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Presentation Title: Is there still room for linking narrowband PMR sites in the digital world? Speaker: Paul Daigneault

@CommsConnectAus #comms2014 COMMS CONNECT 2014

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Ø  IP: The Very Basics Ø  The Problem Space Ø  Uncovering the Myths about PMR Linking Ø  Examples of What Can be Achieved Ø  Summary & Conclusion

Presentation Outline UHF PMR Linking ?

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Interfacing at Audio Level

Traditional Analogue Remote PMR Linking

4 wire E+M

Link Radio UHF

PMR Radio VHF

4 wire E+M

Link Radio UHF

PMR Radio VHF

STA 4800- Or Other Audio Mux

4 wire E+M

1200 bd Modem RS232

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Why The Golden Spectrum

Power Density Inversely Proportional to Distance

Path Loss Inversely Proportional to Frequency

Dp α 1/r2

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Golden Spectrum

Golden Spectrum

Everyone Wants it !

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Why The Golden Spectrum

Advantage of UHF Path Loss Propagation Characteristics Compact Antennas

(Relatively Wide Beam Widths)

•  Relatively Low –  Rain Fade, Cloud Cover –  Foliage

•  Direct & Some ( N-Los) –  Reflected / Refracted –  Diffracted –  Scattered

•  Relatively Compact –  Towers Often Not Required –  Low Install & Maint. Costs –  Less Sites

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Very Non Line of Sight UHF Path

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Then Came Digital PMR

Digital PMR Promised: Ø Better Clearer Audio Ø Security ( Encryption Options) Ø  Coverage Improvements ( For Some)

Ø Spectrally Efficiency Improvements

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Digital PMR Standards/Segments

Markets

Public Safety Mission Critical

Professional Business Critical

Commercial & Light Industrial

Vertical Market Segments

Emergency Services Public Transportation Public Services Airports/ Ports Local Govt Transportation Mining Petro-Chemical Public Utilities Manufacturing Taxi/Hire Car Construction Event Mangmt Private Security Warehousing Retail Agriculture Hospitality Recreational

Digital Radio Standards

ETSI TIA Tetra APCO P25 Licensed Licensed Trunked Conv &Trunked ETSI DMR Tier 3 Licensed -Trunked DMR Tier 2 Licensed Conventional ETSI Other On-Site DMR Tier 1 Unlicensed dPMR Tier 1 Unlicensed

PD /2007

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The Internet Protocol (IP)

Ø  From: IP over Everything Ø  To: Everything over IP

(including linking of PMR sites)

–  IP Very Basics : IP Delivers Datagrams ( Packets) from Host to Destination across one or more IP networks. For this purpose IP defines an Addressing Scheme that has two purposes; (IPV4) –  Identifying Hosts –  Providing a Logical Location Service

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The Internet Protocol (IP)

Each datagram has two components, a Header and a Payload IP header is tagged with the source IP address, destination IP address, and other meta-data needed to route and deliver the datagram The payload is the data to be transported

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IP Reliability? •  Network Infrastructure is Inherently Classed as Unreliable at any

Element with No Central Monitoring. The Internet Protocol only Provides Best Effort Delivery!

•  The Lack of Reliability Permits Various Error Conditions, Such as Data Corruption, Packet loss and Duplication, as Well as “out-of-order Packet Delivery.

•  Intelligence in the Network is Purposely mostly Located in the End Nodes. (End to End Principle.. build reliable networks from unreliable parts)

•  Requires Boundary Buffers to Absorb short term Arrival Fluctuations

•  Upper Layer Protocols are Responsible for Resolving Reliability Issues

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The Problem ?

The Nesting of Data Payloads in a Packet with a Header is called Encapsulation.

Typical P25 Voice Payload Ethernet Encapsulated.

Dramatic Perceived Increase in Bandwidth Requirement

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Some Typical Examples?

Manufacturer –  Tait –  Motorola –  DAMM –  Hytera

Throughput + Management

•  600kb/s 5 Channels P25/DMR •  625kb/s 5 Channels P25/DMR •  Typ 780kb/s For 7+1Tetra •  250kb/s for 4 Channels DMR

Typical Throughput Requirements of 80-125kb/ Channel incl Management However not unusual to see B/W requirements over specified x 5-10 times.

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Critical Attributes of PMR Linking

Issues for Management Ø  Delay (Latency) Ø  Variation in Delay (Jitter) Ø  Packet Loss Ø  Late Packet Arrival Ø  Availability / Reliability Ø  Low Throughput

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P25 System Latency

End to End Latency <150ms

Ethernet Ethernet

Call Set up & Vocoder Latency

Max Linking Latency <40ms

Base Station Latency

Network Latency Conventional

Simulcast Trunked TIA102CAAB-C

P25 CAI

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The Problem / P25/ DMR Payload

Issues •  Latency

•  Jitter

•  Dropped Packets

•  Out of Order Delivery

•  Errors

•  Low Throughput

Impacts on PMR •  Shoot /Don’t Shoot

•  Audio Quality

•  Audio or Call Set Up

•  Discarded so Delay

•  Some Audio Quality

•  Audio Quality

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The Problem / P25/ DMR Payload PMR Traffic Considerations •  System Architecture •  Voice Traffic •  SIP Traffic •  Syslog Traffic/ Alarms •  FTP •  Reports and Etc…..

•  All Competing for the Same Highway!

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Two Philosophies ? 1.  More Is Better Throughput Focus

•  Big Fat Pipes ! (For RF this Means B/W) –  Lowers Latency ! –  Spectrum is Wasted! ( But Cheap?) –  Delivery Still Not Guaranteed !

•  Big Boundary Buffers –  Excessive Delay, Complex AQM Systems.

•  Complex FEC Schemes –  Loss of Capacity

•  Interleaving and Blind Resending –  Excessive Delay Packet Loss and Packet Late Arrival

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Wide Band IP Pipe ?

More is Better?

Voice ( DATA) Packets

Reports Software Upgrades

SIP FTP Syslog Logs Misc

Generously over-provisioning a network so that capacity is based on peak traffic load estimates

64k-100Kb/s per Audio Channel?

+ 100k-200Kb/s System

Management

Rule of Thumb From PMR

Manufacturers

Contingency 50% to 200%

+100Kb/s Logs Reports etc

Assumed Result: A Wide Band Radio Pipe is Required for Reliable Low Latency Communications

Say 800kb/s -1.5Mb/s for 5+1 Trunked

Channels

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Key Message !

“Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius -- and a lot of courage -- to move in the opposite direction”

• Telecoms:- Complexity Must not Reduce Reliability • Design:- Better is the Enemy of Good • Quality:- Fit for Purpose

Back to the 3C’s Cost Coverage and Capacity

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2) Be Smart

……Fat Pipes Means Basics are Often Forgotten ! ………One of the Big Advantages of Digital Radio was

……………..Spectral Efficiency

a) Radio Throughput b) Capacity Accelerators c) Traffic Management

•  Spectrum •  Spectral Efficiency •  Spatial Efficiency

•  Header Duplication •  Payload Duplication •  Latency Focus

•  Efficient FEC •  Fragmented QoS •  Traffic Classification

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a) Radio Throughput •  Spectrum (Licensed) •  Spectral Efficiency •  Spatial Efficiency

Modulation

12.5 kHz (Est)

25 kHz (Actual)

50 kHz (Est)

QPSK 80 kbps 160 kb/s 320 kbps 16 - QAM 160 kbps 320 kb/s 640 kbps 64 - QAM 240 kbps 480 kb/s 960 kbps

256 - QAM 320 kbps 640 kb/s 1280 kbps

Full Duplex Aggregate MiMO Raw Data Rate

•  High Order QAM •  Full FDD Duplex •  MiMO 2 x2

•  Use as Little as Possible •  Match to Application •  Use Spatial Diversity

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M-DAP - MiMOMax Phase I P25 Coding

•  Digital voice, 4400 bits/sec

•  Channel signaling, 2400 bits/sec

•  Error correction, 2800 bits/sec

Composite signal, 9600 b/s

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M-DAP – P25 I & II / DMR Voice Coding

This Phase II represents a 2-to-1 improvement in capacity over the

existing 7200 bps Full-Rate IMBE™

Digital Radio

Vocoder FEC Total Voice

+Channel Signalling

Total

Phase I 4400bps 2800bps 7200bps 2400bps 9600bps Phase II DMR

2450bps 1150bps 3600bps 2400bps 1200bps

6000bps 4800bps

Two Slot TDMA so 12kb/s / 9k6b/s P25/DMR / Base Station

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b) Capacity Accelerators •  Eliminate Duplication in Header

•  Eliminate Duplication in Payload •  Do it Damn Fast

•  Header Duplication •  Payload Duplication •  Latency Focus

Ethernet IP UDP RTP Voice CRC

14 bytes 24 bytes 8 bytes 14 bytes ~20 bytes 4 bytes

Becomes:

Compression header

Voice payload CRC

3 bytes ~ 20 bytes 4 bytes

Voice Payload Already Heavily Compressed.

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c) Smart Network for PMR

……Fat Pipes Means Basics are Being Forgotten ! ………To Fine Tune and Control a (Wireless) Network Delay, Jitter, Packet Loss & Bandwidth Requirements need to be Understood for Each and Every Protocol and Service. Eg Control Class Service Type Delay Jitter Pkt Loss Bandwidth Control, Call Set Up 10ms <1ms <1% 5kb/s Real time, Voice and Data X X X 4k8-9k6 Priority, Data X X X X Best Effort, Reports & Logs 2mins N/A <5% X

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By Understanding How to Prioritize Network Traffic Based on Class of Service (CoS) it is Possible to “Right Size” and Provide Superior End to End Connectivity

Managed IP Pipe Un Managed

Voice ( DATA) Packets

Reports Software Upgrades

SIP FTP Syslog Logs Misc Priority 2

Priority 1

High

Best Efforts

Managed

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1.5Mb/s Link 500kHz B/W Managed Data

SW Down Load

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M-DAP

SW Down Load

25kHz QAM16 MiMOMax M-DAP

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What Seriously Smart Technology Can Do?

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UHF MiMO Path 320kb/s Aggregate

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Summary? •  Narrowband Licensed Smart Radios have a Unique Place in PMR

Linking. By Using;

•  A) Ultra Spectrally Efficient Radios –  Provides Right Bandwidth for Application

•  B ) Capacity Accelerators –  Intelligent Compression Schemes

•  C) Traffic Management –  Control of Delay, Packet Loss and Packet Late Arrival –  Very Small Boundary Buffers Simple AQM Systems

•  Spectrum Use is Optimised! –  UHF is Very Viable for Long Path Med Density Digital PMR. –  Costs are Minimised

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The Plug (IP Linking with MiMOMax)

–  All Moving to IP Linking Schemes

“Operating the links at 16QAM, we managed to achieve data throughput in excess of 129 Kbps The customer was very excited about and network latency through multiple link hops which was well under our expected results. The demonstration of the MDAP feature was particularly important. We tested the link at maximum capacity and all P25 traffic was transported without any packet loss or artefacts of any kind. I will certainly be recommending MiMOMax as a fast, reliable and easy linking solution and hope to work with you again in the near future.” Kind regards Ryan McCabe Tait Customer Engineer

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Questions?

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