/MT

2. Total heating value of ECH-A (including 18.5% of water) emulsified heavy crude oil

3. For ECH-A emulsified heavy crude oil to reach the total heating value 10,260,000 kcal/MT, the fuels that need to be used are 10,260,000 kcal/MT /9,986,000 kcal/MT = 1.027MT = 1,027kg. In other words, to maintain the same heating value when ECH-A is used, additional 1,027 – 1,000 kg = 27kg of ECH-A fuel oil that contains 18.5% of water needs to be used.

4. Therefore, the oil-saving rate when ECH-A emulsified heavy crude oil is used is 1,000 kg – (815.0 kg + 27 kg)=158.0kg. In other words, the oil-efficient rate is 158.0kg/1,000kg=15.8%.

II. Saved expenditure

Suppose the cost for each ton of #6 heavy crude oil is NT 19,528 / MT

5. The cost for each ton of ECH-A emulsified heavy oil is NT 19,528 /MT*0.815(fuel oil) + (NT65*0.1850)(Water)+ (NT 2.74kw-h*2.2kw- h)(electricity cost)= NT15,915 + 12.0 + 7.0 = NT 15,934

6. When ECH-A with an equivalent heating value is used, it is NT 15,934/MT*1.027 MT = NT 16365.

7. Saved fuel cost with ECH-A = NT 19,528 –NT 16365 = NT3,163

8. Saved expenditure with ECH-A = NT3,163 / NT 19,528 = 16.19%

Saved expenditure with water addition ratio of 18.5%= 16.19%.

27

Estimate Table of Average Oil-efficient Rates for Related Technologies (GFXP) Example: Water content of 12.85% and emulsifying agent of 0.65%

I. Oil-efficient rate

#6 Heavy crude oil total heating value: 10,260 cal/g = 10,260,000 kcal/MT

2. Total heating value of GFXP (including 18.5% of water) emulsified heavy crude oil = 10,162 cal/g =10,162,000kcal/MT

3. For GFXP emulsified heavy crude oil to reach the total heating value 10,627,000 kcal/MT, the fuels that need to be used are 10, 627,000 kcal/MT / 10,162,000 kcal/MT = 1.046MT = 1,046kg. In other words, to maintain the same heating value, additional 1,046 – 1,000 kg = 46kg of GFXP fuel oil that contains 12.85% of water and 0.65% of emulsifying agent needs to be used.

4. Therefore, the oil-saving rate when GFXP emulsified heavy crude oil is used is 1,000 kg – (865.5 kg + 46 kg)=88.5kg. In other words, the oil-efficient rate is 88.5kg/1,000kg=8.85%.

II. Saved expenditure

Suppose the cost for each ton of #6 heavy crude oil is NT 19,528 / MT

5. Cost for each ton of GFXP emulsified heavy crude oil= = NT 19,528 /MT*0.8655 (fuel oil) + (NT65*0.1280)(Water)+ (NT29,100*0.0065)(emulsifying agent)(NT 2.74kw-h*7.6kw- h)(electricity cost)= NT16,901 + 8.32 + 189.15 + 20.824 = NT 17,119

6. When GFXP with an equivalent heating value is used, it is NT 17,119/MT*1.046 MT = NT 17,907.

7. Saved fuel cost with GFXP = NT 19,528 –NT 17,907 = NT1,621

8. Saved expenditure with GFXP = NT1,621 / NT 19,528 = 8.3%

Saved expenditure with water addition ratio of 18.5%= 8.3%.

28

Comparison Table of ECH-A and Related

Technologies (GFXP) in Energy-Saving

Energy-saving technology Oil-efficient rate Saved expenditure

ECH-A

(Water content of 18.5%)

15.8% 16.19%

GFXP

(Water content of 12.85% and

emulsifying additives of

0.65%)

8.85% 8.3%

29

Recommended water addition rates for

ECH-A emulsified heavy crude oil used

in different industries Industry Application Water addition

rates

Glass fiber manufacturers, glass

industries, ceramics industries,

cement industries, metallurgical

industries, mining industries,

asphalt factories, power plants

Furnaces,

melting pots,

baking ovens

~20%

Pharmaceutical industries,

petrochemical industries, dyeing

and finishing industries, printing

and dyeing industries, textiles, dairy

industries, chemical industries, dye

industries

Steam boilers ~30%

Food industry, hospitals, hotels,

swimming pools, public architecture,

general industries

Steam boilers,

Hot water boilers ~40%