Gm mobility2030

DRIVING THE FUTURE

驱动未来

通用汽车“2030城市交通可持续发展”蓝皮书

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交通为我们的个人生活、经济生活以及社会生活提供了诸多便利，并决定着我们的生活方式。它使人类获得了更

大的个人自由度、更多的工作和接受教育的机会，以及更多的全新生活体验。然而随着世界人口的持续增长和城市化进程的不断推进，人们对于汽车在交通生活中所担当的角色也日益关注。我们如何才能用更少更清洁的能源来实现更高效的交通出行？我们应该如何保护我们的环境？我们如何才能使车辆和道路更加安全？我们如何才能减少交通拥堵，使出行更便捷、更充满乐趣？

通用汽车正在致力于开发大量前瞻性的新技术来解决这些关键问题。这些技术将彻底改变车辆的外观、驾乘体验及工作原理。主题为“城市，让生活更美好”的上海2010世博会为通用汽车展示未来愿景提供了一个理想的平台。

在上汽集团-通用汽车馆，我们带给世博参观者激动人心的城市个人交通视觉和动态深度体验。它描绘了一幅2030年汽车、城市社区和生活方式的宏伟蓝图，提出了通用汽车为实现这一未来宏图所需要的技术和政策支撑。通过六场可持续城市交通系列论坛,我们探索了未来交通所面临的挑战和解决之道。

这一系列论坛在5月至10月间每月举办一次，我们邀请了相关领域的诸多权威人士来检视和阐述一个进步且平衡发展的城市未来所需的诸多要素。讨论范围涉及各个层面，从商界、政府和学术界所扮演的角色，到能源多样化、技术、车辆和城市设计、消费者行为以及创新性思维在制定并执行城市交通可持续发展解决方案中所起到的重要作用。

这一系列论坛为我们提供了一个关于汽车和城市社区未来的美好愿景。在通用汽车的“城市交通可持续发展”蓝皮书中，这一愿景将成为集合电气化、车联网、创意设计和创新技术战略的发展路线，引领世界迈向2030城市交通的可持续发展之路。

真诚地希望您能从我们的展望之中看到未来城市交通的巨大潜力和迷人之处。

甘文维通用汽车中国公司总裁兼总经理

2010年11月

Transportation provides many personal, economic, and societal benefits and has always been central to how we

live our lives. It enhances our personal freedom, gives us better access to jobs and education, and enables us to enjoy many new experiences. But as the global population expands and urbanization increases, there is growing concern about the role of the automobile. How do we move around efficiently using less and cleaner energy? How do we protect our environment? How do we make our vehicles and roadways safer? How do we reduce traffic congestion and make travel more convenient and enjoyable?

These are some of the key issues that General Motors is addressing by using a host of new and advanced technologies – technologies that will profoundly change the look, feel, and operation of our vehicles. With its theme of “Better City, Better Life,” World Expo 2010 Shanghai offered an ideal venue for GM to present our vision of the future.

The SAIC-GM Pavilion immersed Expo 2010 visitors in an exciting visual and dynamic experience of urban personal mobility. It painted a powerful picture of what vehicles, urban communities and lifestyles could look like in 2030. GM also highlighted the technical and policy underpinnings for this future through a series of six sustainable mobility forums that explored tomorrow’s transportation challenges and the solutions for overcoming them.

During the forums, which were held on a monthly basis from May through October, a distinguished lineup of speakers examined many of the key elements required for a balanced and better urban future. The discussions covered everything from the role of business, government, and academia to the importance of comprehending energy diversity, technology, vehicle and urban design, consumer behavior, and innovative thinking in the creation and implementation of sustainable mobility solutions.

Taken together, these forums have provided a compelling vision of the future of the automobile and urban communities. This vision, which GM is proud to document in the GM Sustainable Urban Mobility Blue Paper, serves as a roadmap to the electrification, connectivity, automotive design, and advanced innovation strategies that will lead the world to sustainable urban mobility by 2030.

We hope you find the future we have envisioned as fascinating and promising as we do.

Kevin WalePresident and Managing Director

GM China GroupNovember 2010

INTRODUCTION序

“Over the past six months at World Expo 2010 Shanghai, GM has defined the direction of the automotive industry. We have shown the world the possibilities of a greener, safer, and more convenient society in which the automobile and General Motors will continue to play an important role.” -Kevin Wale, President and Managing Director GM China Group

“在2010年上海世博会的六个月时间里，通用汽车定义了未来汽车工业的发展方向。我们向全世界展现了一个更环保、更安全、更便利的未来社会。通用汽车公司与未来的汽车将一起在未来继续扮演重要的角色。”— 甘文维，通用汽车中国公司总裁兼总经理

“Roadmap to 2030” GM Sustainable Urban Mobility Blue Paper Page 2

THE CHALLENGE 挑战 3

THE VISION 愿景 4

THE BENEFITS 目标 6

Freedom from Petroleum and Emissions 零油耗与零排放 6

Freedom from Traffic Accidents 零交通事故 7

Freedom from Congestion 零交通拥堵 8

Fun and Fashionable Design 趣味时尚设计 9

Societal and Urban Benefits 社会和城市效益 10

THE SOLUTIONS 解决方案 11

Electrification 电气化 11

What is Vehicle Electrification? 什么是车辆电气化? 11

Key Enablers to the Expansion of Electrification 电气化发展的重要驱动因素 11

Chinese Government Support 中国政府的支持 12

GM’s Chevrolet Volt and Electric Vehicle Technology 通用汽车雪佛兰Volt沃蓝达和电动车技术 13

Mobility Internet 车联网 14

What is the Mobility Internet? 什么是车联网? 14

Telematics Infotainment Services 车载信息娱乐服务 15

What is Required 成功的关键要素 16

Redesigning the Urban Landscape 城市蓝图再规划 17

Sustainable Cities and Transportation Networks 可持续发展的城市和交通网络 19


Design and Individualization 创意设计与个性化 20

Urban Realities - The Challenge for Designers of the Future 都市现状—未来设计家所面临的挑战 20

Individuality, Standing Out in a Crowd 出类拔萃的个性化 20

Technology and Innovative Vehicle Design 科技与创新汽车设计 21


ROADMAP TO 2030: MOVING FROM TODAY TO TOMORROW 通往2030之路 22

DRIVING THE FUTURE 驱动未来 25

RECOMMENDATIONS 我们的建议 27

Table of Contents目录


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人口增长将成为汽车工业未来的一个主要挑战。到2050年，世界人口预计将达90亿，超过三分之二的人口将生

活在城市中。全球人口增长、快速城市化进程和对拥有汽车的普遍期望将推动世界汽车需求量的稳定增长。预计到2030年，全球汽车保有量将超过10亿辆。

中国正处于快速城市化的进程中。13亿人口中超过45%的人现在居住在城市。到2030年，这一比重预计将增至60%，而到2050年将达到75%的高峰。与此同时，下一个十年间，中国的汽车保有量预计将超过2亿辆，而到2030年，这一数字将达到3.75亿辆。

城市化进程以及由此产生的对汽车和交通的巨大需求，使城市面临更大的压力，在能源、环境、安全、交通拥堵和土地使用等方面都面临着巨大的挑战。城市化的挑战也导致了包括对食物、水、土地以及矿物燃料和金属等自然资源的更大消耗。

在当今的城市生活中，人们一生中浪费在交通堵塞上的时间累积达到5.6年，每天有70%的驾驶者至少遇到一次找不到停车位的问题，30%的燃料浪费在寻找停车位或堵车的过程中。

交通拥堵问题也影响着传统车辆的尾气排放和对石油的依赖。在过去的一年，全世界二氧化碳排放量已经超过了2260亿立方米，燃油消耗量超过150亿升。

困扰城市交通的另一大问题是愈发严峻的安全问题。全世界每30秒钟就会发生一起交通事故，每年有5000万人在交通事故中受到伤害。

要创建未来可持续的城市交通，则必须针对这些挑战寻求解决之道。

By 2030, 60% of the world’s population will live in urban areas. As the urban population increases, traffic congestion in large metropolitan areas will become an even bigger issue.

2030年，世界上将有60%的人口居住在城市。随着城市人口的增加，大都会地区的交通拥堵问题将日益严重。

THE CHALLENGE挑战

“Every year in China, we have 12 to 13 million people entering urbanized areas. In human history, there has never been such a large-scale migration. And it is being accompanied by a lot of problems.” – Feng Fei, Director General of Industry and Economy at the Development Research Center under China’s State Council

“每年，有1200万到1300万中国人从农村涌入城市。这么大规模的人口迁徙在世界历史上不曾出现过。对中国的城市化而言，这就带来了众多问题。”—冯飞，国务院发展研究中心产业经济研究部部长

Population growth represents a major challenge to the future of the automobile. By 2050, the world’s population is

expected to top 9 billion people, over two-thirds of whom will be living in cities. Global population growth, rapid urbanization, and the universal aspiration for automobiles are driving a steady increase in vehicle demand. By 2030, the global vehicle parc is projected to surpass 1 billion.

China is in the midst of rapid urbanization. Over 45 percent of its 1.3 billion people currently live in urban areas. Urban areas are projected to be home to 60 percent of the country’s population by 2030 and peak at almost 75 percent in 2050. At the same time, China’s vehicle parc is expected to surpass 200 million by the end of the next decade and reach 375 million by 2030.

Rising urbanization combined with greater demand for four-wheeled transportation is putting greater stress on metropolitan areas and presenting significant challenges with respect to energy, the environment, safety, congestion and land use. Contributing further to the urbanization challenge is the increased consumption of food, water, land, and natural resources such as fossil fuels and metals.

In today’s cities, people spend approximately 5.6 years of their lives stranded in traffic. Seventy percent of car owners have trouble finding parking at least once per day and 30 percent of fuel is wasted while looking for a parking spot or waiting in traffic.

These congestion problems also have an effect on traditional vehicle emissions and petroleum dependency. Over the past year, carbon dioxide emissions worldwide have surpassed 226 billion cubic meters and more than 15 billion liters of oil have been consumed.

Growing safety concerns are also plaguing global urban transportation. A traffic accident occurs somewhere in the world once every 30 seconds. More than 50 million people are injured annually as a result.

These challenges need to be addressed to create a future for more sustainable urban mobility.


自120年前汽车发明迄今，汽车的“DNA”属性并无实质性的改变。而今天，大量新兴技术的融合正从根本上对

车辆进行前所未有的基因改造。当今汽车的最基本特征是：基本由汽油提供动力、通过内燃机驱动、机械控制且必须完全由驾驶员操作行驶。一辆普通汽车重量为其驾驶员的20倍，加满油能一次行驶500多公里，它能达到每小时160公里的时速，需要超过15平方米的停车位且90%的时间都被停放闲置。以上这些造成了汽车的高成本、高能耗和高自重以及空间使用效率低的结果。

随着我们推进车辆电气化、车联网及重新设计的进程，汽车将以崭新的面貌出现在世人眼前： • 这些汽车将使用电力和氢气作为动力，这些动力可不断由再

生资源产生。 • 这些汽车将由电机驱动和电子控制。 • 这些汽车将通过半自动驾驶以避免交通事故和交通拥堵。 • 这些汽车也可以全自动操作，进行自动驾驶和自动停车。 • 这些汽车可以通过无线通信技术与汽车或基础设施之间联

系，精确定义与其它车辆和道路的相对位置。 • 这些汽车将根据不同用途来度身制定，包括短程城市交通和

长途货运。

THE VISION愿景

In our vision for sustainable urban mobility, vehicles of the future will be increasingly powered by electricity, connected continuously to the communications infrastructure, electronically controlled, autonomously driven when desired, and flexibly designed to better meet specific usage requirements.在我们对于未来可持续发展的城市交通愿景中，未来的汽车应该是由电力驱动，与通讯基础设施实时紧密相连，由电子控制，可根据需要自动驾驶，并通过灵活的设计满足消费者的各种使用需求。

Over the past 120 years, the “DNA” of the automobile has remained fundamentally unchanged. The convergence

of a wide range of new technologies is leading to an unprecedented shift in the genetic makeup of motor vehicles. Today’s automobiles continue to be powered primarily by petroleum utilizing internal combustion engines, controlled mechanically, and operated solely by the driver. A typical vehicle weighs 20 times as much as its driver, can travel over 500 kilometers without refueling, attains speeds well over 160 kilometers per hour, requires more than 15 square meters for parking, and is parked more than 90 percent of the time. These requirements drive substantial cost, energy, mass, and space inefficiency into the vehicle.

As we electrify, connect, and redesign our vehicles, dramatically different automobiles will begin to appear. • These vehicles will be energized with electricity and

hydrogen, which will increasingly be produced from renewable sources.

• They will be propelled by electric motors and controlled electronically.

• They will be able to operate semi-autonomously to avoid crashes and traffic tie-ups.

• They will also be able to operate fully autonomously, driving and parking themselves.

• They will communicate wirelessly with each other and the infrastructure, and know precisely where they are in relation to other vehicles and the roadway.

• They will be tailored to a range of specific uses, from short urban commutes to long-distance cargo hauling.

With increasing electrification, electronification, and connectivity, the 120-year-old DNA of the automobile will give way to a new DNA that has the potential to dramatically change personal mobility.

随着电气化、电子控制和车联网的发展，具有120年历史的汽车传统“DNA”将被新的“DNA”所取代，并为个人交通带来巨大改变。


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未来的汽车将根据社会的需求设计，但是也会考虑到消费者个体对于便捷和个性化的需求。所以在更高效、清洁、安全的同时，这些汽车也将是智能的、互联的、更具驾驶乐趣并具有众多特殊功能的。例如，为城市居民开发的都市用车，以及为年幼者、残疾人和老年人开发的可自动驾驶的汽车。

新兴科技的融合也将使汽车创意设计成为可能，从而比以往更能激发人们的热情，触动情感。由电机驱动的未来汽车将能够提供强大的瞬间扭力，为人们带来独特的动态体验。通过使用新型材料，车辆的功能性将能被规划至极细层次。未来汽车将极具智能自动调适性——避免撞车事故、对交通信息实时反应、在城市专用车道或道路上自动驾驶、和其它车辆结队行驶、自动泊车。同时，通过实时联网，汽车也可使我们始终与社会和他人沟通，满足我们的社交需求。

每次重大的技术突破和革新都会带来相关产业的变革。汽车新型DNA的出现也为汽车产业提供了重大机遇，改变现有的个人交通出行方式。融合了新兴科技的汽车DNA将把汽车转变成为交通、能源、信息等网络的联接点，并带来与产品和服务相关的新商机，同时强调和重申个人交通发展的积极社会意义：更多的个人自由、更好的个体安全保障以及全球经济和就业率的增长。就像最初汽车的发明所带来的变革一样，个人交通的再次革新最终将改变我们的城市生活和出行方式。

An example of a purpose-built urban vehicle is GM’s ElectricNetworked-Vehicle (EN-V) concept, demonstrated by GM at World Expo 2010 Shanghai. The three versions of the EN-V concept are from the left: Miao (Magic), Jiao (Pride), and Xiao (Laugh). EN-V is propelled by electric motors in each of its two driving wheels. Power is provided by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that produce zero emissions. The concept vehicles can go 40 kilometers on a single charge, which is more than enough for the average urban commute. Its size and maneuverability would enable a parking lot to accommodate five times as many EN-Vs as typical automobiles.

通用汽车在2010上海世博会上展示的EN-V电动联网概念车就是特别研制的都市用车。由左至右，这三款EN-V电动联网概念车的名字分别为：妙、骄、笑。EN-V 概念车由左右两侧车轮上的电机驱动，零排放、可重复充电的锂离子电池一次充电可供汽车行驶40公里，足够满足城市上班族的平日驾驶需求。因为EN-V超小的体积和优异的可操控性，一个普通停车场能停放五倍于普通汽车数量的EN-V概念车。

“Our goal is to promote the development of human society toward an even more harmonious one with any new technology, regardless of what it is. Actually, the development of the transportation system is one of the key issues confronting human society.” – Yang Xiaoguang, Director, Department of Transportation Engineering, and Director, ITS Research Center, Tongji University

“不管出现的是什么新技术，我们的目标都是促进人类社会往更加和谐的方向发展。事实上，交通运输系统的发展是当今人类社会所面临的关键问题之一。”—杨晓光，同济大学交通运输工程学院交通工程系主任、同济大学智能交通运输系统研究中心主任

Although future vehicles will be driven by society’s requirements, they will also be shaped by consumer demand for greater convenience and customization. As a result, besides being more energy efficient, cleaner, and safer, they will also be smart and connected, more fun to own and operate, and offer many special-purpose solutions. For example, there will be city cars for urban dwellers and autonomous vehicles for the young, disabled, and elderly.

The convergence of technology will also enable compelling designs that inspire passion and touch our emotions even more so than today. And because future vehicles will be propelled by electric motors, they will deliver instant torque and unique driving dynamics. They will incorporate new types of materials that enable functionality to be programmed down to the molecular level. They will be intelligent and adaptive – able to avoid crashes, react to real-time traffic information, operate autonomously on dedicated urban lanes or roads, platoon with other vehicles, and park themselves – all while meeting our social networking needs because they will be connected to everything all the time.

Just as paradigm-shifting breakthroughs have transformed other industries, the creation of a new automobile DNA presents a major opportunity for the automotive industry to reinvent personal mobility. The convergence of technologies that make up the new DNA will transform vehicles into interconnected nodes on transportation, power, and information networks. It will drive new product- and service-related business options and opportunities. It will accentuate and reaffirm the societal positives of personal mobility: enhanced personal freedom, increased personal security, and global economic and employment growth. Ultimately – just like the first automobiles – the reinvention of personal mobility will change how we live in our cities and how we move about in our world.


零油耗和零排放

电力驱动使汽车实现零尾气排放。这些汽车可以使用一系列当地生产的能源，其中许多是可再生的能源。它们也

提供了多样化而高效的能源生产和储存方式，包括电池和氢燃料电池。

电动车可以在住宅、停车库和停车场等提供充电设备的地方进行充电。

通过车联网技术实现的自动驾驶能大大提高车流量，从而进一步增加能源使用的效率。事实上，通过优化交通车流，哪怕车辆的平均行驶速度每小时只提高几公里，这些汽车的燃油经济性的提高都将是相当可观的。在与无所不在的信息网、金融网及电网紧密联系的情况下，电力市场可采用动态的“高峰”价格系统。车辆经过编程，可以用智能化方式购电，同时供电设施利用动态定价技术优化整个电网的使用效率。

Freedom from Petroleum and Emissions

Electric drive enables vehicles that produce zero tailpipe emissions. These vehicles can be energized by an array of

domestically produced energy sources, many of which can be renewable; they also support a diversity of efficient energy generation and storage options, including batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.

Powered by these options, electric vehicles can be recharged at home, in parking garages, and at parking spaces equipped with charging facilities.

Autonomous driving, enabled by connectivity, can further increase energy efficiency by dramatically improving traffic flow and throughput. In fact, optimizing traffic flow so that average speeds can be increased by even just a few kilometers per hour can yield a substantial improvement in fuel economy for all affected vehicles. And with ubiquitous connectivity to information and financial networks as well as to the electric grid, the electricity market can adopt dynamic “congestion” pricing. Vehicles programmed to intelligently buy electricity and the electricity infrastructure can use dynamic pricing techniques to optimize usage of the overall electric grid.

EN-V can automatically search for a nearby charging station located directly off of a major highway.

EN-V电动联网概念车可以自动搜寻设于高速公路附近最近的充电站。

THE BENEFITS目标

As we electrify, connect, and redesign our vehicles to create a new DNA, driving in the future will become cleaner, safer, less petroleum-dependent, more convenient, and more fun and fashionable than ever before. 随着汽车不断实现电气化、车联网及创新设计，新型汽车DNA将使未来汽车更清洁、更安全，更少依赖石油，更便捷、更有乐趣、更时尚。


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EN-Vs are able to avoid accidents due to their 360-degree vehicle sensing capability.

通过自身360度感知能力，EN-V电动联网概念车能避开交通事故。

“General Motors’ solution is not only autonomous driving, but autonomy on demand. The fact is if you look at roads, a lot of people are doing things other than driving. The issue is not driver distraction. The issue is driving is the distraction.” – Alan Taub, Vice President of GM Global Research and Development

“通用汽车的解决方案不仅是自动驾驶，更是按需求选择自动驾驶。现实是，现在在路上开车的很多人在开车的同时也在做别的事情。其实不是这些事情让司机分心，而是开车本身是让人分心的事情。”—陶蔼伦，通用汽车全球研发副总裁

零交通事故

自动驾驶技术将使汽车能“感知”周围情况，从而避免撞车或减速至更安全的行驶速度以降低碰撞可能导致的伤

害。此项技术能在根本上消弭车辆碰撞时由速度和冲击力带来的人员伤亡或财产损失。汽车甚至可以设计在轻微碰撞时适度变形，从而把伤害降到最低限度，车皮也可进行特殊设计以承受相互之间的轻微摩擦。当前，通用汽车公司已拥有的车对车、车对道路设施信息交换技术，可作为实现自动驾驶的核心技术。

从安全角度看，汽车的电气化提供了更精确的底盘控制，使车辆反应更灵敏，从而更容易避免碰撞。通用汽车的稳定循迹控制系统（StabiliTrak）有效地降低了某些特定类别碰撞的发生频率。此外，当每个车轮的扭矩都可以由轮毂电机单独控制时，底盘控制则能对车辆安全进一步发挥更大的作用。

从社会的角度看，减小碰撞的力度及碰撞的可能性都会带来众多好处，而且是可行的。因为都市用车将比传统汽车更小更轻，介于行人、自行车、摩托车和汽车、卡车与巴士中间。它们的行驶速度将被设计为相对较低且在可预测的范围，同时智能设计能使其避免许多碰撞。

Freedom from Traffic Accidents

Autonomous vehicle technology will enable vehicles to “sense” what’s around them and act to either avoid a

crash or decelerate to a low enough speed that any impact will do less harm. This capability can ultimately eliminate vehicle collisions at speeds and forces that cause injury or property damage. Should a light collision occur, the vehicles may even be designed to deform lightly under low-impact conditions, and their skins could be designed to allow them to brush lightly against each other. The building blocks of autonomous vehicle technology can be seen today in GM’s vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2V or V2X) communications.

From a safety perspective, vehicle electrification provides the foundation for more precise chassis control, which will make vehicles more responsive and help them better avoid collisions. The benefits are already being seen today with electronic stability control systems like GM’s StabiliTrak, which are highly effective in reducing the frequency of certain types of collisions. If the torque in each wheel can be individually controlled using wheel motors, the potential for chassis controls to increase vehicle safety will be even greater.

From a societal perspective, reducing both the energy of crashes and the likelihood of crashes offers major benefits and should be possible because urban use vehicles will be smaller and lighter than conventional vehicles – falling somewhere in the middle of the spectrum that ranges from pedestrians, bicycles, and motorcycles through cars, trucks, and buses. They will be designed to drive at relatively low and more predictable speeds, and their intelligence will enable them to avoid many more collisions.


EN-Vs seamlessly avoid crashing into other vehicles while traveling through a busy intersection.

EN-V电动联网概念车可以无缝地穿过忙碌的路口而避免与其它车辆的碰撞。

零交通拥堵

车辆之间及车辆和道路周边设施的联网能大大降低行车时间和速度的变量。无论是在市中心行驶还是往返于市

郊，2030年的汽车即使在时速48公里以下的速度平稳持续低速行驶，也会比现今的普通汽车具有更高的平均时速。因为在诸如上海、东京、伦敦等大城市，现在车辆的平均时速其实只有15到25公里。此外，门到门两点之间的旅行时间也会因为自动停车和取车功能而进一步缩短。

未来联网汽车的智能化管理也能加快城市道路车流量，甚至将高于任何现有的公共交通和个人车辆使用流量的总和。汽车可以利用它们的联网通信来和其它车辆结队行驶。它们可以成为一个整体的行驶系统且保持常态间隔地行驶，也可以随时脱离队伍单独行驶。车上的智能系统以及与路边基础设施无线通讯的沟通，使大量汽车同时穿过十字路口，就像大群飞鸟能在飞行中各自转向而不发生碰撞。

车联网能针对拥堵和停车空间提供动态或实时的价格资讯。由于大量汽油事实上都是消耗在寻找停车位上，所以更容易地找到停车位将对交通拥挤、节省燃油和出行时间产生深远影响。

Freedom from Congestion

Connectivity between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure can significantly reduce variations in travel

times and speeds. Even at low but relatively constant speeds below 48 kilometers per hour, the vehicles of 2030 will be able to realize higher average speeds than is typical for today’s cars, whether traveling in downtown areas or commuting from the suburbs. That is because the average traffic speed in the centers of major cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and London is around 15-25 kilometers per hour. Door-to-door times can be further reduced with automated parking and retrieval features.

Intelligent management of networked vehicles can also enable very high throughput on urban roads, probably higher than any current combination of public transportation and automobiles. Vehicles will be able to platoon with other vehicles using virtual communication linkages. This will allow them to drive together as a system while maintaining constant separation; however, they will also be able to separate from the platoon whenever they wish. With on-board intelligence and the ability to communicate wirelessly with the roadside infrastructure, a “swarm” of vehicles will ideally be able to cross an intersection simultaneously, just as a flock of birds can turn in flight without colliding.

Connectivity also enables dynamic or real-time pricing for congestion and parking spaces. Since a large percentage of fuel is consumed searching for parking in congested urban areas, the ability to find parking more quickly could have a substantial effect on reducing congestion, energy use, and overall travel time.

Automated parking and retrieval help save time and fuel costs.

自动停车及取车技术帮助节省时间和能源。


第 9 页

趣味时尚设计

通过电气化和车联网技术的融合，汽车设计将经历一场复兴，许多原有的限制将不复存在或被修订，这将使车辆

能够采用独特的造型设计并应用新兴材料。当所有汽车都装载了同样的电力驱动平台，并可以无线联接、自动操作时，高度个性化的车型能满足高档市场需求，同时标准车型则可以提供给大众市场。比如，电子变色挡风玻璃显示器的设计能满足高档消费者的需求，而帆布顶与简易手持显示器组合的设计则更适合有成本意识的消费大众。在一个交通工具可个性化的世界里，我们的汽车终究会成为时尚的代名词。

车辆电气化带来的最重大的改变之一就是轮毂电机的使用。将动力推进系统转移到汽车的两侧后，车辆将有更多空间放置电池，且能缩小体积，而这正是都市用车的一个重要考量因素。除了提供推进动力，轮毂电机也能将刹车、转向、扭矩向量和稳定性控制整合到汽车的每个角落，从而创造新的移动方式，例如“蟹式”的路边平行停靠和“原地旋转”般的随机灵动性。一般而言，轮毂电机能提供车辆的大多数特性，包括加速轰鸣、制动感和转向增益等。

由于电池电动汽车内部简单且标准化构造，他们比传统的汽油动力车和混合动力车少了很多部件。基于这一优势，汽车设计者可以将车辆成本、重量、复杂性和能源要求做最小化处理。这能简化供应链和组装过程、降低成本，并且便于针对客户需求大量定制，如同个人电脑能够在线配置和线上购买一样。

Fun and Fashionable Design

With the electrification and connectivity of vehicles, vehicle design will undergo a renaissance as many regulatory

constraints are modified or eliminated. This will open up new possibilities for unique forms and materials. While all vehicles could contain the same electric drive platform, be wirelessly connected and be capable of autonomous operation, highly distinctive versions could address the luxury market while standardized versions could supply lower-end segments. For example, electrochromic windshields for projecting a display could cater to the desires of luxury buyers, while canvas tops and no-frills handheld displays could satisfy the cost-conscious. In a world where mobility can be personalized, cars and trucks will be the ultimate fashion statement.

One of the most dramatic changes possible with vehicle electrification is the use of wheel motors. By moving the propulsion system to the corners of the vehicle, more space is made available for batteries and vehicle size can be minimized, which is an important consideration for a city car. In addition to providing propulsion, wheel motors can also integrate braking, steering, torque vectoring, and stability control into each corner of the vehicle and create new ways of moving, such as “crab-like” (sideways) parallel parking and “turn on a dime” maneuverability. In essence, wheel motors can provide most of the vehicle’s character, including acceleration noise, brake feel, and steering gain.

Since battery-electric vehicles are inherently simple and modular in their construction, they can have significantly fewer parts than conventional gasoline-powered vehicles and hybrid-electric vehicles. By taking advantage of these reductions, vehicle designers will be able to minimize vehicle cost, weight, complexity, and energy requirements. This can simplify the supply chain and assembly processes, driving down costs and facilitating mass customization in response to user needs – an approach that is similar to the way personal computers can be configured and purchased online.

EN-V users will be able to customize their vehicles to fit their personal style.

EN-V电动联网概念车的驾驶者能够根据个人风格喜好定制汽车。


社会和城市效益

在车辆层面来看，电气化和车联网能提供个人交通更快捷的出行方案、更稳定的旅途时间、更简化的操控性和停

车，以及个性化的驾驶体验。这两种技术的结合能减少车辆碰撞进而最终避免碰撞。这反过来也使设计小型轻便的汽车成为可能，而轻巧的设计益加有助于电力驱动、电池和氢气储存系统的使用。

在城市层面来看，更小型的电力联网汽车能让城市更具能源经济效益，并且在生产和供给电力的能源上更具选择性。因此，城市将也拥有更清洁的空气、更少的交通事故、更大的交通流量和更高的生产力。少了嘈杂和拥堵，我们的城市将变得更开放、更人性化和更迷人。

在国家和全球层面上来说，包括氢、电、灵活燃料等的能源多样化可以减少对石油的依赖。使用更高能源效率和可再生的燃料可以大大减少汽车尾气中温室气体的排放。智能车辆和道路可以减少交通事故并提高个人交通的安全性。

有时人们会认为全球的可持续发展需要减少城市的个人交通。然而，这忽略了个人交通对于现代城市的经济、社会和文化生活的必要性。也有人说汽车拥有权造成了社会公平性问题，但是减少汽车而形成的个人交通成本增长，会为“有无交通权”这一命题造成更大的社会鸿沟。与抑制个人交通需求相反，一个更加现实可行的解决途径是使个人交通变得更低价、更安全、更环保和更能源高效。

Societal and Urban Benefits

At the vehicle level, electrification and connectivity will provide enhanced personal mobility in terms of faster

trips and reduced trip time variation, easier maneuverability and parking, and a personalized ride experience. The synergy of these two technology streams also will enable crash avoidance and, ultimately, cars that do not crash. This, in turn, will make it possible to design smaller, lighter vehicles that are more conducive to electric drive, batteries, and hydrogen storage systems.

At the urban level, smaller electric networked vehicles will help cities become more energy efficient. Municipalities also will have a greater number of choices in the energy sources they use to generate and provide electricity. Cities, therefore, will have cleaner air, fewer accidents, improved traffic throughput, and increased productivity. They will feel more open, livable, and attractive, with less noise and congestion.

At the country and global levels, diversified energy sources including flexfuels, hydrogen, and electricity will reduce dependence on petroleum. Higher energy efficiency and use of renewable fuels will dramatically decrease greenhouse gas emissions from the automobile fleet. Intelligent vehicles and roadways will reduce traffic accidents and increase the safety of personal transportation.

It is sometimes argued that global sustainability requires a reduction in urban personal mobility. However, this ignores the fact that personal mobility is crucial to the economic, social, and cultural life of modern cities. It is also sometimes said that automobile ownership generates a social equity problem. Increasing the cost of personal mobility by making it scarce will actually create a larger gap between the mobility “haves” and “have-nots.” Instead of resisting the demand for personal mobility, a more realistic and equitable solution is to make it less expensive, safer, more environmentally benign, and more energy efficient.

Intelligent vehicles will help increase the efficiency of urban infrastructure through autonomous driving, platooning, and prioritized lanes for emergency vehicles.

通过自动驾驶、结队行驶、为紧急车辆安排优先车道，未来的智能汽车可以增加城市交通基础设施的使用效益。


第 11 页

What is Vehicle Electrification? 什么是车辆电气化?

Vehicle electrification is where the motor vehicle is powered partially or fully by electric motors. The path to electrification includes traditional hybrids, plug-in hybrids, battery-electric vehicles, and range-extended electric vehicles where incremental electric power can be generated by combined power sources. One of the key features of the path to electrification is that electric power can be generated by a wide variety of new energy sources: natural gas, clean coal, nuclear power, and renewable resources like hydro, wind, and solar power. But regardless of the source, the power can be delivered through a common electric grid infrastructure.

汽车的电气化是指汽车部分或全部由电机驱动。汽车的电气化发展过程包括传统混合动力车、插电式混合动力车、电池电动汽车和增程型电动汽车等由不同的能源所产生的电力所驱动的汽车。电气化之路的主要特点之一是电力可以由多种新能源产生：天然气、清洁煤、核能、以及水能、风能、太阳能等可再生资源。但不论其来源是何处，电力都可由普通电网输送。

“It is the battery in electric vehicles that offers us an opportunity to make use of the vehicles as electrical appliances. Together with flexible technology, we will make the development of a smart grid more meaningful.” – Lai Xiaokang, Director, Institute of Superconductivity, China Electric Power Research Institute

“对于电动汽车电池来说，它这种用电器既有一部分刚性的要求，而我们又可以用柔性技术来解决问题，这就让我们有一个使智能电网的发展更有意义的机遇。”—来小康，中国电力科学研究院超导电力研究所所长兼电工与新材料研究所副所长

有一点越来越清楚，汽车电气化是解决包括能源消耗、温室气体排放以及空气和噪音污染在内的城市交通问题的

一个重要途径。尽管世界各地的汽车制造商和政府机构在电力驱动汽车方面已取得了巨大进步，但要让电动汽车得到广泛采用，仍有许多关键的挑战有待克服。

电气化发展的重要驱动因素

充电：必须解决大量电动汽车同时充电给电网带来的冲击。如果将中国现有的汽车全部替换为电动车，国家需

要将其现有电力总装机容量翻番。但是，如果我们充分利用智能电网，避开用户高峰时段，在用电低谷时段充电，这个问题是可以得到解决的，并且由此可能提高电力系统的利用效率。

成本与便利性：锂离子电池大约70%的成本来自于电池组，而电池组超过一半的成本来自于原材料。因此降低电池原材料成本是降低电池成本的关键。解决方式之一是大批量生产以降低成本，预计2020年生产的汽车中约有五分之一为电动车。降低电池成本、提高便利性的另一个方式是转换商业模式，如电池租赁或交换，以及电池的梯次利用，即电动车车辆使用周期结束后，其电池仍然具有很大价值，可以用于固定型发电系统等其它储能用途。

It is becoming increasingly clear that the electrification of the motor vehicle is an important option for addressing many

urban transportation issues, including energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and air and noise pollution. While automakers and government institutions around the world have made great progress on electrically driven vehicle solutions, a number of critical challenges must still be overcome to enable their widespread adoption.

Key Enablers to the Expansion of Electrification

Charging: A critical challenge that must be resolved is the impact of potentially large numbers of electric vehicles

being charged on the power grid at the same time. If all existing automobiles in China were replaced by electric vehicles, the country would need to double its electricity-generation capacity. Maximizing the smart grid during peak and valley hours should help remedy this challenge.

Cost and Convenience: About 70 percent of the cost of a lithium-ion battery is in the cell bundle and more than half of the cost of a cell bundle is for the raw materials. Any cost reduction effort, therefore, should focus on decreasing the cost of the cells. Volume-driven cost reductions can be expected, assuming that one in every five new vehicles produced is electrified to some extent by 2020. Another way to bring down the battery cost and improve convenience for consumers is through alternative business models such as battery leasing or swapping schemes. At the end of an electric vehicle’s life, its battery will still have great value, enabling it to be reused for other energy storage applications such as load leveling for stationary power.

THE SOLUTIONS解决方案Electrification电气化


通用性：为确保消费者接受电动车，需要对电池和充电设施制定通用标准。通用的标准能面对不断变化的工业需求，让电池的交换更加便利。

合作：要使电动汽车为大众消费者普遍接受，需要广泛、可靠的基础设施。建设这些基础设施需要多方合作，包括政府、汽车厂商和供应商、能源和公共事业部门。合作还有利于制定电动汽车技术的全球标准及全球统一的准则和规定。

中国政府的支持

中国政府已将汽车电气化作为一项优先项目，并在国家发展战略中推出多项重要计划，包括推动电力公共交通、

强调发展个人交通中紧凑型电动车、并不断发展混合动力和节能内燃机。

中国政府的目标是到2015年中国电动汽车保有量达到50万至100万辆。中国政府确定了“三纵三横”的研发布局，即以混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车和燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以电机、电控和电池为“三横”。中国政府还将投入60亿元人民币大力促进电池研发，主要集中在提高电池的能量密度和功率密度的同时降低成本。另外，中国在电机的关键材料稀土矿产方面也具有无可比拟的资源优势。

除了汽车技术，政府也在逐步建设电动车所需的充电设施。中国四个国家部委共同启动了“十城千辆”（十城千辆节能与新能源汽车示范推广应用工程）计划，并已列入国家“十二五”规划。中国国家电网已经和多个地市级以上政府签署了建设电动车充电设施的协议。中国政府计划到2010年末在27个城市建立75个充电站和6000个充电桩。这个项目总的目标是到2016年建设1万个充电站。

Commonality: To ensure the ready acceptance of electric vehicles, common standards for batteries and charging facilities are required. Common standards will make it easier for utilities to address changing industry needs and enable battery swapping.

Cooperation: Without a comprehensive, reliable infrastructure, electric vehicles will not be more than niche products. The creation of such an infrastructure requires cooperation among key stakeholders, including governments, automotive companies and suppliers, and utilities. Collaboration among these groups will also support the development of global standards for electric vehicle technology and the formulation of unified global guidelines and regulations.

Chinese Government Support

The Chinese government has made the electrification of the automobile a priority, launching several important

programs. The government has introduced electricity-based public transit, put a special emphasis on compact electric vehicles for personal transportation, and continued progress on hybrid-electric and energy-efficient internal combustion engines.

The government’s goal is to have from 500,000 to 1 million electric vehicles on China’s roads by 2015. This will be realized through its “Three Verticals and Three Horizontals” strategy. The Three Verticals encompass three vehicle platforms – hybrid-electric, pure battery-electric and fuel cell-electric vehicles – while the Three Horizontals are the common building blocks required across all of these platforms – electric motors, power controls, and battery technology. The Chinese government is investing more than RMB 6 billion in advanced battery development, with a focus on increasing both the energy density and power density of batteries developed in China as well as bringing down costs. China has a natural resource advantage in critical materials for electric motors.

Beyond vehicle technology, the government is also taking steps to create the charging infrastructure required for electric-drive vehicles. The “1,000 New-Energy Vehicles in 10 Cities” program is being jointly promoted by four government ministries and commissions as part of China’s 12th Five-Year Plan, which is being finalized. The State Grid has already signed agreements with many governments above the prefecture level to construct electric vehicle charging facilities. By the end of 2010, the government hopes to have 75 charging stations and 6,000 charging poles in 27 cities. The overall goal of the program is to have about 10,000 charging stations by 2016.

“The Chinese government is encouraging energy-efficient vehicles on a large scale. Progress will be made not only in electrification but also in energy-efficient internal combustion engines, and the energy consumption of vehicles will be substantially reduced.” – Yu Zhuoping, Director, Tongji University Automotive Institute

“大家看到了中国政府现在在大规模地推广节能车，而且所做的努力不光是在电动化方面，也体现在节能内燃机方面，整体工作应该说是个齐头并进的过程，以使车用能源的消耗最大程度地降下来。”—余卓平，同济大学汽车学院院长


第 13 页

通用汽车雪佛兰Volt沃蓝达和电动车技术

通用汽车计划于今年年底在美国推出雪佛兰Volt沃蓝达增程型电动车，该车将于明年下半年在中国上市。Volt沃

蓝达电动车在解决对能源的依赖和保护环境等问题的同时，关注人的开车习惯，无须让车主对车的使用做出任何妥协，是一部真正适合消费者的车型。

Volt沃蓝达仅靠单次充电，纯电动模式下不使用汽油可行驶长达80公里的距离，这一数据根据地貌、温度和驾驶技术等要素可能有所浮动。当电池电能用完后，发电机将启动发电供汽车再行驶490公里。在电动模式下，Volt沃蓝达由16千瓦小时的锂离子电池组供电。这个小型的电池组可以同时提供增程电力行驶所需的高能密度和加速所需的高功率密度。

Volt沃蓝达电动车的电池与通用汽车在1996年推向市场的一款电池电动车EV1使用的铅酸电池相比，其体积和重量都有明显的降低。Volt沃蓝达电动车的T-Pack电池组是首个为大规模量产车设计的液体冷却式电池组。该电池组将化学物和电池管理系统优化结合，在整个汽车使用周期内提供稳定可靠的动力。

通用汽车在全球多个地区为各个细分市场的车型建立了电池电动车测试计划，希望了解全球用户对电池电动车的接受度、市场需求、驾驶模式和充电方式的实际应用。

GM’s Chevrolet Volt and Electric Vehicle Technology

GM is rolling out the Chevrolet Volt electric vehicle with extended-range capability as part of its path to

electrification. It will be introduced in China in the second half of 2011. The Volt is a “customer’s car” because it does not ask the user to make any compromises while addressing the broader issues of energy independence and the environment.

The Volt delivers up to 80 kilometers of electric-only, gas-free driving from a single battery charge (depending on terrain, temperature, and driver use). After the battery is depleted, its engine-generator produces electricity to extend the overall range up to an additional 490 kilometers. In electric mode, the Volt is powered by its 16-kilowatt-hour lithium-ion battery pack that provides the high energy density needed for increased electric range and the high power density required for acceleration – all in a minimized package.

The Volt’s battery design represents a substantial reduction in size and weight compared to the lead-acid battery technology used in the EV1 battery-electric vehicle that GM developed and brought to market in 1996. The Volt’s T-shaped battery pack is the first liquid-cooled pack designed for a mass-produced vehicle. The chemistry and battery management system have been optimized in tandem to provide smooth and consistent power flow over the life of the vehicle.

GM is establishing battery-electric vehicle demonstration fleets in multiple regions of the world and in different vehicle segments. The goal is to obtain real-world data on battery-electric vehicle acceptance, market needs, driving patterns, and charging behavior.

“The Volt is really a customer’s car because it does not ask the customer to make any compromises, while addressing the broader issues of energy independence and the environment. You get very good performance and you get great fuel economy. In fact, most of the time you will not have to go to the petrol pump or the gas station.” – Prabhakar Patil, CEO, Compact Power, Inc.

“Volt沃蓝达是真正属于消费者的车，因为它不要求客户作出任何牺牲，同时又解决很多的问题，包括环境、能源等等。你能得到很好的性能表现，同时还会得到很高的燃油经济性。而且，很多时候你根本不必去加油站加油或者加气。”—普拉哈卡·帕提尔，CompactPower首席执行官

2011 Chevrolet Volt

2011雪佛兰Volt沃蓝达增程型电动车


Drivers are connected to their social networks in the vehicles through the mobility Internet.

驾驶者在车上通过车联网与他们的社交网络互联。

在过去的20年里，互联网改变了人们的工作和生活方式。今天，人们通过互联网相互联接，并通过各种不同类型

的互联网服务进行互动。近年来，这种联接的范围从人们的家庭和工作场所延伸到了汽车。

车联网是建立在互联网、道路交通设施网以及能源网络三大网络之上的。车联网致力于解决诸如交通堵塞、道路交通安全、能源消耗、空气质量、道路使用等城市所面临的问题，同时提供给使用者全新的驾驶感受，例如自动驾驶和位置定位服务。

Over the past 20 years, the Internet has changed the way people work and live. Today, people are connected and

interact with each other via a wide range of Internet services. In recent years, this connectivity has been extended from people’s homes and offices to their vehicles through the mobility Internet.

The mobility Internet represents the underpinning of the convergence of the Internet, roadside transportation infrastructure, and power networks. It offers the promise of addressing major urban challenges including traffic congestion, roadway safety, energy consumption, air quality, and land use, while simultaneously enabling autonomous driving and location-based services.

Mobility Internet车联网

What is the Mobility Internet? 什么是车联网?

The mobility Internet refers to both traditional telematics and newly emerging infotainment services delivered to vehicle occupants via wireless and Internet communications, and the smart vehicle capability enabled through connectivity between vehicles and pedestrians, the transportation infrastructure, the Internet, and the power grid.

车联网是指将传统的车载信息处理和新兴的信息娱乐服务通过无线网络和互联网通信应用于汽车。通过汽车与行人、汽车与交通基础设施、汽车与互联网和电网之间的信息联通，使汽车具有智能性。

“The mobility internet needs to begin with cars, first by linking cars with the Internet by integrating mobile devices with in-vehicle equipment, then by integrating cars with other vehicles and the infrastructure, and connecting cars to the existing mobile Internet.” – Guo Xingang, Principal Engineer and Senior Director, Embedded Platform and Applications Research, Intel Labs

“车联网技术需要从汽车本身开始。首先我们需要将移动通信设备与车载通讯设备进行整合，然后我们需要将车辆与其他车辆以及周围交通基础设施进行整合，最后将车辆与既有的车联网系统进行整合。”—郭新钢，英特尔实验室嵌入式平台和应用首席工程师及高级总监

“The mobility Internet is more than the mere linkage of two vehicles. It also links people with functions they wish to utilize. It will not only bring about a transportation revolution but will also trigger a social revolution.”– Yang Xiaoguang, Director, Department of Transportation Engineering and Director, ITS Research Center Tongji University

“车联网已经不再是仅仅把两辆车相联，它是把人和人想要实现的功能做了联通，所以它带来的不仅是交通的革命，也是社会的革命。”—杨晓光，同济大学交通运输工程学院交通工程系主任、同济大学智能交通运输系统（ITS）研究中心主任


第 15 页

车载信息娱乐服务

类似通用汽车公司旗下的安吉星等车载及信息娱乐服务提供商已经开始为车辆提供车载安全、应急服务、全程音

控导航（turn-by-turn）、互联网应用服务、以及许多其他便利的信息娱乐功能。车联网和自动驾驶将为消费者提供车载远程信息处理和信息娱乐等服务。例如，您能够与家人在周末度假的路上观看现场直播的足球比赛；或者您能够在去办公室的路上参加视频电话会议；您的汽车甚至可以为您摄下沿途所见，并把照片上传到您最喜欢的社交网站，和朋友们分享。

信息互联和智能驾驶是车联网的另一个关键特征。新的无线通信技术，譬如专用短程通信技术(DSRC)以及3G/4G无线宽带正在应用到车辆中以便在车辆与车辆之间、车辆与行人之间、车辆与路边的基础设施之间、甚至是车辆与电网之间进行互相交流。结合先进的传感技术、计算和控制能力的车辆，将实现零事故和零交通拥堵的全新交通模式。

在不久的将来，车辆在行驶过程中将能够“感受”到它周围的环境，并对其做出反应。它能避开碰撞，或者立即将速度降低以避免可能的伤害。此项技术最终可以避免车辆碰撞时由速度和冲击力带来的人员伤亡或财产损失。

车载智能系统以及车辆与道路基础设施实时无线通讯的特性，使大队汽车同时穿过十字路口，就像大群飞鸟能在飞行中各自转向而不发生碰撞，或者一群人同时穿过拥挤的十字路口而不会相互碰撞。

车联网还能使智能的道路通行收费方式成为可能，为解决道路拥堵和停车位稀缺问题提供解决方案。在城市里，由于很大部分的汽油总是消耗在寻找停车位上，所以方便停车将对交通拥挤、节省燃油及出行时间产生巨大影响。

自动驾驶将让那些以前不能享受个人交通工具的人使用汽车，包括老人、小孩和残障人士。

Telematics Infotainment Services

Telematics and infotainment service providers like GM’s OnStar are already delivering in-vehicle security, emergency

services, turn-by-turn navigation, Internet apps, and many other convenience and infotainment features. The mobility Internet and autonomous driving will enable in-vehicle telematics and infotainment. For example, you may be able to watch a live soccer game during your weekend trip with your family or participate in a videoconference on the way to the office. Your vehicle will even be able to act as an “avatar” to take pictures and upload them on your favorite social network website to share what you have seen with your friends.

Connectivity and smart driving are the other major elements of the mobility Internet. New wireless communication technologies such as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and 3G/4G wireless broadband are being implemented in vehicles to enable them to “talk” with other vehicles, pedestrians, the roadside infrastructure, and even the power grid. Combined with sophisticated sensing, computing and control capabilities, this will enable a new paradigm of accident-free and congestion-free transportation.

In the near future, vehicles will be able to “sense” what’s around them and act to either avoid a crash or decelerate to a low enough speed that any impact will do no harm. This capability can ultimately eliminate vehicle collisions at speeds and forces that cause injury or property damage.

With on-board intelligence and the ability of vehicles to communicate wirelessly with the roadside infrastructure, a “swarm” of vehicles may be able to cross an intersection simultaneously, just as a flock of birds can turn in flight without colliding or a crowd of people can cross a busy intersection without bumping into one another.

Connectivity also enables sophisticated congestion pricing of road and parking spaces. Since a large percentage of gasoline is consumed in the search for parking in congested urban areas, the ability to find parking more easily could have a substantial effect on congestion, energy use, and overall travel time.

Autonomous driving will also make personal transportation accessible to people who previously could not enjoy it, including the elderly, children, and the disabled.

GM’s OnStar is the world’s first in-vehicle, hands-free voice communication system. It uses GPS and satellite communications to link vehicle users to OnStar advisers who offer a host of services ranging from providing driving directions to arranging emergency assistance on a 24/7 basis.

通用汽车安吉星服务系统是世界首款车内免提音频通讯系统，它使用全球定位系统和卫星通讯将车辆使用者和安吉星服务人员相互联系，后者可以为前者提供从驾驶导航到24小时紧急救助的全方位服务。


“ A single spark can start a prairie fire. We aim to ignite the sparks of intelligent connected vehicles in every city in China, and when these ‘sparks’ echo with the thoughts of all people in the society, they will start a ‘prairie fire’ of development.”– John Du, Director, GM China Science Lab

“星星之火可以燎原。中国有很多小城市，能够让智能互联车在那里行驶的环境就是星星之火，当这个星星之火跟全社会人们心里想的产生共鸣的时候就能够燎原。”— 杜江凌，通用汽车中国科学研究院院长

成功的关键要素

车联网广泛应用的时机也已经到来，这一论点已为广大业界人士所公认。但是，车联网技术的发展还需要许多关

键利益相关者、汽车厂商、供应商、能源和信息技术行业、电力公司及公共事业部门、学术和研究团体以及政府机构之间相互合作。

为了加速其成功运用，需要开展以下工作： • 在未来发展的过程中，我们需要展开进一步的研究工作来确

定未来智能互联汽车的外观、操作性能以及其所需要具备的功能特征、可接受的性能和故障自动防止技术。

• 我们还需要通过更多的研究工作来集中解决如何更好地将车联网的功能整合到汽车中，以及从哪些近期应用技术开始入手等问题。

• 另一个研究工作领域是致力于解决智能互联车辆与现有传统车辆如何在过渡期内共存的问题。

• 我们还将致力于不断开发新的软件及硬件设施，从而确保车联网技术与正在快速发展的电脑、通信、电子产品及软件等其他技术保持同步。

• 实现车联网必须解决的另一个主要问题是如何提供安全且私密的操作环境。政府机构需要制定新的法律和标准来应对这些技术的发展，并建立一个安全的系统来抵御长久以来在互联网中危害信息安全及个人隐私的种种威胁。

• 最后，基础设施在最初阶段还需要资金方面的支持，以激励消费者选择最新但价格相对昂贵的科技。

这些措施都应从今天开始着手，因为车联网很快将成为一种生活方式。安吉星在美国、加拿大和中国已经有了600万的用户，从安吉星被市场迅速接受这一现实情况可以看出新时代消费者对电子产品的渴望，这同时也表明汽车消费者已经做好了迎接未来的准备。

What is Required

There is broad consensus that the time for the deployment of the mobility Internet has arrived. However, its development

and growth will require cooperation among many key stakeholders, including automotive companies, suppliers, the energy and information technology industries, utilities, the academic and research community, and government institutions.

There are a number of steps that must be taken to speed up its successful implementation:• Research needs to be carried out to identify what an

intelligent connected vehicle of the future should look like, what features it should possess, what constitutes acceptable performance, and how the technology can be made fail-safe.

• Additional research will be needed to optimize how the features of the mobility Internet can best be integrated into vehicles over time and to identify the most important near-term applications.

• The coexistence of intelligent connected vehicles and conventional vehicles during a transition period must be addressed.

• New software and hardware will be required to ensure that vehicles and the mobility Internet can keep up with rapid changes in computer and communications technology, consumer electronics, and software.

• Providing a secure and private operating environment will require that governments take a lead role in formulating new laws and standards, and support the adoption of security measures that address the ongoing threat to the Internet, which endangers information security and privacy.

• Finally, financial support is required for infrastructure to provide incentives for the adoption of new, more costly technology by consumers at the initial stage.

Action on all these fronts is necessary today because connectivity enabled through the mobility Internet will soon become a way of life. The rapid acceptance of OnStar – which has almost 6 million subscribers in the U.S., Canada, and China – and the thirst for new consumer electronics are strong signs that vehicle owners are ready and eager to embrace the future.

With platooning, cars will be able to connect according to their destination, distances will be maintained automatically, cars will start and stop simultaneously, and the number of passengers they can collectively carry will exceed that of a modern bus.

通过车辆结队行驶，汽车可以根据目的地互相联接。车与车将自动保持一定间距，汽车可以同时起步或停止，其总共可搭载的乘客人数也将超过现今的公交车。


第 17 页

The Tianjin Eco-City is a landmark bilateral project between China and Singapore, with private-sector investment and development. Located in the Tianjin Binhai New Area (40 kilometers from the city center), the 30-square-kilometer Tianjin Eco-City is envisioned as a harmonious and sustainable community that meets the needs of an urbanizing China and will be a modern township where 350,000 residents can live, work, and play.

天津生态城市是中国和新加坡私企投资和发展标志性的双边项目。30平方公里的天津生态城位于天津滨海新区(距离天津城市中心40公里)，将被建设成为一个和谐的可持续发展社区，可满足中国城市化的需求，同时也将成为一座可供35万人居住、工作和休闲娱乐的现代化城市。

Redesigning the Urban Landscape城市蓝图再规划

研究显示，大城市在利用资源和土地促进经济发展方面较中小城市更具效率。预计在今后的40年中，中国将出现

20至25个都市群落支撑全国的经济发展。对于上海这样的大城市，管理城市发展和最大化利用资源的一种方式是开发城郊区域并在主城区周边建设卫星城。

由于人们越来越远离工作地点及城市中心，进而对交通系统提出了新的需求，并需要为此制定一系列新的交通策略，包括扩充现有公共交通系统的容量、使用更清洁的燃料、利用多元公共交通方式。这种城市交通混合模式将是地铁、公交、步行、自行车和个人车辆等方式的不断融合。

道路基础设施必须允许使用不同技术的车辆同时并存，包括新能源汽车在内的各种车辆。通过为不同的车辆设立专用车道和高架路能使城市道路适应“多样化”交通方式。因为现有的公共交通网络无法满足额外的需求，而完全取消乘用车作为出行方案既不具可行性，也无现实意义。况且，扩建这样的交通网络也十分昂贵。

Studies have found that large cities are more efficient than small and medium-sized cities in the use of resources and

land to support economic development. In China, it is estimated that within 40 years, some 20-25 urban centers will support the entire nation’s economic growth. One way that cities like Shanghai are managing urban growth and maximizing resources is by building suburban developments and satellite cities around the core city.

The movement of people farther away from their jobs and the city center has created additional needs for transportation, necessitating a new set of transportation strategies that factor in expanding the capacity of existing mass transit systems, cleaning up fuels, and leveraging multiple transportation methods. The urban transportation mix will need to continue factoring in some combination of subways, rapid-transit buses, walking, biking, and personal vehicles.

The roadway infrastructure will need to be “multi-modal,” with dedicated lanes or elevated highways that enable the various forms of transportation – including advanced technology vehicles – to coexist. It is not practical or realistic to eliminate the passenger car as a mobility option because existing public transportation networks will not be capable of handling additional demand. Moreover, the expansion of such networks can be very costly.


A “multi-modal” roadway infrastructure for future urban transportation.

未来城市交通的“多样化”道路系统。

当今，传统汽车所排放的废气仅为七十年代法规还不完善时期生产的汽车的一小部分。但是，随着对于汽车需求的增长，以及由此产生的对可持续的交通能源模式的要求，通过提升驱动系统效率和发展能源多样化来提升未来汽车动力系统便成了关注重点。

我们应该给予电动汽车优先发展权，包括混合动力、插电式混合动力、电池电力和燃料电池车。这些汽车创造了一种使用电能的新途径，并为汽车开发了广泛的新能源：天然气、清洁煤、核能和可再生能源比如氢、风能和太阳能等。

即使电动车必须使用部分由煤生产的动力，但是其能量消耗和二氧化碳排放仍然比汽油和柴油车低。像电动自行车、电动摩托车和EN-V电动联网概念车这样的小型电动车，其二氧化碳排放量比汽油和柴油车要低很多倍。

中国政府重视电动车的开发，把它作为解决环境污染、交通拥堵、交通安全、公共健康与汽车工业等问题的“全球本土化”概念的一部分，它将全球政策和技术与当地的发展战略融合在一起。像许多其他国家一样，中国也已向实施“生态城市设计”迈进，其目标是通过有效利用土地、交通、设计、建筑、材料、能源以及水资源来推动可持续发展政策。

Today’s passenger vehicles produce just a fraction of the pollutants that were emitted by vehicles manufactured before they began to be regulated in the 1970s. Nevertheless, with growing vehicle demand and the need for a more sustainable transportation energy model, it is critical to focus development of future automotive propulsion systems on both powertrain efficiency and energy diversity.

Development of electrically driven vehicles such as hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery-electric and fuel cell vehicles should be a priority. These vehicles create the pathway to electricity, which provides the opportunity to tap into a wide range of new energy sources for automobiles: natural gas, clean coal, nuclear power, and renewable resources like hydro, wind, and solar power.

Even where electric vehicles will have to utilize power generated by coal, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions will still be slightly lower than for gasoline and diesel vehicles. With very small electric vehicles such as electric bicycles, motorbikes and EN-V-type vehicles, well-to-wheels carbon dioxide emissions may be many times lower than for gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles.

The government of China is focused on electric vehicles as part of its “glocal” concept, which combines global policies and technology with local development strategies to address pollution, congestion, safety, public health, and mobility. Like many other countries, China has begun to address “eco city design.” The aim is to optimize the use of land, water, energy, structures, materials, and transportation to support the principles of sustainable development.


第 19 页

“It’s a very attractive system. Call it up when you need it. Only take a small vehicle with you. Go exactly to the place you want to go. If we hadn’t invented the car a hundred years ago I guess someone would invent it now and say that’s the answer.”– John Miles, Global Leader of Energy, Resources and Industry, Arup Group

“这是一个非常有吸引力的系统。你需要它的时候呼叫就行。只要随身有一辆小车，就可以到达你想去的地方。如果我们没有在一百年前发明汽车，我猜现在也会有人发明的，并把它称之为解决方案。”— 迈尔斯，奥雅纳集团全球能源和工业部主席

Intelligent vehicles and infrastructure will enable different forms of personal and public transportation to coexist in harmony.

智能化汽车和智能化道路基础设施使各种不同的个人和公共交通工具和谐共存。

可持续发展的城市和交通网络

新的规划方式可以使城市和交通系统更环保、更好地向不断增长的城市人口提供更高的生活质量，使城市生活更

美好。最终，我们还是要将个人汽车纳入这一解决方案。

在这些新型的先进城市交通技术解决方案中，汽车电气化因其可操作性强而具有明显优势。随着电动车进入商业化阶段，中国及其他国家政府机构通过促进技术发展、电动车的部署、充电设施的建设、早期用户补贴和其它鼓励措施，以及公共教育等来促进市场的接受度。

汽车制造商也在为雪佛兰Volt沃蓝达这类的电动车进入市场做积极准备。通用汽车正在利用汽车电气化和电子化，包括电子设备、控制系统和软件等，来发展未来新技术和解决方案，例如车联网、主动安全系统和自动驾驶系统。虽然许多智能化的功能现在还未进入商业化阶段，但是其可行性已经由2010年上海世博会上展示的EN-V这样的未来概念车所验证。


要将这些先进技术从概念推广到未来的商业化生产，且保证消费者对于这些新型汽车和基础设施技术的接受度，

需要所有利益相关方共同合作。其中包括了政府相关部门和机构、国家实验室、科研机构、汽车原始设备制造商和供应商、能源和公用事业部门、通讯公司、基础设施开发商以及大学院校等。

对于亚洲来说这是一个极好的机遇，特别是中国这个目前世界上最大的汽车市场。若能藉此开诚合作，必定能在未来实现这些交通发展方案，塑造全新的城市环境，并让越来越多的城市居住者从中受益。

Sustainable Cities and Transportation Networks

New approaches to planning are making cities and transportation systems more environmentally friendly

and able to deliver a higher quality of life to the growing urban population. The endgame continues to include the personal vehicle as part of the solution.

Among the many new advanced technology solutions for urban areas, vehicle electrification is making great headway because it can be implemented quickly. As electric vehicles enter the commercialization stage, government institutions in China and elsewhere are supporting their market acceptance through policy initiatives that promote technology development, electric vehicle deployment and charging infrastructure construction, subsidies and incentives for early adopters, and public education.

Automakers are preparing to bring electrically driven vehicles such as the Chevrolet Volt to the market. GM is also leveraging vehicle electrification and electronification – which encompasses electronics, controls and software – to develop future advanced technologies and solutions such as connected vehicle, active safety, and autonomous driving systems. Although many of these intelligent features are not yet ready for commercialization, they are being demonstrated in future concepts such as GM’s EN-V showcased at Expo 2010.

What is Required

Going from concept to commercialization and securing consumer acceptance of new vehicle and infrastructure

technology will require cooperation by all key stakeholders. They include government institutions, national labs and research bodies, automotive OEMs and suppliers, utilities, communications companies, infrastructure developers, and the academic community.

The greatest opportunity may be in Asia – particularly China, which has become the world’s largest vehicle market. By working collaboratively, those with a stake in the future can realize viable transportation solutions that help shape the urban environment and benefit the growing number of urban dwellers.


都市现状—未来设计家所面临的挑战

五十年前，上海的人口密度大约是每平方公里1700人；到2008年，这个数字已经增长到了每平方公里3000人，在

人口最为密集的地区，甚至达到了每平方公里4万人。而且这种趋势并无缓和的迹象。

城市社区正以各种方式解决交通需求问题。人们意识到，城市需要为交通设施分配足够的空间，人类及其相关产物需要与自然环境和谐共存。同时，人们还认识到具有历史意义的区域如上海外滩，也需要得到保护。上海等大城市正在通过建立卫星城市来解决城市发展问题。但是，这样一来城市居民上下班距离更远，进而对交通系统产生了新的挑战。尽管对于城市规划者来说，公共交通仍然是城市规划的重点，但个人交通带来的便利和自由，使人们对它的依赖和需求持续增长。

满足人们对于公共交通和可持续、个性化的交通工具的需求，需要设计师和城市规划者的共同努力。同时，完善的交通解决方案也将继续提高人们在城市的生活质量。

出类拔萃的个性化

乘用车不仅仅是一个运送乘客和货物的工具。它们在满足用户基本交通需求的同时，还能代表消费者的个性。

这是设计的关键角色所在。汽车设计的主要趋势之一是让驾驶者的汽车彰显个性化。而这功能一向是借助新兴科技的产生来完成的。 • 设计师能够从根本上改变汽车的外观造型，使汽车拥有更加

新颖、更有创意的外型，达到外型与功能的完美契合——通用汽车在EN-V电动联网概念车上成就了这两个特点。

• 汽车制造商能够缩小配件的大小，让设计师更能自由发挥，设计出易于使用、空间宽敞、实用性强的汽车内饰。

• 汽车驾驶者个人能依其所好制定车辆。这能为汽车制造商在售后市场上创造新的商机。

• 社交经验的积累能创造对人机互动界面的需求，包括操控、视觉显示、听觉系统、触觉系统、人类工程学系统、以及新的通讯、娱乐和信息功能。

• 通过GPS技术、远程传感设备、数字地图以及无线通信技术和电子控制技术的发展，车辆将可以进行主动安全防护，并最终实现自动驾驶，自行设计以及创造新的功能。

Urban Realities – The Challenge for Designers of the Future

Fifty years ago, the population density of Shanghai was about 1,700 people per square kilometer; by 2008, it had increased

to 3,000 people per square kilometer, and in the most densely populated areas there are now more than 40,000 people per square kilometer. There is no sign of this trend slowing.

Urban communities are addressing transportation needs in various ways. There is a realization that they must allocate sufficient space to transportation facilities, and that people, their products, and the environment need to coexist. At the same time, it is understood that historic areas like Shanghai’s Bund need to be preserved. One way that cities like Shanghai are doing this is through the construction of satellite cities; however, this approach is creating new transportation challenges as urban dwellers move farther away from their jobs. Although public mass transit will remain an extremely important focus of urban planners, the demand for personal transportation and the freedom it offers will continue to increase.

It is through the joint efforts of designers and city planners that the needs for public mass transportation and the desire for sustainable, personalized vehicles can be balanced. With cooperation, city life will continue to improve through thoughtfully designed transportation solutions.

Individuality, Standing Out in a Crowd

Passenger cars are much more than mere consumer goods for moving people and their products. They are aspirational

items that make a statement about their users while fulfilling basic transportation needs.

This is where design plays a key role. One of the key trends in automotive design is to offer car buyers the ability to “personalize” their vehicles. This has been greatly enhanced by the advent of new technologies.• Designers will be able to radically alter the shape of vehicles,

giving them a more novel, more innovative appearance and better aligning form with function – as GM did in the creation of the EN-V concepts.

• Automakers will be able to reduce the size of components, giving designers the freedom to make vehicle interiors more user-friendly, spacious, and functional.

• Individuals will be able to customize their vehicles. This will create new opportunities for automakers in the aftermarket area of their business.

• Social experience will increase, creating the need for a reimagining of the human-machine interface encompassing controls, visual displays, auditory alerts, ergonomics, and new communication, entertainment, and information capabilities.

• Developments in GPS technology, sensing devices, digital maps, wireless communications, and electronic controls will enable active safety features and ultimately vehicles that can drive themselves, creating new design and user applications.

Design and Individualization创意设计与个性化

EN-V Jiao is inspired by a high-speed train and a Beijing Opera mask.

EN-V电动联网概念车“骄”的设计灵感来自高速列车和中国的京剧脸谱。


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科技与创新汽车设计

正如通用汽车EN-V电动联网概念车所展示的那样，除了人们看到、听到和感觉到的，汽车电气化和车联网还能

够为新型汽车和汽车的新功能提供支撑。体积较小、操作灵活简便的汽车更加适合拥挤的城市中有限的停车场地，需要较少的能源驱动，可以使用体积更小、更轻、更便宜的电池系统。繁忙有序的交通还降低了平均行驶速度，因此可以减少电机所需的能量。因此，个人交通工具将变得更具成本效益、更加环保、也使驾驶者享受其中。

由轮毂电机驱动的车辆的结构将会更加模块化、多样化和个性化。这种车可以有四轮、三轮、两轮、甚至可能只有一个轮子。而且既然两轮汽车的动力重量比和四轮车基本相同，相同轮毂电机就能适用于多种车辆类型，这使得大批量生产的规模效益成为可能。

无所不在的无线网络联接保证车辆能自动驾驶并避免出现碰撞，这为设计师提供了相当大的自由度，使他们在设计车身比例、人们的上下车方式、车辆外观、内饰和外部结构的材料选用等都相当自由。在这种情况下，人们将会有更多的机会体验个性化驾乘，并使汽车真正融入到人们的日常生活里去。


以EN-V电动联网概念车为代表，这些未来车辆将会变得更智能、更安全、更环保。电力的使用将使其不再依赖石

油，城市不再有车辆尾气排放。这也意味着道路交通系统不一定需要大的改变，要改变的仅仅是交通工具。

从设计角度上看，EN-V电动联网概念车满足了消费者对于未来个人交通更加有趣和时尚的需求，开启了设计师探索新的汽车类型的先河，因为EN-V的技术也可以应用到其它未来车型的制造中。

要将EN-V电动联网概念车这样的汽车从概念车推进到商业化生产，需要城市规划者、设计师、建筑师以及汽车设计师和工程师的通力合作。同样也需要从其它产品，如电子游戏设备和手机等的设计中学习经验，因为未来的城市交通工具将会是兼具个人风格、身份和情感诉求的个性化产品。未来的城市车辆不但是现有都市生活挑战的解决方案的一部份，而且还能藉由高科技和精心完美设计的融合来强化驾驶者的体验。

Technology and Innovative Vehicle Design

Beyond look, sound, and feel, vehicle electrification will provide the foundation for new types of vehicles and

enhanced vehicle functionality, as demonstrated by GM’s EN-V urban mobility concepts. A substantially smaller and more maneuverable vehicle is better suited to the limited parking available in crowded cities, requires far less energy to propel it and can make do with a smaller, lighter, and more affordable battery system. Dense traffic can also reduce average driving speeds, decreasing the power demanded of the electric motor. As a result, personal mobility can be expected to become more cost-effective, more environmentally sustainable and even more enjoyable.

The architecture of these wheel-motor-propelled vehicles could be highly modular, enabling variety and customization. They can be four-wheelers, three-wheelers, two-wheelers, or possibly even one-wheelers. Since the power-to-weight ratio of a two-wheeler is roughly the same as for a four-wheeler, the same wheel motor module could be applied across multiple vehicle types, allowing mass-production economies of scale.

Ubiquitous wireless connectivity can lead to vehicles that drive themselves and avoid crashes. This would enable significant design freedom with vehicle proportions, how people enter and exit the vehicle, the appearance of the vehicle’s surface, and the choice of materials used in the interior and exterior. As a result, there will be tremendous opportunities for personalizing the ride experience and for seamlessly integrating life inside and outside the vehicle.

What is Required

As embodied by EN-V, these cars of the future will be smarter, safer, and environmentally sustainable. Electric

power will make them free from petroleum and will free cities from vehicle emissions. It will also mean that the road system will not have to change significantly; rather, it is the vehicle that will change.

From a design standpoint, EN-V addresses the desire among consumers for future personal urban mobility that is fun and fashionable. It opens the door for designers to explore new vehicle types, as the technologies in EN-V could be applied to other forms of future vehicles.

Taking vehicles like EN-V from concept to production will require the collaboration of urban planners, designers, and architects as well as vehicle designers and engineers. It will also require adopting lessons learned from the design of other products such as videogames and cell phones because tomorrow’s urban vehicles will remain personal consumer products that confer style, status, and emotional appeal. Tomorrow’s urban vehicles will not only be a part of the solution for the current challenges of urban living, they can and must enhance the vehicle ownership experience through a melding of high technology and beautiful, well-thought-out design. EN-V has opened the door for designers to use new materials and design

radically different vehicles.

EN-V电动联网概念车的问世为设计师们提供了新的思路：使用新材料，设计完全与众不同的车辆。


“Customers and markets will drive specific vehicles with specific requirements for the powertrain. The powertrain needs to serve each vehicle in the best possible, most flexible way. We have a continuous trend, to find more CO2-neutral energy sources. Electrification is a key way on that route, but it is not the only one.” – Helmut List, Chairman and CEO, AVL List GmbH

“市场和消费者对于特定车辆的特定需求是会增加的，特别是有关动力总成领域的需求。我们的动力总成也必须要尽可能地灵活。在这个方面需要进一步改进的就是持续寻找不会加重二氧化碳排放的能源。电气化是一种方式，但并不是唯一的。”— 赫尔姆特·李斯特，AVL李斯特公司董事长兼首席执行官

“We are focusing in general overall on energy efficiency, and yet trying not to take away from the customer’s need for performance of the vehicle also. So our philosophy is ‘no trade-offs.’ We want to provide the performance and fuel efficiency in our propulsion systems.”– Daniel Hancock, GM Vice President, Strategic Product Alliance

“我们将重点放在整体能源效率上，但是，尽量不牺牲消费者对车辆性能的要求。因此，我们的理念是‘绝不妥协’。我们希望提供既有良好性能又有较高的燃油经济性的驱动系统。”—丹尼尔·汉考克，通用汽车全球产品战略联盟副总裁

现今，全球35%的能源需求和96%的汽车能源需求都是由石油提供。汽车制造商、政府、能源工业以及其它利益

相关方都在以各种方式进行努力，使能源和交通网络的总体使用效率得到优化。他们发明了一些新的技术使汽车效率更高，为未来的推进系统另辟蹊径，并逐步实现交通能源的多样化。

这一切的实际意义在于，一系列的驱动系统和技术正在以跨地区、跨行业和跨学科合作的方式开发，它还意味着最能满足当地消费者需求的选择总是首先被当地市场所采用。

在全球汽车制造商中，通用汽车率先采用了先进驱动技术战略，包括动力能效和能源多样性。该战略的目标是取代石油，降低尾气和二氧化碳排放量，创建更加可持续的能源模式。

为了实现这一战略，通用汽车和其它汽车公司继续关注一系列技术方案。大家都意识到，达到以电力为主要能源载体和以电动车为新型车仍然需要一些时间。幸运的是，正在开发的革新技术将提供效率更高、使用多种燃料的低排放的车辆。

这些努力将部分减低汽车对于石油近乎完全的依赖，开始向电动车过渡。市场和政策调控将为这一变化铺平道路，新能源和汽车科技将率先得到应用，以满足本地市场和政策调控的需求。

Since more than 35 percent of today’s global energy needs and 96 percent of today’s vehicle energy requirements are

met with petroleum, automakers, governments, the energy industry, and other key stakeholders are working hard – in a highly dynamic environment – to optimize the overall efficiency of today’s energy and transportation networks. They are developing a range of technologies to make our vehicles more efficient, creating the pathways to future propulsion systems, and taking steps to diversify the energy sources used for transportation.

What this means in practice is that a range of propulsion and technology options are being developed cooperatively across regions, industries, and disciplines. It also means that the options that best meet the needs of local consumers will be the ones that are applied first in those markets.

GM has become a leader among global automakers in adopting an advanced propulsion technology strategy that includes a commitment to both powertrain efficiency and energy diversity. The goal of the strategy is to displace petroleum, lower tailpipe and CO2 emissions, and create a more sustainable energy model.

In pursuit of this strategy, GM and other automotive companies continue to focus on a range of technology solutions. There is a realization that the transition to a future with more reliance on electricity as an energy carrier and new types of vehicles will take some time. Fortunately, there are also evolutionary technologies under development that will provide more efficient and lower-emission vehicles capable of using a wider range of fuels.

These will partially move the automobile away from the near total reliance on petroleum-based fuels and start the transition toward electrified vehicles. This change will follow a market- and regulatory-driven trajectory in which new energy sources and automotive technologies will be introduced to satisfy specific local market and regulatory needs.

ROADMAP TO 2030: MOVING FROM TODAY TO TOMORROW通往2030之路


第 23 页

• 汽车制造商付出了大量努力来改善传统发动机和变速箱的效率。在过去５年里，通用汽车在中国的乘用车品牌的燃油经济性提高了20%。到2012年，通用汽车计划在全球实现高效率、小排量汽油内燃机普及率翻番。

• 汽车制造商正在研制清洁柴油技术，可以在保持柴油发动机效能优势的同时，遵守严格的排放标准。

• 汽车制造商正继续积极推广先进的六速变速箱产品以及其它高效动力传动系统。通用汽车最近宣布将与其合作伙伴——上海汽车工业集团共同研发一系列新的小排量汽油发动机和先进变速箱，它们将比传统动力系统减少20%燃料的消耗和二氧化碳的排放。

• 汽车制造商正将电气化注入传统动力传动系统，解决方案包括从基本的车辆停止时发动机关闭的停车-启动系统，到复杂的、在有限里程内以电池驱动的插电式混合动力系统。

• 虽然有些遥远，但燃料电池也是汽车摆脱对石油依赖的一个选择，尤其对于大型车辆来说更是如此。通用汽车投入119辆雪佛兰Equinox氢燃料电池车用于“车行道”计划。虽然这一为期三十个月的全球路演已经结束，通用汽车仍然继续更新部分车辆的技术，并逐步吸收从这个项目中取得的经验，努力达到在2015年量产燃料电池系统的规划。

除了先进驱动系统，通用汽车已经开发出一系列革新技术，使汽车互相联接并使它们更安全、更智能、更便捷。

随着消费者习惯于使用新型电子消费产品进行联网和娱乐，所到之处所需任何服务和信息都触手可及，他们期待在车里也可使用相同功能。这就需要汽车拥有整合的、而且容易使用的控制程序以及信息显示界面，并将其作为常规功能。

通用汽车的安吉星车载信息通讯系统已经改变了使用者和其车辆之间的互动方式，安装在智能电话中的控制软件能让使用者全天候联接并远程控制汽车。雪佛兰Volt沃蓝达增程型电动车的使用者，通过采用第一代移动应用程序的智能通讯设备，使用实时数据联接来执行任务，比如说检查电池电量、开始充电或者设置充电时间，远程开车门或者远程启动车辆调节车内温度等。安吉星还宣布了利用谷歌地图应用程序为汽车导航的计划。

• Automotive companies are devoting considerable efforts to improving the efficiency of conventional engines and transmissions. Over the past five years, GM has improved the average fuel efficiency of its passenger car lineup in China by 20 percent. GM plans to double the availability of high-efficiency, small-displacement gasoline engines on a global basis by 2012.

• Automakers are developing clean diesel technologies that will allow them to maintain the fuel efficiency advantage of diesel engines while meeting stricter emission requirements.

• Automakers are continuing an aggressive rollout of advanced six-speed transmissions and other more efficient powertrains. GM announced that it will work with its partner, SAIC, to co-develop a new small-displacement gasoline engine family and an advanced transmission that can reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions by 20 percent compared to traditional powertrains.

• Automakers are adding electrification to conventional powertrains, with solutions ranging from basic start-stop systems that shut off engines during vehicle stops to sophisticated plug-in hybrid systems capable of operating for a limited range on battery power.

• Although a little farther out, fuel cells are another electric vehicle option for petroleum-free driving, especially for larger-sized vehicles. GM deployed 119 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell electric vehicles in Project Driveway. Although the 30-month global demonstration is complete, GM continues to update some of these vehicles and learn from them as it focuses efforts on a production-intent fuel cell system in the 2015 timeframe.

Beyond advanced propulsion, there are already a range of innovative technologies that will connect our vehicles and make them safer, smarter, and more convenient.

As consumers get used to a whole new consumer electronics experience for connectivity and entertainment – with information and service available at their fingertips wherever they go – they will expect these same capabilities to be available inside their vehicles. This will require routine use of integrated and easy-to-use controls and interfaces as well as information displays throughout the vehicle.

GM’s OnStar has already changed the way owners interact with their vehicles, and its new smartphone applications promise to enable them to connect and control vehicle functions and features remotely 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The first mobile app, available on smartphones, will allow Chevrolet Volt owners to use a real-time data connection to perform tasks such as checking the battery charge level, initiating charging or setting charge timing, and remotely unlocking the doors or starting the vehicle to pre-condition the interior temperature. OnStar has also announced plans to leverage the power of Google technology for a new Google Maps application that will send turn-by-turn directions to the vehicle.

The Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell electric vehicle is seen outside the SAIC-GM Pavilion. The Equinox was part of the World Expo 2010 Shanghai VIP transportation fleet.

停放在上汽集团-通用汽车馆外的雪佛兰Equinox氢燃料电池车是2010年上海世博会贵宾专用车。


车联网还将在新型主动安全系统中扮演重要角色，车对车以及车对基础设施（V2V和V2X）之间的信息交换技术使得新型安全应用程序成为可能。实质上，这些系统给了车辆“第六感”。该系统支持多种自动化功能，包括变换车道警报、盲点侦测、紧急停车、前方撞车警报并自动刹车、十字路口撞车警报等。由于车对基础设施（V2X）信息交换技术有超强的“视野”，这些程序的应用成为可能。比如，信号能穿越像卡车一样的障碍物、检测超远的距离或者在弯道上的状况。

通用汽车展示了车对基础设施（V2X）信息交换技术系统及传感器的原型，它的外形和黑莓手机差不多，这意味着它们也可以被行人及骑自行车的人使用，用来向汽车报告他们的位置。因为这项新的传感技术只需要少量传感器，所以它也可以减少成本并降低车载电子设备的复杂性。

通过将全球定位系统和感应技术与先进的电力控制结合，自动驾驶的汽车已经成为了现实。 2007年11月，通用汽车与包括卡耐基梅隆大学在内的一系列合作伙伴一起开发了命名为“Boss”的自动驾驶雪佛兰Tahoe，这辆车获得了美国国防高级研究计划局“城市挑战赛”的冠军。这个针对自动汽车的挑战赛时长6小时，赛程长达97公里。EN-V电动联网概念车则采用了基于感应和车对基础设施（V2X）信息交换技术，并将这些技术融合，创造了具有低成本和高效能潜力的自动驾驶汽车。

总而言之，改变汽车工业未来的诸多革命性技术已经存在。更多的努力正在被付诸实施，从而不断改善未来的汽车，使之更智能、更安全且更清洁。

Vehicle connectivity also will play a critical role in new active safety features. Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2V and V2X) communications will enable new types of safety applications. These systems essentially will give the vehicle a “sixth sense.” They support automated features like lane change alert, blind-spot detection, sudden stopping, forward collision warning with automatic braking, and intersection collision warning. These new applications are possible because V2X can “see” beyond the line of sight – for example, beyond large obstructions like a truck and over longer distances and around curves.

GM has demonstrated prototype V2X systems and transponders that are about the size of a BlackBerry, which means they could also be used by pedestrians and bicyclists to alert vehicles to their location. Because fewer sensors are required with this new sensing technology, it can also reduce the cost and complexity of on-board electronics.

By combining GPS and sensing technology with advanced electronic controls, it is already possible to create vehicles that can drive themselves. In November 2007, GM teamed with Carnegie Mellon University and other partners to develop “Boss,” a self-driving Chevrolet Tahoe that won the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Urban Challenge, a six-hour, 97-kilometer race for robotic vehicles. The EN-Vs have taken the best of the sensor- and V2X-based safety approaches and integrated them to create an autonomous vehicle with the potential for low cost and high robustness.

In conclusion, many of the technologies that are needed to transform the automotive industry are already available. Continuous efforts are being made to further improve them to make automobiles smarter, safer and cleaner.

GM first demonstrated vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications in 2005.

通用汽车于2005年首次展示车对车(V2V)信息交换技术。

GM’s vehicle electrification strategy is to develop and produce various forms of vehicles that are all or in part driven by electricity. Examples include extended-range electric vehicles like the Chevrolet Volt, and fuel cell electric vehicles like the Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell electric vehicle.

通用汽车的电气化战略旨在发展和生产各类使用电力或部分电力为驱动的车型，如雪佛兰Volt沃蓝达增程型电动车和雪佛兰Equinox氢燃料电池车。


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在汽车工业最初的一百年，它不仅仅带来了交通运输上的革命，在很多发达国家，它还影响了社会的形态。

但到了第二个世纪，汽车的发展将由社会需求以及因汽车在城市中心普及对社会所带来的挑战而决定。这些挑战包括能源消耗、环境污染、交通安全、路面拥堵以及停车难等问题。尽管汽车将继续超越其它交通模式发挥其独一无二的作用——为人们提供想去哪就去哪的自由、舒适和安全，但它的设计和技术，或者说其基本构造（DNA）都必须改变。

在汽车电气化和独特的车联网技术的基础上，这种新的构造（DNA）将把我们未来的汽车转变为交通运输、能量和信息网络中的联接点。它将显著影响城市设计，提供给我们新的商业选择和机会，帮助刺激经济的可持续发展和促进就业。

受新型汽车DNA的影响，未来的汽车看上去将和现在传统汽车大不相同，它们将对我们感知世界和日常生活产生深刻影响。

到2030年，我们期待汽车将： • 大小可以随心而变，两轮、三轮、四轮都可实现，可以载一

名或者更多名乘客。 • 通过电网充电，也许晚上在车库或者白天在停车场就可以充电。 • 能从道路基础设施状况获取实时的交通信息并选择路线。 • 能和家里及办公室的电脑和手机联网。 • 有大屏幕，也许就设置在挡风玻璃上，可以为我们提供当前

汽车行驶里程、电池状态、精确的位置、动态的路线、甚至沿途所经过的商店厂家的广告等信息。

• 具有自动停车/取车功能，可以停在离家很远的停车库，也可以经程序设置自动开到家门口。

• 能自动行驶到目的地，包括自动准确汇入高速路上的车流中并与其它车辆结队行驶。

In its first century, the automobile did more than revolutionize transportation; in many developed countries, it also shaped

society. But during its second century, the automobile will be shaped by society’s requirements and the societal challenges associated with pervasive automobile usage in urban centers. The challenges include energy consumption, environmental concerns, traffic safety, roadway congestion, and parking. While the automobile will continue to provide unique capabilities over all other modes of transport – namely the freedom to go where you want, when you want, in comfort and securely – its design and technology, or its basic DNA, will need to change.

This new DNA, based on electrification and ubiquitous connectivity, will transform automobiles into interconnected nodes on the transportation, power, and information networks. It will significantly impact the design of urban areas and provide new business options and opportunities that will help spur sustainable economic and employment growth.

Enabled by the new DNA, the vehicles of tomorrow will look very different from those on the road today – and they will have a profound impact on how we experience our world and live our daily lives.

By 2030, we can expect vehicles that:• Are only as big as we need them to be – with two, three, or

four wheels and accommodating one or more passengers.• Are charged from the electric grid – perhaps in the garage

overnight or in a parking structure during the day.• Can interface with the roadway infrastructure for real-time

traffic information and route selection.• Can communicate with home and office computers and cell

phones.• Have display screens, perhaps in the windshield, that offer

information about vehicle driving range, battery charge status, precise location, dynamic routing, and even ads from stores and businesses that we pass.

• Can be garaged away from our homes or apartments, and programmed to drive to our doors when needed.

Shanghai as depicted in the year 2030 in the SAIC-GM Pavilion movie, “2030, Xing!”

上汽集团-通用汽车馆电影“2030，行！”中所描绘的2030年上海鸟瞰图。

DRIVING THE FUTURE驱动未来


尽管这一切听上去在今天都不可能实现，但很多技术都已经成形： • 大量能满足大部分城市居民出行距离和速度需求的小型高效交

通工具（像电动自行车和电动踏板车）已经在市场上出售，其价格对于消费者特别是中国的消费者而言，都较能接受。

• 高乘载收费车道和高架公路已在上海和其它地区出现。一些城市也正在建设或者扩建自行车和公共汽车专用车道。

• 实时交通监控系统越来越普及，并日益精确。 • 世界上许多城市，像新加坡和伦敦，已经引进了交通拥堵收

费机制，实现了电子调控路价并通过车里的缴费器自动收费。 • 数字地图全面覆盖各个路段，信息全面并能及时更新。 • 自动化装置，比如说自适应巡航控制系统，在许多量产车中

都已得到应用。

随着数字革命的进行，个人交通革命将会通过许多新兴技术的融合而实现。正如网络不能凸显个人电脑制造商的优势，但却使得所有电脑联网后发挥更大的作用，相似的情况同样适用于智能交通系统。汽车的新型基因与这个系统紧密结合，将带来更多实实在在的好处。它不仅通过减少意外事故、交通拥堵、污染和对石油的依赖，使城市更好地运作，还能通过为大家提供价格合理、令人愉悦且可持续的交通方式，从而提高人们的生活水平。

简言之，新的汽车基因和面向城市用途的汽车设计，将有助于城市交通的可持续发展，从而使2010上海世博会的主题“城市，让生活更美好”得以最终实现。

• Can drive us autonomously to our desired destination – including being able to merge into automated high-speed lanes to platoon with other vehicles.

Although all of this may sound very futuristic, much of the required technology is already available: • Large numbers of small, highly efficient electric vehicles

(such as electric bikes and electric scooters) with adequate ranges and speeds to meet most urban personal mobility needs are being sold at affordable prices, particularly in China.

• High-occupancy toll lanes and elevated highways exist in Shanghai and elsewhere. Some cities have also introduced or are expanding the use of dedicated bicycle and bus lanes.

• Real-time traffic monitoring is becoming increasingly widespread and sophisticated.

• Many urban areas around the world including Singapore and London have introduced congestion charging schemes, enabling electronically adjustable road pricing and automatic charging through in-vehicle transponders.

• Digital maps provide comprehensive road coverage, and are information rich and frequently updated.

• Automated features such as adaptive cruise control are available in many production automobiles.

As with the digital revolution, the personal mobility revolution will be realized by the convergence of a host of emerging technologies. And just as the Internet does not give one personal computer manufacturer an advantage over another but makes all computers more functional, the same will be true with an intelligent transportation system. The new DNA of the automobile, integrated within this system, will make driving more practical and enjoyable. It will not only make the city function better by reducing accidents, congestion, pollution, and petroleum dependence, but will also enhance people’s lives by providing affordable, enjoyable, and sustainable mobility for all.

In short, the new DNA, together with vehicle designs tailored for urban use, will enable sustainable urban mobility and help achieve the World Expo 2010 Shanghai theme of “Better City, Better Life.”

“If people came from the early 1900s when the vehicle was being invented, and looked at the vehicle of today, they would pretty much recognize every element . The one thing I will guarantee is, by 2030, the vehicle will be unrecognizable to the inventors of the vehicle 100 years ago.” – Alan Taub, Vice President, GM Global Research and Development

“20世纪早期发明的汽车经过这一百多年的发展，的确在各个方面都有很大的改变，然而现在的车和当时的车在外形上仍然很相似。但是我能肯定，到2030年时，汽车的外形就和100年前的完全不同了。”—陶蔼伦，通用汽车全球研发副总裁

In July 2010, during Expo 2010, GM demonstrated EN-V on Shanghai’s fashionable Huaihai Road.

2010年7月上海世博会期间，通用汽车在上海市区时尚的淮海路上向公众展示EN-V电动联网概念车。


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RECOMMENDATIONS我们的建议

1. Accelerate and encourage the move to the electrification of the automobile, including the development of key vehicle components, a smart power grid, and a comprehensive urban recharging infrastructure.

2. Increase the diversity of energy sources, particularly the development of a broad array of renewable sources, to support low-emission pathways to electrification.

3. Leverage the mobility Internet by ensuring high-quality wireless communications infrastructure and encouraging the rapid development of V2V and related intelligent transportation technologies.

4. Develop a sophisticated, integrated, intelligent transportation system that dynamically manages large transportation flows using the latest communications and computer controls.

5. Integrate electrically powered, connected vehicles into a multi-modal transport system that incorporates sophisticated inter-city transport, comprehensive subway systems, traditional vehicle movement, and specialized smaller urban vehicles.

6. Align government tax, regulatory, and procurement policies to support the vision of connected electrically driven vehicles. Specific globally consistent codes and standards should be developed. Government organizations should also support funding to encourage continued electric vehicle research and development and consumer incentives to support the transition to new energy vehicles.

7. Begin to optimize the physical infrastructure to support new urban vehicles through active collaboration and cooperation among urban planning authorities, think tanks, academic institutions, automotive companies, and infrastructure companies.

8. Identify a series of “lighthouse” projects to rapidly demonstrate the viability and potential of connected electrically driven vehicles in a controlled environment such as an eco-city or small town.

1. 加快和鼓励汽车电气化进程，包括车辆核心零部件、智能电网和城市再充电综合基础设施的发展和完善。

2. 增加能源多样性，尤其是开发广泛的可再生能源，以支持从低排放到电气化的发展路径。

3. 确保高质量的无线通讯基础设施和鼓励快速发展车对车信息交换技术及相关的智能交通技术，从而更好地发展并充分利用车联网。

4. 开发一个复杂、综合、智能的交通系统，使用最新的通信和电脑控制实现对大流量交通的实时动态监测与管理。

5. 将电动联网车辆融合到多模式的交通系统内，这一系统包含完整规划的城市内交通、综合地铁系统、传统车辆交通系统和为市区交通特别定制的小型城市车辆。

6. 政府的税制、法规和采购计划需支持未来电动联网车辆的构想。需开发具体的全球统一法规和准则。政府组织也应提供相应资金来鼓励电动车辆的持续研发并激励消费者购买，最终促进由传统车辆向新能源车辆的过渡。

7. 开始优化基础硬件设施，通过与城市规划局、智囊团、学术机构、汽车厂商和基础设施公司的积极合作来推进新兴城市车辆的发展。

8. 开始一系列在生态城市或小型城镇等可控环境中测试联网电动车的可行性和发展前景的试验项目。

无论现在还是未来，个人交通始终是人类的一个基本需求。汽车从根本上赋予了人类更多的自由度和安全感。从社会角度来说，它们构建了城市和社区的框架。

正如当年互联网的迅猛发展一样，全世界人们对拥有汽车的渴望也在不断增长。

Personal mobility has always been a basic human need and will remain so in the future. Automobiles profoundly enhance our sense of freedom and security; at the societal level, they shape the layout of our cities and communities.

The universal aspiration for automobile ownership is a dynamic that is very similar to the explosive growth of the Internet.


汽车和互联网一样，促进了人与人之间的联系，极大方便了我们的出行。由于汽车的存在，我们可以随心选择和谁一起、带上什么、何时出发、去到何处。在方便出行的同时，汽车给我们带来了更高程度的安全感和舒适感。

然而，个人交通需求的持续增长和城市化发展的进程引起了能源、环境、安全、交通拥堵以及停车等多方面的社会问题。我们应当从现在开始行动，从而实现可持续个人交通的美好愿景，这一点至关重要。

与此同时，我们必须认识到，传统汽车在相当的一段过渡时期内仍然会占据主导地位。因此，我们必须继续鼓励实用技术的研发，例如先进发动机技术、混合动力系统与系统控制等，这将在短期内有效减少尾气排放和燃料消耗。

在1939年的纽约世界博览会上，通用汽车的“未来世界”汽车馆向公众展示了当时在个人交通方面的大胆创想，使美国高速公路网络的概念得到大众的广泛支持。二十年后，随着州际高速公路系统的形成，这一愿景成为了现实。

这是通用汽车在2010年上海世博会上所展示的城市交通可持续发展愿景的灵感之源。通用汽车坚信，像EN-V概念车这样的电动联网小型车是一个切合实际并合理的未来解决方案。

通过推进汽车的电气化、车联网及创新设计的进程，并将汽车与能源、通讯网络及交通基础设施相整合，我们相信未来汽车在功能不断增强的同时，可以与社会需求达到和谐一致。

如EN-V这样的电动联网汽车，在保留了城市车辆的优势和便利的同时，其对社会的负面影响也被降到了最低。这是一令人振奋且可以实现的愿景。为实现这一美好的未来创想，我们应当从今天就开始行动。

Like the Internet, the automobile allows us to connect with one another and provides us access to places and products. It gives us the freedom to go where we want, when we want, with whomever we want, carrying whatever we need – and it does so while providing a high degree of safety and comfort.

Rising demand for personal transportation combined with growing urbanization has created societal challenges related to energy, the environment, safety, congestion, and parking. It is important that we act now to achieve a new vision of sustainable personal mobility.

In the interim, we need to recognize that there will be a substantial transition period when traditional vehicles will still predominate on our roads. To that end, we must encourage the ongoing development of practical technologies such as advanced engines, hybrid engines, and system controls to help reduce emissions and fuel consumption in the near term.

At the 1939 New York World’s Fair, GM’s Futurama offered a vision of personal mobility undreamed of, creating widespread public support for a network of superhighways in the United States. Twenty years later, that vision became reality with the creation of an interstate highway system.

This served as an inspiration for GM’s vision of sustainable urban transportation showcased at Expo 2010. GM believes a sensible and reasonable solution for the future is the development of electrically networked, small-footprint vehicles like the EN-V concept.

By electrifying, connecting, and redesigning our vehicles – and by integrating them with the energy, communications, and transportation infrastructure – we can ensure that future vehicles are in harmony with society’s needs while significantly increasing their capabilities.

Electrically driven, connected vehicles like EN-V can preserve the essential advantages of the automobile for urban usage while minimizing the societal side effects. It is a vision that is both exciting and achievable. We need to start building that future now.

The modern U.S. interstate highway system.现代美国州际高速公路系统。

The superhighway model introducedby General Motors at itsFuturama exhibit in 1939.通用汽车于1939年在未来世界展馆内展现的高速公路模型。

GM introduced its vision of a superhighway system, which became reality 20 years later, at the 1939 New York World’s Fair.在1939年的纽约世界博览会上，通用汽车展现的高速公路网络系统愿景在二十年后成为了现实。
