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ATOMS Inside Out

Grade 8 atoms

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Page 1: Grade 8 atoms

ATOMSInside Out

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AtomThe smallest particle of an element that retains the

properties of that element.

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BEC

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Changes in State

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Changes in State

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Changes in State

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Large Hadron Collider

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Atom• An atom has three parts:• Proton = positive• Neutron = no charge• Electron = negative• The proton & neutron are

found in the center of the atom, a place called the nucleus.

• The electrons orbit the nucleus.

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Atomic number

• Is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom of an element

Atomic mass

• The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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Atomic Weight and Isotopes

• Isotopes• Atoms of the same element that have the

same number of protons, but vary in number of neutrons

• Atomic weight• Close to mass number of most abundant

isotope

• Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation

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How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in the following atoms?Atomic number

Atomic mass

Beryllium (Be)

4 9

Neon (Ne)

10 20

Sodium (Na)

11 23

Protons Electrons Neutrons

4 4 5 10 10 10

11 11 12

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Terms

• Isotopes = atoms of a given element that differ in mass number– Isotopes have the same number of

_____________.– Isotopes differ in the number of _______.

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Isotopes

• All atoms of an element have the SAME number of protons (p+)

• The p+ number is the atomic number (Z)– This is a constant– For example: All Sodium (Na) atoms have 11 p+

– If an atom loses a proton, it becomes a different element

• If Na loses 1 p+, then it has become Neon (Ne)

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Z = atomic number = p+

• The number of protons identifies the atom and which element it is

• In a stable atom:– # p+ = # n0 = # e-

– Thus, Na in its stable form has 11 p+; 11 n0; and 11 e-

– If it has an unequal number of p+ and n0, then it is called an ISOTOPE

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• Theoretically – an element can have as many isotopes of itself as it has neutrons, or it can add an unlimited number of n0

• For example: H has 3; C has 16; Al has 25– These can be looked up in the CRC (the

Chemistry/Physics Data Bible) or on the internet– Remember – a change in the number of n0 does

not change the element’s atom – only a change in the number of protons can do that!

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The Carbon Isotope

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Ions• Ions are when an atom has an unequal

number of p+ and e-

• Remember – a stable atom has a neutral overall charge due its equal number of p+ and e-

• When an atom loses or gains an e-, its charge changes accordingly– Loss of e- means a + charge; gaining an e- means a

– charge for the atom

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Losing or Gaining e- . . . . .• If an atom loses an e-, then it has more p+ than

e- and it will have an overall positive charge• Different elements’ atoms can lose 1, 2, 3, or

even 4 electrons depending on various factors• If an atom has LOST e-, then it is called a

CATION or a positive ion– A Cation would be written as Al+ (the one being

understood) or Al+3

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• Atoms can also gain electrons• If an atom gains electrons (from 1 up to 4), then it

will have more e- than p+ and will end up having an overall negative charge

• A negatively charged ion is called an ANION

– The element is shown this like: Na- (the 1 is understood) or Na-2

• The losing or gaining of electrons determines what type of bonds the atoms will form, and which atoms will bond to others

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Ions

• Na atom_____ protons _____ electrons

• Na+ ion _____ protons _____ electrons

Name of ion: sodium ion

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Ions

• Calcium atom_____ protons _____ electrons

• Ca 2+ ion _____ protons _____ electrons

Name of ion: calcium ion

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Ions

• Sulfur atom_____ protons _____ electrons

• S2- ion _____ protons _____ electrons

Name of ion: sulfide ion

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Ion Charge and the Periodic Table

Group # Ion Charge # e- lost/gained

I A 1+ 1 e- lost

II A 2+ 2 e- lost

III A metals 3+ 3 e- lost

V A nonmetals 3- 3 e- gained

VI A nonmetals 2- 2 e- gained

VII A 1- 1 e- gained

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Naming Ions

• Name of a monatomic cation is the name of the element– Examples:

• Ca 2+ calcium ion• Al 3+ aluminum ion• K+

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Naming Ions

• Monatomic anions are named by changing end of the name of the element to “ide”

Example: S2- sulfide ion

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Naming Ions

• You need to know:N3- nitride ionP3- phosphide ionO2- oxide ionS2- sulfide ionF- fluoride ionCl - chloride ionBr- bromide ionI- iodide ion