[fotografie: Slinkachu]

Harde stad,

zachte stad

antropologie en stedelijk

ontwerp

Leeke Reinders

TU Delft / KU Leuven

GRAS Kennisboo(s)t

29 oktober 2013

1. Onderzoek en ontwerp

2. Ruimte en plaats

3. Antropologie van de stad: thema’s

4. Visuele antropologie

5. Narratieve cartografie

6. Pluk en de Petteflet

Lopen in de stad

“To be lifted to the summit of the World Trade Center is to be lifted

out of the city’s grasp. One’s body is no longer clasped by the

streets that turn and return it according to an anonymous law; nor is

it possessed, whether as player or played, by the rumble of so

many differences and by the nervousness of New York traffic. When

one goes up there, he leaves behind the mass that carries off and

mixes up in itself any identity of authors or spectators (…) His

elevation transfigures him into a voyeur. It puts him at a distance. It

transforms the bewitching world by which one was ‘possessed’ into

a text that lies before one’s eyes. It allows one to read it, to be a

solar Eye, looking down like a god (…) Must one finally fall back into

the dark space where crowds move back and forth, crowds that,

though visible from on high, are themselves unable to see down

below?”.

uit: Michel de Certeau, The practice of everyday life

(Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1997), p. 92

uit: Alison Smithson & Peter Smithson, Urban structuring

(Londen: Studio Vista / New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1967), pp. 10-11.

Ontwerp en observatie

“(…) we are only half-educating our children. By ignoring the whole

realm of visual perception and communication (…) we are

perpetuating a society that is visually unaware and unobservant to

the point of blindness. This blindness is acute even among those

who move on into the field of art and design (…) What we must do

is to develop in the student the acute and enthusiastic observation

and exploration of the visual world that are characteristic of small

children, but that are almost totally destroyed in the education mill

(…) in learning how to draw one is subconsciously developing and

sharpening powers of both observation and analysis (…) The power

of analysis and communication is the basis of design. Learning to

see is the basis of understanding”.

uit: Geoffrey Spyer, Architect and community (London: Peter Owen, 1971), pp. 154-155

r e s e a r c h

d e s i g n

r e s e a r c h

d e s i g n

r e s e a r c h

d e s i g n

Onderzoek en ontwerp

(a)

(b)

(c)

Lezen van de stad

Conscious observation as an initial step towards understanding the

physical, social and economic lay-out of the city. Site observation is

a matter of reading clues: buildings, space and landscape, artifacts

(name plates, decorations, window dressings, graffiti, traffic signs),

people (class, ethnicity, gender, age, lifestyle), commercial areas,

public environment (street widths, street names) building

arrangements (transitions between public and private spaces),

topography, et cetera.

Allen B. Jacobs, Looking at cities (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1985)

Uit: Jacques Tati, Playtime (1967)

Modernistische ruimte

Le Corbusier, Plan Voisin (1922-1925), ongebouwd

Modernistische ruimte: interieur

uit: Jacques Tati, Playtime (1967)

Modernistische ruimte: exterieur uit: Jacques Tati, Playtime (1967)

Modernistische

ruimte als

dystopie

Uit: Jean-Luc Godard, Alphaville

(1965)

Hybride ruimte

Tekening als middel om de

carthesiaanse ruimte te

problematiseren en de precieze

set van coordinatoren te negeren

Daniel Libeskind, Macromegas (1978)

Serial vision

De stad als

coherent drama,

gebruik van de

wandeling om

beweging door

ruimte te

onderzoeken

Uit: Gordon Cullen, The concise

townscape (Londen: The

Architectural Press, 1971)

concepties van stedelijke ruimte

ruimte plaats

absolute ruimte relatieve ruimte

abstracte ruimte differentiële ruimte

potentiële omgeving effectieve omgeving

gecreëerde stad spontane stad

achtergrond voorgrond

harde stad zachte stad

geplande ruimte geleefde ruimte

ruimte (space) plaats (place)

algemeen particulier, specifiek

controle ervaring en perceptie

objectief subjectief

globaal locaal

toekomst verleden

progressief regressief

marxisme, ruimtelijke analyse fenomenologie, postmodernisme

John Agnew, ‘Space:place’,

in: Paul Choke & Ron Johnston (eds.), Spaces of geographical thought

(Londen, Thousand Oakes en New Delhi: Sage, 2005), pp. 81-96.

Henri Lefebvre, The production of space (Malden, Oxford en Victoria: Blackwell, 2003).

3. Antropologie van de stad: thema’s

Stedelijke symboliek

uit: Kevin Lynch, The image of the city (Cambridge and London: The MIT

Press, 1972), pp. 146-147)

uit: Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown & Steven Izenour, Learning from Las

Vegas. The forgotten symbolism of architectural form (revised edition)

(Cambridge and London: The MIT Press, 1985), pp. 14-15.

Uit: Leeke Reinders, De stad in vogelvlucht en op

schouderhoogte: beeldcultuur, symboliek en

publieke ruimte. Stedebouw & ruimtelijke ordening,

89(2), 2008, pp. 12-19.

Embodied space

Het menselijke lichaam

as fysieke en

biologische entiteit, als

geleefde ervaring en

als “location of acting

and speaking in the

world”.

Front en back stage

Erving Goffman, The presentation of self in everyday life

(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971)

Inscriptie

De relatie

tussen mensen

en omgeving,

hoe zij ruimte

bezetten,

betekenis geven

en daarmee tot

plaats maken.

De micro-politiek van ruimte

Parochiale ruimte

sociale klasse in een

suburbane straat uit: Leeke Reinders & Eva Bosch, Thuis in de

stad. Binding, identiteit en publieke ruimte in

Zaanstad (The Hague: NICIS, 2012)

Uit: Leeke Reinders & Neeltje ten Westenend,

Common grounds. Een visuele etnografie van publieke

ruimte (Amsterdam: NEL, 2011).

Figure 2. Suchar: “…could you tell me a little about the things in the photograph … are there significant things there?”

Subject: “The big thing is David and Daniel … and Max the cat … our other cat Missy would be jealous … I should have

dusted the trays.”

Suchar: “What about the trays and ice cream collection? That’s obviously a major part of the house.”

Subject: “They’re a major part of this room, but we try to keep it somewhat balanced. We have it balanced so that the

collection doesn’t take over the house … We’ve been to some people’s houses where the collections take over the house;

where they’re everywhere and become oppressive … I’ve been to a friend’s house in Atlanta, where you can’t sit down;

you’ve got to move things to sit down … When you live with it [the collection] you don’t think about it.” [continues]

uit: Deborah D. Heisley & Sidney J. Levy, ‘Autodriving: a photoelicitation technique’,

Journal of consumer research, 18(3), 1991, pp. 257-272

Plate 2 The ‘Peace Garden’ at School A. ‘This Peace Garden shows peace in

my school. Most people say my school

is in a bad environment, but the peace garden shows that the school isn’t that

bad. It shows peace in the school,

and tells us not to fight.’ (female, School A)

Plate 5 The coastline along Kingston Harbour. ‘This is the seaside, where people

pass and dump garbage. It’s near

where I live – I go to the sea to walk at weekends with my friends, we swim as

well. This shows bad things happening

in the community – the garbage can kill fishes and pollute the water. The

garbage comes from elsewhere – people

dump it, and then it gets washed up.’ (male, School B)

Uit: Sarah Pink, László Kürti & Ana Isabel Afonso (red.),

Working images. Visual research and representation in ethnography (Londen en New York: Routledge)

Visuele antropologie van de stad

- impliciete kennis

- actief: handeling, beweging,

afbakening, overschrijding, et cetera

- onderzoek: op zoek naar grenzen,

wrijving, spanning en conflict

- schrijven en noteren: kijk door oog

van anderen, op zoek naar routines,

gewoonten, herhaling

- analyse: (rijk gevulde) codes die

werken en activeren, loslaten van

onderzoek en vrijheid voor ontwerp

creëren