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La science des réseaux
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Science des réseaux et exploration de données
une ingénierie de la découverte
propriétés
la science des réseauxSOMMAIRE
Science des réseauxet exploration de données
-1-
Le web, et tous les systèmes complexes d’information, représentent un défi pour l’étude des architectures documentaires : distribués, à grande échelle et dynamiques dans le temps, ils doivent être explorés comme des espaces inédits pour en comprendre la structure et les propriétés mais aussi pour en proposer des modèles exploitables aux usagers.
L’exploration scientifique et expérimentale des propriétés des masses de données distribuées, ou de tout système complexe, ouvre ainsi sur des pistes d’innovation technologique, des outils, des méthodes ou des services qui pourront accompagner demain les usagers, autant experts que publics, dans des tâches de management de l’information, de veille stratégique ou d’aide à la décision.
L’une des solutions prometteuses pour maîtriser les univers complexes consiste à développer une approche par les graphes et leur visualisation. Les graphes représentent des pivots entre, d’une part, les données accumulées sur le web, les intranets, les BDD…et, d’autre part, les interfaces graphiques de manipulation et d’exploration.
Comme instrument d’exploration, les interfaces cartographiques à base de graphes ouvrent sur des dispositifs novateurs de visualisation et d’interaction avec les masses de données, et révèlent souvent des propriétés de corpus jusque-là inaperçues, implicites ou sous-jacentes. Elles peuvent ainsi participer de la prospection, de l’évaluation et de la décision.
la science des réseauxcontexte
La science des réseauxInterfaces, graphes et cartographies de l’information
http://maps.linkfluence.net/blogopole/2009/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2guKJfvq4uI http://www.stargit.net/
base de données
structurede graph
boussole cartographique
Visualisation de graphes / La visualisation de graphes : un domaine périphérique à la théorie des graphes / cependant, des vertus expérimentales : la visualisation de graphes relationnels et la manipulation de leurs dimensions permettent de produire des « vues » originales sur les données. En particulier, il s’agit d’identifier des patterns statistiques ou des saillances visuelles associées aux corpus explorés. C’est le principe d’une géographie de l’information nourrie de problématiques théoriques en Network Sciences et qu’il s’agit en même temps de rendre tangible à des usagers (knowledge mapping tools).
La science des réseauxInterfaces, graphes et cartographies de l’information
la science des réseauxinterfaces, graphes et cartographie
Issues des graphes (outillage analytique d’un degré supérieur en abstraction, outil privilégié d’exploration/analyse de la complexité) Cartographies/espace de représentation (dimensions des données, réduction, projection/spatialisation). Elles éclairent la forme(s) des données présentes dans un système d’information, l’état d’un corpus, l’organisation sous-jacente d’une architecture documentaire / participent de la prospection, de l’évaluation et de la décision espace en évolution de solutions graphiques, lieu d’échanges et de mise au point d’un code commun.
une ingénierie de la découverte
-2-
La science des réseauxUne ingénierie de la découverte et de l’exploration
REDUIRE LES MASSES ET LES DIMENSIONS
• Produire des indicateurs de masses, de densité, de clustering, de voisinage et de centration• Concevoir des filtres• Décomposer les dimensions (topologie hypertexte, texte et contenu, indicateurs d’usage…)• Modèle(s) de distribution des propriétés des corpus
CONSTRUIRE DES FIGURES
• Principes d’agrégation• Organisation, architecture et sous-ensembles• Couches et profondeurs des corpus• Temporalités et événements
FAIRE EMERGER DES PATTERNS
• Méthodes de projection spatiale, visualisation des données• Identification de saillances logico-graphiques• Capitaliser/archiver les phases de transformation des corpus• Ingénierie de l’exploration des corpus par : • Fusion des données de données hétérogènes • Niveaux de navigation/zoom • Réduction (algorithmes de hiérarchisation/clustering…) • Projection (fonds géoréférencés, schémas fonctionnels, organigrammes…)
321
La science des réseauxUne ingénierie de la découverte et de l’exploration
LingLog mode of ForceAtlas 2
Force Atlas 2Fruchterman-Rheingold
Techniquement, la cartographie de l’information repose sur la maîtrise des différentes étapes de la chaîne de production
• Curation, Enrichissement des données• Visualisation de graphes• Spatialisation, hiérarchisation, groupement• Finalisation cartographique
ajout de méta-données ou
de descripteurs aux données natives
Patterns à explorer Nouvelles métriques
à intégrer
Vues complémentaires
à produire
système d’information
anayse desdonnées
cartographiegraphes interface
La science des réseauxGEPHI : un élément central dans le cycle de production de la cartographie
La science des réseauxGephi, un consortium, une communauté
100.000 téléchargements
10 ANS d’existence
d’une communauté
1.000 Membres
sur facebook
Sébastien Heymann
La science des réseauxgephi en différents contextes d’applications
recherche scientifique exploration(Stanford, Workshop-Gephi)
scénographie(international design biennal 2010)
propriétés-3-
LA notion d’ordre-a-
(entre ordre et aléatoire)
La science des réseauxla notion d’ordre
En moyenne, pour un network de 1million de noeuds distribués en mode régulier (avec pour chaque noeud 100 voisins proches, 50 à gauche, 50 à droite), la distribution de 5 liens en mode random fait chuter les distances moyennes de 50%. Il faut multiplier ce chiffre par 10 (soit 5x10 = 50) pour faire chuter la moyenne encore de 50%. Et ainsi de suite… Les effets sont donc décroissants.
La science des réseauxUne ingénierie de la découverte et de l’exploration
Clustering +distance +
Clustering +distance +
Clustering +distance -
Clustering -distance -
une organisation en « couches »
-b-
(networks layers)
la science des réseauxune organisation en couches
Couche la plus visible du web : Google, Amazon, SCNF, ...
Couche intermédiaire : agrégats, communautés en ligne
Couche profonde : bases de données
classements, hierarchies et visibilité
-C-
La science des réseauxClassements, hierarchies et visibilité
clusters, groupes et communautés
-D-
LES CARTES DES SCIENCESclusters, groupes et communautés
le principe de « centralité »
dans les réseaux
-e-
ECOLOGY ecology biodiversity conservation zoology marine & freshwater biology ornithology evolutionary biology oceanography fisheries forestry entomology
GEOSCIENCES
geosciences, multidisciplinary geology geochemistry & geophysics geography, physical paleontology mineralogy engineering, geological engineering, petroleum remote sensing meteorology & atmospheric sciences imaging science & photographic technology
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
engineering, environmental environmental sciences water resources engineering, civil limnology agricultural engineering engineering, ocean
AGRICULTURE
horticulture agronomy agriculture, multidisciplinary plant sciences food science & technology soil science integrative & complementary medicine agriculture, dairy & animal science materials science, paper & wood
INFECTIOUS DISEASESES infectious diseases immunology microbiology allergy virology tropical medicine parasitology mycology veterinary sciences
GENERAL MEDICINE / HEALTH
health care sciences & services medical ethics public, environmental & occupational health medicine, general & internal medical informatics nursing history & philosophy of science education, scientific disciplines statistics & probability
MATERIAL SCIENCES
materials science, multidisciplinary nanoscience & nanotechnology materials science, coatings & films physics, applied materials science, ceramics metallurgy & metallurgical engineering physics, condensed matter materials science, characterization & testing mining & mineral processing instruments & instrumentation electrochemistry energy & fuels
COMPUTER SCIENCES computer science, hardware & architecture computer science, information systems computer science, artificial intelligence engineering, electrical & electronic computer science, theory & methods computer science, software engineering telecommunications computer science, cybernetics automation & control systems transportation science & technology computer science, interdisciplinary applications robotics operations research & management science mathematics, applied engineering, industrial
ENGINEERING
mechanics engineering, mechanical mathematics, interdisciplinary applications thermodynamics engineering, multidisciplinary engineering, aerospace materials science, composites engineering, marine construction & building technology engineering, manufacturing acoustics mathematics
CHEMISTRY chemistry, multidisciplinary chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic & nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, applied crystallography chemistry, medicinal spectroscopy engineering, chemical chemistry, analytical materials science, textiles polymer science materials science, biomaterials
PHYSICS
physics, multidisciplinary physics, mathematical physics, nuclear physics, particles & fields physics, fluids & plasmas optics physics, atomic, molecular & chemical astronomy & astrophysics nuclear science & technology
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES cell biology biochemistry & molecular biology biophysics developmental biology multidisciplinary sciences genetics & heredity biology medicine, research & experimental microscopy anatomy & morphology endocrinology & metabolism biotechnology & applied microbiology physiology reproductive biology andrology medical laboratory technology biochemical research methods pathology oncology mathematical & computational biology toxicology pharmacology & pharmacy obstetrics & gynecology nutrition & dietetics medicine, legal urology & nephrology
CLINICAL MEDICINE
surgery critical care medicine emergency medicine transplantation respiratory system peripheral vascular disease cardiac & cardiovascular systems orthopedics engineering, biomedical hematology pediatrics sport sciences anesthesiology gastroenterology & hepatology radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging otorhinolaryngology rheumatology dermatology dentistry, oral surgery & medicine
NEURO-SCIENCES
neurosciences psychology behavioral sciences neuroimaging psychiatry clinical neurology substance abuse geriatrics & gerontology rehabilitation ophthalmology
Map Of Science based on I.S.I. Subject CategoriesDistribution of ISI Subject Categories over 6,164 journal included in the Science Citation Index (SCI - Thomson-Reuters) in year 2006
Aggregated journal-journal citation matrix produced from L. Leydesdorff § I. Rafols data(see paper and informations available at http://www.leydesdorff.net)
Nb. of Nodes : 172Nb. of Edges : 22667
METRICDiameter: 2Average Path length: 1.2351761185910513Graph Density: 0.770671834625323 (max.=1)Average Clustering Coefficient: 0.8256993889808655
VIZUALISATIONDirected Graph / Vizualisation using Ifan Hu algorithm with GEPHI v.0.7 (available at : http://gephi.org/)
Acoustics
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Biochemical Research Methods
Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBiology
Biotechnology and AppliedMicrobiology
Chemistry, Analytical
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Engineering, Environmental
Engineering, Electrical and Electronic
Environmental Sciences
Public, Environmental and Occupational Health
Instruments and Instrumentation
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Statistics and Probability
Toxicology
Water Resources
Mathematical and Computational Biology
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Vizualisation using Betweeness Centrality Algorithm
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Pharmacology and PharmacyNeurosciences
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Cell Biology
Surgery
ChemsistryPhysical
Medecine, General and InternalImmunology
Chemsitry, MultidisciplinaryOncology
Material Sciences, MultidisciplinaryGenetics and Heredity
Environmental SciencesClinical Neurology
Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology
Physics, AppliedMedecine, Research and Experimentation
PhysiologyEcology
Water Resources
Statistics and ProbabilityMultidisciplinary SciencesEnvironmental Sciences
Biology
Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary ApplicationsChemistry, AnalyticalEngineering, Electrical and ElectronicBiochemical research MethodsPublic, Environmental and Occupational HealthAcoustics
Pharmacology and PharmacyComputer Science, Artificial IntelligenceBiochemistry and Molecular BiologyToxicology
Mathematical and Computational BiologyEngineering, EnvironmentalRadiology, Nuclear Medecine
Instruments and InstrumentationRadiology, Nuclear Medecine and Medical Imaging
Top 20 ISI Subject Categories using :
Degree Ranking Betweeness Centrality
Acoustics
Automation and Control Systems
Agriculture, Dairy and Animal Science
Agronomy
Allergy
Anatomy and Morphology
Anesthesiology
Biodiversity Conservation
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Behavioral Sciences
Biochemical Research Methods
Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBiology
BiophysicsBiotechnology and Applied Microbiology
Plant Sciences
OncologyCardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Cell Biology
Critical Care Medicine
Thermodynamics
Chemistry, Applied
Chemistry, Medicinal
Chemistry, MultidisciplinaryChemistry, Analytical
Chemistry, Inorganic and Nuclear
Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, Physical
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Computer Science, Hardware and Architecture
Computer Science, Information Systems
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Computer Science, Software Engineering
Computer Science, Theory and Methods
Construction and Building Technology
Crystallography
Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine
Dermatology
Geochemistry and Geophysics
Substance Abuse
Ecology
Health Care Sciences and Services
Electrochemistry
Evolutionary Biology
Developmental Biology
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Energy and Fuels
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Engineering, Biomedical
Engineering, Environmental
Engineering, Chemical
Engineering, Industrial
Engineering, Manufacturing
Engineering, Civil
Engineering, Electrical and ElectronicEngineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Geological
Entomology
Environmental Sciences
Fisheries
Food Science and Technology
Forestry
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Genetics and Heredity
Geography, PhysicalGeology
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Geriatrics and Gerontology
Hematology
Mathematical and Computational Biology
Horticulture
Public, Environmental and Occupational Health
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Instruments and Instrumentation
Limnology
Operations Research and Management Science
Marine and Freshwater Biology
Materials Science, Ceramics
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mathematics, Applied
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Mathematics
Mechanics
Medical Laboratory Technology
Medicine, General and Internal
Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering
Medicine, Research and Experimental
Materials Science, Biomaterials
Materials Science, Coatings and Films
Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences
Microbiology
Mineralogy
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mycology
Clinical Neurology
Neuroimaging
Nuclear Science and Technology
Nutrition and Dietetics
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Oceanography
Ophthalmology
Optics
Ornithology
Orthopedics
Otorhinolaryngology
Paleontology
Parasitology
Pathology
Pediatrics
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Physics, Applied
Physics, Fluids and Plasmas
Physics, Atomic, Molecular and Chemical
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Physics, Condensed Matter
Physiology
Physics, Nuclear
Physics, Particles and Fields
Physics, Mathematical
Polymer Science
Psychiatry
Psychology
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Rehabilitation
Respiratory System
Reproductive Biology
Rheumatology
Soil Science
Spectroscopy
Sport Sciences
Statistics and Probability
Surgery
Telecommunications
Toxicology
Transplantation
Tropical Medicine
Urology and Nephrology
Veterinary Sciences
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Virology
Zoology
Water Resources
Andrology
Emergency Medicine
Medical Ethics
Nursing
Engineering, Aerospace
Computer Science, Cybernetics
Robotics
Engineering, Marine
Materials Science, CompositesTransportation Science and Technology
Mining and Mineral Processing
Materials Science, Characterization and Testing
Remote Sensing
Imaging Science and Photographic Technology
Materials Science, Paper and Wood
Materials Science, Textiles
Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural Economics and Policy
Medicine, Legal
Integrative and Complementary Medicine
Engineering, Ocean
Engineering, Petroleum
History and Philosophy Of Science
Neurosciences
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Microscopy
Education, Scientific Disciplines
Medical Informatics
ECOLOGY ecology biodiversity conservation zoology marine & freshwater biology ornithology evolutionary biology oceanography fisheries forestry entomology
GEOSCIENCES
geosciences, multidisciplinary geology geochemistry & geophysics geography, physical paleontology mineralogy engineering, geological engineering, petroleum remote sensing meteorology & atmospheric sciences imaging science & photographic technology
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
engineering, environmental environmental sciences water resources engineering, civil limnology agricultural engineering engineering, ocean
AGRICULTURE
horticulture agronomy agriculture, multidisciplinary plant sciences food science & technology soil science integrative & complementary medicine agriculture, dairy & animal science materials science, paper & wood
INFECTIOUS DISEASESES infectious diseases immunology microbiology allergy virology tropical medicine parasitology mycology veterinary sciences
GENERAL MEDICINE / HEALTH
health care sciences & services medical ethics public, environmental & occupational health medicine, general & internal medical informatics nursing history & philosophy of science education, scientific disciplines statistics & probability
MATERIAL SCIENCES
materials science, multidisciplinary nanoscience & nanotechnology materials science, coatings & films physics, applied materials science, ceramics metallurgy & metallurgical engineering physics, condensed matter materials science, characterization & testing mining & mineral processing instruments & instrumentation electrochemistry energy & fuels
COMPUTER SCIENCES computer science, hardware & architecture computer science, information systems computer science, artificial intelligence engineering, electrical & electronic computer science, theory & methods computer science, software engineering telecommunications computer science, cybernetics automation & control systems transportation science & technology computer science, interdisciplinary applications robotics operations research & management science mathematics, applied engineering, industrial
ENGINEERING
mechanics engineering, mechanical mathematics, interdisciplinary applications thermodynamics engineering, multidisciplinary engineering, aerospace materials science, composites engineering, marine construction & building technology engineering, manufacturing acoustics mathematics
CHEMISTRY chemistry, multidisciplinary chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic & nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, applied crystallography chemistry, medicinal spectroscopy engineering, chemical chemistry, analytical materials science, textiles polymer science materials science, biomaterials
PHYSICS
physics, multidisciplinary physics, mathematical physics, nuclear physics, particles & fields physics, fluids & plasmas optics physics, atomic, molecular & chemical astronomy & astrophysics nuclear science & technology
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES cell biology biochemistry & molecular biology biophysics developmental biology multidisciplinary sciences genetics & heredity biology medicine, research & experimental microscopy anatomy & morphology endocrinology & metabolism biotechnology & applied microbiology physiology reproductive biology andrology medical laboratory technology biochemical research methods pathology oncology mathematical & computational biology toxicology pharmacology & pharmacy obstetrics & gynecology nutrition & dietetics medicine, legal urology & nephrology
CLINICAL MEDICINE
surgery critical care medicine emergency medicine transplantation respiratory system peripheral vascular disease cardiac & cardiovascular systems orthopedics engineering, biomedical hematology pediatrics sport sciences anesthesiology gastroenterology & hepatology radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging otorhinolaryngology rheumatology dermatology dentistry, oral surgery & medicine
NEURO-SCIENCES
neurosciences psychology behavioral sciences neuroimaging psychiatry clinical neurology substance abuse geriatrics & gerontology rehabilitation ophthalmology
Map Of Science based on I.S.I. Subject CategoriesDistribution of ISI Subject Categories over 6,164 journal included in the Science Citation Index (SCI - Thomson-Reuters) in year 2006
Aggregated journal-journal citation matrix produced from L. Leydesdorff § I. Rafols data(see paper and informations available at http://www.leydesdorff.net)
Nb. of Nodes : 172Nb. of Edges : 22667
METRICDiameter: 2Average Path length: 1.2351761185910513Graph Density: 0.770671834625323 (max.=1)Average Clustering Coefficient: 0.8256993889808655
VIZUALISATIONDirected Graph / Vizualisation using Ifan Hu algorithm with GEPHI v.0.7 (available at : http://gephi.org/)
Acoustics
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Biochemical Research Methods
Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBiology
Biotechnology and AppliedMicrobiology
Chemistry, Analytical
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Engineering, Environmental
Engineering, Electrical and Electronic
Environmental Sciences
Public, Environmental and Occupational Health
Instruments and Instrumentation
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Statistics and Probability
Toxicology
Water Resources
Mathematical and Computational Biology
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Vizualisation using Betweeness Centrality Algorithm
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Pharmacology and PharmacyNeurosciences
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Cell Biology
Surgery
ChemsistryPhysical
Medecine, General and InternalImmunology
Chemsitry, MultidisciplinaryOncology
Material Sciences, MultidisciplinaryGenetics and Heredity
Environmental SciencesClinical Neurology
Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology
Physics, AppliedMedecine, Research and Experimentation
PhysiologyEcology
Water Resources
Statistics and ProbabilityMultidisciplinary SciencesEnvironmental Sciences
Biology
Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary ApplicationsChemistry, AnalyticalEngineering, Electrical and ElectronicBiochemical research MethodsPublic, Environmental and Occupational HealthAcoustics
Pharmacology and PharmacyComputer Science, Artificial IntelligenceBiochemistry and Molecular BiologyToxicology
Mathematical and Computational BiologyEngineering, EnvironmentalRadiology, Nuclear Medecine
Instruments and InstrumentationRadiology, Nuclear Medecine and Medical Imaging
Top 20 ISI Subject Categories using :
Degree Ranking Betweeness Centrality
Acoustics
Automation and Control Systems
Agriculture, Dairy and Animal Science
Agronomy
Allergy
Anatomy and Morphology
Anesthesiology
Biodiversity Conservation
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Behavioral Sciences
Biochemical Research Methods
Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBiology
BiophysicsBiotechnology and Applied Microbiology
Plant Sciences
OncologyCardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Cell Biology
Critical Care Medicine
Thermodynamics
Chemistry, Applied
Chemistry, Medicinal
Chemistry, MultidisciplinaryChemistry, Analytical
Chemistry, Inorganic and Nuclear
Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, Physical
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Computer Science, Hardware and Architecture
Computer Science, Information Systems
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Computer Science, Software Engineering
Computer Science, Theory and Methods
Construction and Building Technology
Crystallography
Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine
Dermatology
Geochemistry and Geophysics
Substance Abuse
Ecology
Health Care Sciences and Services
Electrochemistry
Evolutionary Biology
Developmental Biology
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Energy and Fuels
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Engineering, Biomedical
Engineering, Environmental
Engineering, Chemical
Engineering, Industrial
Engineering, Manufacturing
Engineering, Civil
Engineering, Electrical and ElectronicEngineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Geological
Entomology
Environmental Sciences
Fisheries
Food Science and Technology
Forestry
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Genetics and Heredity
Geography, PhysicalGeology
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Geriatrics and Gerontology
Hematology
Mathematical and Computational Biology
Horticulture
Public, Environmental and Occupational Health
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Instruments and Instrumentation
Limnology
Operations Research and Management Science
Marine and Freshwater Biology
Materials Science, Ceramics
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mathematics, Applied
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Mathematics
Mechanics
Medical Laboratory Technology
Medicine, General and Internal
Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering
Medicine, Research and Experimental
Materials Science, Biomaterials
Materials Science, Coatings and Films
Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences
Microbiology
Mineralogy
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mycology
Clinical Neurology
Neuroimaging
Nuclear Science and Technology
Nutrition and Dietetics
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Oceanography
Ophthalmology
Optics
Ornithology
Orthopedics
Otorhinolaryngology
Paleontology
Parasitology
Pathology
Pediatrics
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Physics, Applied
Physics, Fluids and Plasmas
Physics, Atomic, Molecular and Chemical
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Physics, Condensed Matter
Physiology
Physics, Nuclear
Physics, Particles and Fields
Physics, Mathematical
Polymer Science
Psychiatry
Psychology
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Rehabilitation
Respiratory System
Reproductive Biology
Rheumatology
Soil Science
Spectroscopy
Sport Sciences
Statistics and Probability
Surgery
Telecommunications
Toxicology
Transplantation
Tropical Medicine
Urology and Nephrology
Veterinary Sciences
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Virology
Zoology
Water Resources
Andrology
Emergency Medicine
Medical Ethics
Nursing
Engineering, Aerospace
Computer Science, Cybernetics
Robotics
Engineering, Marine
Materials Science, CompositesTransportation Science and Technology
Mining and Mineral Processing
Materials Science, Characterization and Testing
Remote Sensing
Imaging Science and Photographic Technology
Materials Science, Paper and Wood
Materials Science, Textiles
Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural Economics and Policy
Medicine, Legal
Integrative and Complementary Medicine
Engineering, Ocean
Engineering, Petroleum
History and Philosophy Of Science
Neurosciences
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Microscopy
Education, Scientific Disciplines
Medical Informatics
Force atlas 2 Taille et degrés couleur centralité
La science des réseauxprincipe de centralité
LES CARTES DES SCIENCESBibliographie
A.-L. BARABASI – linked: the new science of networks, new ed., Perseus Publishing, 2005.
A.-L. BARABASI – Bursts: The Hidden Pattern Behind Everything We Do, Dutton-Sciences, 2010.
M. BUCHANAN – Nexus, Small Worlds and the groundbreaking Theory of Networks, W. W. Norton & Company, 2003.
S. CHAKRABARTI – Mining the Web: Discovering Knowledge from Hypertext Data, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
B.-A. HUBERMAN – the laws of the web: patterns in the ecology of information, MIT-Press, 2001.
J. KLEINBERG, E. TARDOS – algorithm design, Addison Wesley, 2006.
M. NEUMAN, A.-L. BARABASI, D.-J. WATTS – the Structure and Dynamics of Networks, Princeton Studies in Complexity, 2006.
B. SHNEIDERMAN, S.-K. CARD, J. MACKINLAY - readings in information visualization: using vision to think, Morgan Kaufmann, 1999.
S. STROGATZ – sync: the emerging science of spontaneous order, 2004, Hyperion, 2003.
D. WATTS – six degrees – the science of a connected age, W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.