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Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes Keiko Tamura, Niigata University Munenari Inoguchi, Niigata University Haruo Hayashi, Kyoto University *Slides 35-41 are prohibited to reprint on the request of Otsuchi Town & Iwate Prefecture *Do not use beyond this project

Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

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Page 1: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes

Keiko Tamura, Niigata UniversityMunenari Inoguchi, Niigata UniversityHaruo Hayashi, Kyoto University

*Slides 35-41 are prohibited to reprint on the request of Otsuchi Town & Iwate Prefecture*Do not use beyond this project

Page 2: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Y0 Y1 Y2

2012Bloomfield

Meeting

Theme : Sustainable Disaster Recovery: Addressing Risks and Uncertainty→3Field Trip( Constructing the Agenda of 3rd ICUDR )

Japan

US

Taiwan

October

2012 2013 2014

3rd ICUDRInternational Conference

on Urban Disaster Reduction

EERIEarthquake Engineering

Research Institute

March 13-15

July 12

October

CGP Project(The Japan Foundation Center for Global

Partnership )

ISSSInstitute of

Social Safety Science

||

Annual Natural Hazards Research and

Applications Workshop

Japan

US

Taiwan

2005

2014

2007

Natural HazardsCenter

Researchers & Practitioners Young ResearchersKeywords:

Nov30th Des 1st⇔

End of Aug: plan for next year budget

Page 3: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Meeting #1 - Japan Schedule (March 13-15)

Day0: March 12 Moving Day 1)1900- Having Meeting with Dinner in Morioka

Day1: March 13 ‘Field Trip & Interview in the impacted area’ 1) Field Trip to the Impacted Area 2) Some Interview opportunity

Day2: March 14 ' Open Forum in Iwate University' 1) 1000-1200 Free (Optional Short trip in Morioka) 2) 1330-1700 Open Forum in Iwate University 3) 1800-2000 Welcome party

Day3: March 15‘ Meeting & Closed Forum in Morioka’ 1) 0930-1200 US,   Taiwan, Japan members have meeting at Conference Room in Hotel Metropolitan Morioka 2) 1330-1630 Closed Forum for researchers and administrative officers at Iwate Prefectural government office 3) 1700-2000 US, Taiwan,   Japan members have meeting at Conference Room in Hotel Metropolitan Morioka

Page 4: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Participants for Meeting #1 - Japan ○US Delegation1. Ken Topping Lecturer/Researcher, Cal Poly University Dept of City and Regional Planning2. Laurie Johnson Principal, ,Laurie Johnson Consulting & Research3. Rick Wilson Engineering Geologist, California Geological Survey4. Marjorie Greene Special Projects Manager , Earthquake Engineering Research Institute5. Rob Olshansky Professor, University of Illinois6. Richard Eisner  Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ○Taiwan Delegation1. CHEN, Liang-Chun 陳亮全 Director, National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction2. WU, Jie-Ying 吳杰穎 Professor , Ming-Chuan University 3. SHAO, Pei-Chun 邵珮君 Professor ,Chang Jung Christian University4. LU, Jing-Chein 盧鏡臣 Assistant Professor, Central Policy University5. CHEN, Haili 陳海立 Assistant Professor, National Taipei University6. YANG, Hui-Hsuan 楊惠萱 Assistant Research Fellow, National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction7. DENG, Chuan-Chung 鄧傳忠 National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction

〇 Japan Delegation1.Haruo Hayashi 林 春男 Professor , Prevention Research Institute,, Kyoto University 2.Norio Maki 牧 紀男    Associate Professor , Prevention Research Institute,, Kyoto University 3.Shigeo Tatsuki 立木 茂雄 Professor , Faculty of Social Studies, Doshisha University4. Keiko Tamura  田村 圭子   Professor , Risk Management Office , Niigata University5. Munenari Inoguchi 井ノ口 宗成 Assistant Professor, Research Institute for Natural Hazards & Disaster Recovery, Niigata University

Page 5: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Day0: March 12 Moving DayHaving Meeting with Dinner in Morioka

Local food “Wanko-zen”

Guest Speaker; Dr AkitomiIwate Medical Univ

Page 6: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Start: Morioka

1. Rikuzen-takata

3. Otsuchi

6. Taro

2. Ofunato

100 miles

7. Greenpia Miyako

60 miles

Local Bus Agency

Day1: March 13 ‘Field Trip & Interview in the impacted area’

Page 7: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Facility for Memorial

Roadside Station“Takata-Matsubara”

Local Volunteer

1. RIKUZEN-TAKATA (陸前高田)

Day1: March 13 ‘Field Trip & Interview in the impacted area’

Page 8: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

The "miracle pine tree" :A lone pine tree that survived the March 2011 tsunami here but died later, sparking a project to preserve it, was lit up in a test run on June 28, following the completion of restoration work earlier in the month.

Before 2011 3.11

1. RIKUZEN-TAKATA (陸前高田)

Page 9: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

2. Ofunato (大船渡)

Clock stopped at the Tsunami Attack

Area of Evacuation

Temporary Store “Barber SHIMIZU”

City Officer

Page 10: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Ofunato City ; March 15, 2011→March 13, 2013 (T.D. Flack, Stars and Stripes) (CGP Members)

Page 11: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

3. Otsuchi (大槌)

Otsuchi Town Hall & Fire station Memorial for Otuchi Mayor & Officials

Wall Paint drawn by Taiwan Volunteers

Page 12: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

4.Taro (田老)

Page 13: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

5. Greenpia Miyako (グリ - ンピア宮古)

Local Seafood

Page 14: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

5. Greenpia Miyako (グリ - ンピア宮古)

Hotel

pool

Temporary Housings Complex

Day Care Center for children

Temporary stores

Parking

Gym

Recreation Facilities→Hotel & Temporary Housings Complex

Support Center

Tennis court

playing field

Page 15: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

CGP Open Forum on March 14th, 2013国際交流基金日米センタープロジェクト日本会議・公開フォーラムの開

催Research Center for Regional Disaster Management, Iwate University

Day2: March 14   Open Forum in Iwate University'

Page 16: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Part I: Input from the Impacted Area (Moderator: Shigeki Sakai, Director, Research Center for Regional

Disaster Management, Iwate University)

1. Development of New Inspection Method for Decrepit / Devastated Road Bridges大西弘志(岩手大学) Hiroshi Onishi (Iwate University)

2. Tsunami Evacuation of Fishermen in Iwate Coastal Area松林由里子(岩手大学) Yuriko Matsubayashi (Iwate University)

3. Analysis Report of the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami -Spatial   Gap of the Tsunami Damage for Houses-

柳川竜一(岩手大学) Ryoichi Yanagawa (Iwate University)4. The Nurturing and Succession of Disaster Culture – Regional Schools as a Core of Disaster Management, Focusing on Two Essay Guidance for Collections of Students’ Tsunami Experience Essays at Taro, Iwate

山崎友子(岩手大学) Tomoko Yamazaki (Iwate University)

Page 17: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Part II: Input from the Taiwan Experiences (Moderator: Liang-Chun Chen, Director, National Science and

Technology Center for Disaster Reduction)

1. Sustainable Disaster Recovery: Addressing Risks and Uncertainaty – Taiwan Experiences

陳亮全  Liang-Chun Chen 2. Disaster Recovery and Collective Relocation of Typhoon Morakot

陳海立  Haili Chen (National Taipei University) 3. Lessons of Community Reconstruction from Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake

邵珮君  Pei-Chun Shao (Chang Jung Christian University)

Page 18: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Part III: Input from the Japan Experiences (Moderator: Keiko Tamura, Professor, Research Institute for Natural

Hazard and Disaster Recovery, Niigata University)

1. Holistic Approach for the Process of Life Recovery Based on the System of Disaster Victims’ Master Database

田村圭子  Keiko Tamura2. Micro Media Service for Building Up the Personal Resilience

井ノ口宗成(新潟大学)  Munenari Inoguchi (Niigata University)3. Two Styles of Long-term Recovery –Kobe and Tohoku-

林 春男(京都大学)  Haruo Hayashi (Kyoto University)

Page 19: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Part IV: Input from the U. S. Experiences (Moderator: Kenneth C. Topping, Lecturer, City & Regional

Planning Department, California Polytechnic State University)1. Viewing the Tohoku Disaster from across the Pacific Ocean

Kenneth C. Topping2. Recovery Learning and Collaboration

Marjorie Greene (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute)3. U. S. Tsunami Preparedness and Mitigation Program: Applying Lessons Learned from Tohoku-oki Tsunami

Rick Wilson (Department of Conservation, State of California)4. Building Response Capacity for Large Disaster

Richard Eisner (American Institute of Architecture)5. Katrina as the Focusing Event for U. S. Disaster Policy

Laurie Johnson (Laurie Johnson Consulting & Research)6. Learning about Recovery around the World

Rob Olshansky (University of Illinois)

Page 20: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Day3: March 15 US, Taiwan, Japan members have meeting

Page 21: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Day3: March 15 US, Taiwan, Japan members have meeting

3rd ICUDR should be ・・・• Break the Stovepipes• Towards the integrated science for disaster reduction• Towards the integrated research for disaster reduction• Building bridges over • Connecting past and future • Connecting people across the disciplines• Connecting people across international boundaries• Learning from each other country• Connecting each element of Disaster cycle • Reducing vulnerability • From mitigation model to resilience model• Linking mitigation, resilience and Adaptation• Connecting local, regional ,national and governments• How to community deal with recovery issues

Human人間

Space空間

Time時間

Resilience

SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

Exposure Adaptation

Hazard Mitigation

Page 22: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Day3: March 15 Closed Forum for researchers and administrative officers at Prefectural government office

東日本大震災岩手県の対応と教訓

岩手県総務部総合防災室主任防災指導員 越野修三

From DISASTER MANAGEMENT Division

From DISASTER RECOVERY Division

Page 23: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Situation of the damages by the tsunami

23

From DISASTER MANAGEMENT Division

Page 24: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Item 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji

2011 Great East Japan

All Japan (Iwate)

Loss of life    (as of January 24, 2012)

Dead 6,432 15,844 4,667

Missing 3   3,394 1,368

Total 6,435 19,238 6,035

Building damage (as of January 24, 2012) Complete and partial collapse 249,180 368,862 24,736

Shelter situation (at peak time)

Number of Shelters   399

Number of Refugees About 320,000 About 550,000 54,429

Situation of essential utilities damage (at peak time)

Electric outage About 2,600,000 units About 4,400,000 units About 760,000 units

Gas shortage About 860,000 units About 430,000 units About 9,400 units

Water outage About 1,300,000 Units At least 1,800,000 Units About 180,000 unitsDisconnection of land-line phones Over 300,000 lines About 900,000 lines About 66,100 lines

Summary of the Damage (Comparison with the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake)

24

From DISASTER MANAGEMENT Division

Page 25: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

【 Search & Rescue 】1. After Tsunami there were so many isolated area, which

should be searched and rescued2. The necessity of rescue using helicopters increased;

however, there were not enough helicopters to response their needs

3. Debris caused by Tsunami made search & rescue extremely difficult4. There were no management system to handle dead bodies

Lessons Learned

【 People with Specials Needs 】4. Many elderlies were victimized5.Many Supporters were victimized when they tried to support people with special needs to be evacuated    Distribution map based on

residence of the deaths and missing persons near Otsuchi bay

Age of dead and missing persons

Under 11

Under 21

Under 31

Under 41

Under 51

Under 61

Under 71

Under 81

Under 91

Under 101

Over 101

34

【 Shelter Management 】6. Relief supplies could not reach the victims in first 3 days.7. There were not enough resources to manage shelters

because city & town officials were also victimized

【 Relief Supplies 】8. National government’s lack of control over relief supplies management because of sectionalism9. a fuel shortage were serious problems

From DISASTER MANAGEMENT Division

Page 26: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

本部長(知事)

副本部長(副知事、総務部長)

本部員各部局等の長、総合防災室長

出納局長、医療局長企業局長、教育長

警察本部長、東京事務所長

統括班

情報

対策

通信

広報

総務

知事部局 地方支部 広域支部 現地災害対策本部 調査班 現地作業班

連絡員(各部局、関係機関)

災害対策本部

本部の決定内容の指示情報連絡

本部支援室(本部長のスタッフ)

総合防災室長

支援要員の派遣

緊急初動特別班

本部員会議

総合調整所

事案処理部門

指揮調整

統括班

総務T

情報・対策T

広報T

通信T

部隊運用班 応急対策班 復旧対策班

応援部隊運用T

航空運用T

部隊支援T

被災者支援T

支援物資調達T

保健医療対策T

埋火葬支援T

ガレキ・廃棄物対策T

市町村支援T

支援室長(副知事)

総合企画T

住宅対策T

被災者生活再建支援T

教育支援T

産業振興T

理事(調整担当)

理事(復興担当)(副室長:総務部長)

(班長:総合防災室長)(副班長:特命参事)

(3月25日に改組)COMMANDFRの

スタッフ

事案処理部門OPERATION

Before 3.11

After 3.11

From DISASTER MANAGEMENT Division

Page 27: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

27

4 今後の課題

被災した旧大槌小学校を改築した大槌町役場新庁舎

From DISASTER RECOVERY Division

Page 28: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

(1)被災者の現状 ①応急仮設住宅等への入居状況

28

※  「応急仮設住宅等」の( )書きは、平成 23 年 7 月 29 日以降の最大値

  応急仮設住宅等(H 25.1.4)

県内在宅(H25.1.4

)

県外(H25.1.

4)合計

 

応急仮設住宅

みなし仮設

小計  民間賃貸

住宅雇用促進住宅

公営住宅等 みなし仮設計

戸数(戸)

12,735 2,754 718 193 3,665 16,400

6,490 - 22,890(H24.1.13    13,228)

(H23.10.21 3,474)

(H23.8.12 837)

(H23.7.29 291) (△937 ) (△1,430

)

人数(名) 29,201 7,028 2,123 556 9,707 38,908 14,936 1,664 55,508

人数割合 52.6% 12.7% 3.8% 1.0% 17.5% 70.1% 26.9% 3.0% 100.0%

1. Many Victims live in various type and kinds of temporary housings. How to support them until they reconstruct their lives again is the challenge

households

Persons

Temporary housings rented accommodation

From DISASTER RECOVERY Division

Page 29: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

(1)被災者の現状 ②被災事業所の抱える課題

29

38.1%

30.0%

18.1%

14.2%

23.8%

5.9%

33.2%

11.0%

19.8%

7.5%

29.6%

21.8%

15.0%20.6%

22.9%

5.8%

35.4%

11.1%

18.1%

8.3%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

1.施設

整備

資金

の不

2.運転

資金

の不

3.ニ重債

務の

負担

4.雇用

・労働

力の

確保

が困

5.取引

先数

の減

6.原材

料・部

品の

調達

が困

7.売上

の減

少や

利益

率の

低下

8.事業

計画

の作

成が

困難

9.事業

用地

の確

保が

困難

10.その

前回(H24.2) 今回(H24.8)

※ 凡例内の( )は、今回調査の集計対象事業所数を示す

■  平成 24 年【第2回】「被災事業所復興状況調査」結果報告(平成 24 年9月 20 日公表)

○ 現在抱えている課題( 3つ選択)では、「売上・利益率の低下」と回答した事業者が 35.4%( 576/1,626 )で最も割合が高く、次いで「施設整備資金の不足」( 29.6% )、「取引先の減少」( 22.9%)の割合が高かった。

○ 前回調査と比較すると、「売上・利益率の低下」( 33.2%→35.4%)「雇用・労働力の確保」( 14.2%→20.6% )と回答した事業者の割合が上昇した。

2. 80 % of Business owners reopened their business, however, there several problems to be solved for continuing their business

From DISASTER RECOVERY Division

Page 30: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

(2)迅速な復興のための主要課題① 復興財源の確保・自由度の高い財源措置

■ 復興が実現するまでの間の、確実な財源の確保■ 被災状況や、事業制度の違いによる支援格差など、地域の実情に応じて地方が創意工夫し、復興事業を推進するための自由度の高い財源措置

【現状等】○  発災以降、国の予算を先取りした補正予算を編成。(平成 23 年度: 12 次にわたる補正実施)   また、平成 24 年度予算は、「復興元年」予算として復旧・復興に全力で取り組むための予算 を編成  <岩手県:東日本大震災津波関連予算> (平成 24 年 12 月 12 日現在。単位:百万円)

  

○  取崩し型復興基金    被災団体が地域の実情に応じて、住民生活の安定やコミュニティの再生、地域経済の振興・雇用維持等について、単年度予算の枠に縛られずに   弾力的かつきめ細かに対処できる資金

平成 24 年度の累計 544,391

平成 22 年度予算からの累計 1,356,798

原資 配分 特別交付税(総務省) 420億円 市町村交付金 210億円 クウェートからの支援金 84億円 県事業 300億円 寄付金 6億円

計 510億円 計 510億円

<主な活用事業>○ 被災者住宅再建支援事業費補助○中小企業被災資産復旧事業費補助○ 震災復興事業用地取得事業○ 仮設店舗等整備事業<課題> まちづくりの具体化とともに、既存事業に加え、新たに住宅の自力再建支援、中小事業者の再建支援ニーズが高まっており、事業中途における基金の早期枯渇が懸念される。(岩手県では、 27 年度途中に枯渇が見込まれる。) 

303. How to secure financial resources needed to recovery is challenge; Prefectural government need to have the discretionary power to handle the recovery budget

From DISASTER RECOVERY Division

Page 31: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

(2)迅速な復興のための主要課題② 被災地復興のための人的支援

■ 被災地のまちづくりや災害公営住宅等ハード事業を担う技術職員の不足■ 用地買収、埋蔵文化財調査等の専門的知識・経験を有する職員の不足

【現状等】○  県では、任期付職員の採用、退職者の再任用などによる職員の増員を行うとともに、被災 市町村支援のための職員派遣などを行っているところ。 しかし、復興事業が本格化する中、膨大な業務を遂行するため、更なるマンパワーが必要と なっている。○  被災市町村における必要職員数 ア)平成 24 年度  372 名    被災市町村等への中長期職員派遣決定者の状況             (平成 24年 12 月 31 日現在)

 イ)平成 25 年度 438名          (平成 24 年 12 月 31 日現在)

久慈市 野田村 田野畑村

岩泉町 宮古市 山田町 大槌町 釜石市 大船渡市

陸前高田市

一関市 計

1 13 9 2 30 27 80 41 47 63 2 315

要望状況 総務省スキーム 左以外 計市町村 285名 153名 438名

313. How to secure adequate human resources for recovery is the challenge

From DISASTER RECOVERY Division

Page 32: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

(2)迅速な復興のための主要課題

③ 事業用地の円滑かつ迅速な確保■ 所有者不明や相続未処理などの課題を有する事業用地を円滑に取得するため、  不明所有者に代わり市町村が管理できるなどの特例措置や、土地収用における事業認定要件の緩和及び手続の迅速化等

32

【現状等】○  防潮堤事業  災害復旧事業で整備する防潮堤の取得予定用地について、権利者調査を実施した結果、 約3割について懸案事項を抱える土地(所有者不明、相続未処理など)があり、取得に相当 程度時間を要することが判明。

○  その他の事業   復興交付金による道路事業や、防災集団移転事業等復興まちづくり事業においても同様 の問題が生ずることが想定されている。

【用地取得の遅れによる問題点】(1)防潮堤を始めとする県の復旧・復興事業の遅延により、復興まちづくりの推進に  支障(2)市町村における防災集団移転事業等の復興まちづくり事業の遅延

3. Pushing forth a sweeping relaxation of regulations for recovery is needed

From DISASTER RECOVERY Division

Page 33: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Disaster Management• What kind of relation or coordination had been made

between national government’s and prefecutal levels at the time of response phase? What should they be?

Disaster Recovery• In Tsunami impacted area many victims are supposed to move

away from their original location. What are those people’s situation?

• The Victims claims that the recovery process was slow. Was it slow or should it be slow?

Discussion has been made ・・・

Page 34: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

VMDB Server

Client

VMDB

LGWAN

・・・Affected City

Iwate Prefecture

Providing as a service

Implementation of“Victims Master Database”

Server

LGWAN (Local Gov. Wide-Area Network)

F/W

IwatePrefecture

Affected citiesby tsunami

Affected citiesby ground-shaking

Page 35: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Residents : 15,276( Census in 2010: before Tsunami)

Out of Residential Area (pink color)

Kamaishi City

Tono City

Miyako City

Yamada Town

Otsuchi

Page 36: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Residents in Tsunami Impacted Area : 10,775( 70.5% of residents )4,396 households were inundated

Tsunami Impacted Area (Red color)

Kamaishi City

Tono City

Miyako City

Yamada Town

Otsuchi

Page 37: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Otsuchi Station

Old City Hall

Kirikiri Station

Red: Tsunami Impacted AreaBlue : Residents★( Yellow Star ) Landmarks

Page 38: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Dead/Missing number in each household

• Residents 17,405   Households   7,370• Dead : 1,650

– 0 dead: 6,094 households– 1 dead: 967 households– 2 dead: 244 households– 3 dead: 48 households– 4 dead: 9 households– 5 dead: 3 households

• Missing : 3

Page 39: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Current Residential Address(Around Otsuchi Station and City Hall)

• 4,266 Residents lived before Tsunami

• As to April 26th, 2013– Managed Current Address    3,524 persons

• People still living at the same place: 76• People living at other place than before: 3,448 (98%)

→ In Iwate, In Japan, Overseas…

– NOT Managed Current Address   742 persons

Page 40: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Moved to Temporary housingsMoved to Inland Area

Otsuchi Town

Page 41: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Iwate Prefecture

Tokyo

Page 42: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

  Ken Topping visited Morioka Kindergarten on March 14th, which was established by his Grandfather

Page 43: Japan Field Study Workshop Outcomes (K. Tamura)

Earthquake Risks in Japan for the Next 30 years

60% M8.1〜 8.540% M7.9

〜 8.3

50%

〜 2%

M7.8〜 8.2

M8.1〜 8.3

〜 10% M8.0

99% M7.5〜 8.0

90% M7.7〜 8.0

〜 1% M7.9

60% M8.4

70% M8.1

87% M7.9

TokyoMetropolitan

70% M7.3

As of 1.1.2010