Python Programming - XIII. GUI Programming

Engr. RANEL O. PADON

XIII. GUI PROGRAMMING

PYTHON PROGRAMMING TOPICS

I•Introduction to Python Programming

II•Python Basics

III•Controlling the Program Flow

IV•Program Components: Functions, Classes, Packages, and Modules

V•Sequences (List and Tuples), and Dictionaries

VI•Object-Based Programming: Classes and Objects

VII•Customizing Classes and Operator Overloading

VIII•Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance and Polymorphism

IX•Randomization Algorithms

X•Exception Handling and Assertions

XI•String Manipulation and Regular Expressions

XII•File Handling and Processing

XIII•GUI Programming Using Tkinter

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Python

Operating

System

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Python

Tcl

Tk

Operating

System

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Python

Tcl

Tk

Operating

System

Tkinter

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Tkinter

Operating

System

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Tkinter = Tcl + Tk

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER = Tcl + Tk

Tcl: Tool Command Language

invented in 1990

used for web and desktop applications, networking,

administration, scripted applications, embedded system,

rapid prototyping and testing.



Interfacing with other Languages

Tcl/C++

Tcl/ Java



allows extension packages, which provide additional functionality,

such as a GUI, terminal-based application automation,

database access, etc.

Tcl/Tk

Tcl/Expect


Tk: ToolKit

open-source, cross platform widget toolkit for building GUI

other common widgets are:

* Java AWT and Java Swing (OpenOffice)

* Qt (Google Earth, Skype, Linux KDE windows)

* GTK+ (Linux Gnome windows)

* Cocoa (Mac OS)

* Silverlight (modern MS Windows NT)


Tk: ToolKit

created originally for Tcl

other language bindings also exist:

* Python/Tk = Tkinter

* Perl/Tk

* Ruby/Tk


Tkinter: Tk Interface

* wrapper for Tcl to access Tk

* Python and Tcl could co-exist in a Python file.

* Python interpreter also contains Tcl and Tk interpreter

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Related Projects

Language Widget Toolkit

JavaAbstract Windowing Toolkit

Swing

PHPPHP - GTK

PHP - Qt

JavascriptjQuery UI

ExtJS

Python

Tkinter

Pyjamas

PyGTK

PyQt

PySide

wxPython

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Related Projects ( Java’s Swing with Nimbus Theme)



Tk

A GUI toolkit provided as a library of C routines.

This library manages and manipulates the windows and

handles the GUI events and user interaction.

Tcl

The (mostly hidden) language used by Tk and, hence, used

by Tkinter to communicate with the Tk toolkit.

Tkinter

The Python Tk interface. A Python module that provides a

collection of Python classes and methods for accessing the Tk

toolkit from within Python.

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Widget

A user interface element

(text box, combo box, or top-level window).

On Windows, the common terminology is control or window.

PYTHON GUI: Pros

Brevity

Python programs using Tkinter can be very brief, partly because

of the power of Python, but also due to Tk.

Reasonable default values are defined for many options used in

creating a widget, and packing it

(i.e., placing and displaying).

PYTHON GUI: Pros

Cross platform

Tk provides widgets on Windows, Macs, and most Unix

implementations with very little platform-specific

dependence.

Some newer GUI frameworks are achieving a degree of

platform independence, but it will be some time before

they match Tk's in this respect.

PYTHON GUI: Pros

Maturity

First released in 1990, the core is well developed and stable.

PYTHON GUI: Pros

Extensibility

Many extensions of Tk exist, and more are being frequently

distributed on the Web.

Any extension is immediately accessible from Tkinter,

if not through an extension to Tkinter,

then at least through Tkinter's access to the Tcl language.

PYTHON GUI: Cons

Speed

Most calls to Tkinter are formatted as a Tcl command

(a string) and interpreted by Tcl from where the actual Tk

calls are made.

This theoretical slowdown caused by the successive

execution of two interpreted languages is rarely seen in

practice and most real-world applications spend little time

communicating between the various levels of Python, Tcl, and

Tk.

PYTHON GUI: Cons

Tcl

Python purists often balk at the need to install another

scripting language in order to perform GUI tasks.

There is periodic interest in removing the need for Tcl

by using Tk's C-language API directly, although no such

attempt has ever succeeded.

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Python Widget ( Window Gadget) Subclasses

PYTHON GUI: TKINTER

Python Widgets

from Tkinter import *

Frame().mainloop()

PYTHON GUI: Frame


class GuiTest(Frame):def __init__(self):

Frame.__init__(self)self.pack()

GuiTest().mainloop()

PYTHON GUI: Frame



Frame.__init__(self)self.pack()self.master.title("Ranel's Lugawan")


PYTHON GUI: Frame



Frame.__init__(self)self.pack()self.master.title("Ranel's Lugawan")

self.label = Label(self, text = "Ako ang Simula")self.label.pack()


PYTHON GUI: Label



…

self.text = Entry(self, name = “butas”)self.text.pack()


PYTHON GUI: Entry



…

self.text = Entry(self, name = “butas”)self.text.bind("<Return>", self.anoLaman)self.text.pack()

def anoLaman(self, propeta):print "ang laman ay", propeta.widget.get()

PYTHON GUI: Event Binding

from Tkinter import *from tkMessageBox import *


…

self.text = Entry(self, name = “butas")self.text.bind("<Return>", self.anoLaman)self.text.pack()

def anoLaman(self, propeta):showinfo()

PYTHON GUI: Message Box



…

self.text = Entry(self, name = “butas")self.text.bind("<Return>", self.anoLaman)self.text.pack()

def anoLaman(self, propeta):pangalan = propeta.widget.winfo_name()laman = propeta.widget.get()showinfo("Message", pangalan+" : "+laman)

PYTHON GUI: Message Box



…

self.text = Entry(self, name = “butas")self.text.bind("<Return>", self.anoLaman)self.text.insert(INSERT, “Ano ang misyon mo?")self.text.pack()

def anoLaman(self, propeta):pangalan = propeta.widget.winfo_name()laman = propeta.widget.get()showinfo("Message", pangalan + " : " + laman)

PYTHON GUI: Entry Insert Function



…

self.button = Button(self, text = "Koya wag po!",\command = self.pinindot)

self.button.pack()

def pinindot(self):showinfo("Mensahe",\

"Bakit nyo ako pinindot? :(")

PYTHON GUI: Button



…

self.button = Button(self, text = "Koya wag po!",\command = self.pinindot)

self.button.bind("<Enter>", self.iLubog)self.button.bind("<Leave>", self.iAngat) self.button.pack()

def iLubog(self, propeta):propeta.widget.config(relief = GROOVE)

def iAngat(self, propeta):propeta.widget.config(relief = RAISED)

PYTHON GUI: Button Hover


…

self.imageGoogle = PhotoImage(file = "google.gif")self.buttonPic = Button(self,\

image = self.imageGoogle,\command = self.pinindotPiktyur)

self.buttonPic.bind("<Enter>", self.iLubog)self.buttonPic.bind("<Leave>", self.iAngat)self.buttonPic.pack()

def pinindotPiktyur(self):showinfo("Mensahe", “Di pa po kayo bayad!")

PYTHON GUI: Button with PhotoImage

PYTHON GUI: Radiobutton



class ChannelButton(Frame):…

ChannelButton().mainloop()

def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.title("Radiobutton Demo")self.master.geometry("250x60")self.pack(expand = YES, fill = BOTH)

self.laman = Entry(self, width = 60, justify = CENTER)self.laman.insert(INSERT, "Ano ang paborito mong \

Channel?")self.laman.config(state = DISABLED)self.laman.pack(padx = 5, pady = 5)


def __init__(self):…listahanNgChannels = ["GMA","ABS-CBN","TV-5","DZUP"]self.napilingChannel = StringVar()self.napilingChannel.set("DZUP")

for istasyon in listahanNgChannels:isangButones = Radiobutton(self, text = istasyon,\

value = istasyon, variable = self.napilingChannel,\

command = self.ipakitaAngNapili)isangButones.pack(side=LEFT, expand=1, fill=BOTH)


def __init__(self):…

def ipakitaAngNapili(self):print self.napilingChannel.get()

if self.napilingChannel.get() == "GMA":showinfo("Tagline", "Kapuso")

elif self.napilingChannel.get() == "ABS-CBN":showinfo("Tagline", "Kapamilya")

elif self.napilingChannel.get() == "TV-5":showinfo("Tagline", "Kapatid")

else:showinfo("Tagline", "Itanong Mo Kay Engr: \

Every Monday @ 4-5pm!")

PYTHON GUI: Checkbutton



class CheckbuttonTest(Frame):…

CheckbuttonTest().mainloop()


def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.title("Check Box Demo")self.master.geometry("200x50")self.pack(expand = YES, fill = BOTH)

self.laman = Entry(self, width = 20, \font = "Arial 10", justify = CENTER)

self.laman.insert(INSERT, "Tagilid at Makapal")self.laman.pack(padx = 5, pady = 5)



self.makapalBa = BooleanVar()self.tsekbaksMakapal = Checkbutton(self, text = \

“Pakapalin”, variable = self.makapalBa,\command = self.baguhinAngFont)

self.tsekbaksMakapal.pack(side = LEFT, expand = YES,\fill = X)



self.tagilidBa = BooleanVar()self.tsekbaksTagilid = Checkbutton(self, text = \

"Itagilid", variable = self.tagilidBa, \command = self.baguhinAngFont)

self.tsekbaksTagilid.pack(side = LEFT, expand = YES, \fill = X)



def baguhinAngFont(self):hitsuraNgLaman = "Arial 10"

if self.makapalBa.get():hitsuraNgLaman += " bold"

if self.tagilidBa.get():hitsuraNgLaman += " italic"

self.laman.config(font = hitsuraNgLaman)




class TikbalangCheckbutton(Frame):…

TikbalangCheckbutton().mainloop()


def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.title("Checkbutton Tikbalang Demo")self.master.geometry("200x50")self.pack(expand = YES, fill = BOTH)

self.laman = Entry(self, width = 40, font = \"Arial 10", justify = CENTER)

self.laman.insert(INSERT, "Hindi Tao, Hindi Hayop")self.laman.pack(padx = 5, pady = 5)



self.taoBa = BooleanVar()

self.tsekbaksTao = Checkbutton(self, text = "Tao",\variable = self.taoBa,\command = self.baguhinAngLaman)

self.tsekbaksTao.pack(side = LEFT, expand = YES,\fill = X)



self.kabayoBa = BooleanVar()

self.tsekbaksKabayo = Checkbutton(self,\text = "Kabayo",\

variable = self.kabayoBa,\command = self.baguhinAngLaman)

self.tsekbaksKabayo.pack(side = LEFT, expand = YES,\fill = X)


def baguhinAngLaman(self):if self.taoBa.get() and self.kabayoBa.get():

self.laman.delete(0, END)self.laman.insert(INSERT, "Tikbalang")

elif self.taoBa.get() and not self.kabayoBa.get():self.laman.delete(0, END)self.laman.insert(INSERT, "Tao")

elif not self.taoBa.get() and self.kabayoBa.get():self.laman.delete(0, END)self.laman.insert(INSERT, "Kabayo")

else:self.laman.delete(0, END)self.laman.insert(INSERT, "Hindi Tao, Hindi Hayop")


PYTHON GUI: Grid Layout


class PinasGrid(Frame):…

PinasGrid().mainloop()


def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.title("Tayo na sa Pinas")self.master.geometry("350x250")self.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)

self.hilaga = Button(self, text="Hilaga", \command=self.pumuntaSaHilaga)

self.hilaga.grid(row=0, columnspan=3, sticky = \W+E+N+S, padx=5, pady=5)

self.kanluran = Button(self, text="Kanluran", \command=self.pumuntaSaKanluran)

self.kanluran.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky = \W+E+N+S, padx=5, pady=5)


def __init__(self):…self.sentro = Label(self, text="Tayo na sa Pinas!",\

foreground="blue")self.sentro.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky = W+E+N+S)

self.silangan = Button(self, text="Silangan",\command=self.pumuntaSaSilangan)

self.silangan.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky = \W+E+N+S, padx=5, pady=5)

self.timog = Button(self, text="Timog",\command=self.pumuntaSaTimog)

self.timog.grid(row=2, columnspan=3, sticky = \W+E+N+S, padx=5, pady=5)



self.columnconfigure(0, weight = 1)self.columnconfigure(1, weight = 1)self.columnconfigure(2, weight = 1)

self.rowconfigure(0, weight = 1)self.rowconfigure(1, weight = 1)self.rowconfigure(2, weight = 1)



def pumuntaSaHilaga(self):self.sentro.config(text = "Tayo na sa Batanes!")

def pumuntaSaKanluran(self):self.sentro.config(text = "Tayo na sa Palawan!")

def pumuntaSaSilangan(self):self.sentro.config(text = "Tayo na sa Cebu!")

def pumuntaSaTimog(self):self.sentro.config(text = "Tayo na sa Sulu")


PYTHON GUI: Calculator




from __future__ import divisionfrom Tkinter import *

class CalcuNiRanie(Frame):…

CalcuNiRanie().mainloop()


def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.title("Calcu ni Kuya Ranie")self.master.geometry("250x250")self.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)

self.frame1 = Frame(self)self.frame1.pack(expand=0, fill = BOTH)

self.screen = Entry(self.frame1)self.screen.pack(expand=1, fill = BOTH,\

padx = 5, pady = 5)self.screen.config(justify=RIGHT, font = "Arial 18")



self.frame2 = Frame(self)self.frame2.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)

self.pito = Button(self.frame2, text = "7", \command = self.pito)

self.pito.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky = W+E+N+S)self.walo = Button(self.frame2, text = "8", …self.walo.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky = W+E+N+S)…

self.katimbang = Button(self.frame2, text = "=", \command = self.anoAngSagot)

self.katimbang.grid(row=4, column=2, sticky = W+E+N+S)



self.frame2.columnconfigure(0, weight = 1)self.frame2.columnconfigure(1, weight = 1)self.frame2.columnconfigure(2, weight = 1)self.frame2.columnconfigure(3, weight = 1)

self.frame2.rowconfigure(1, weight = 1)self.frame2.rowconfigure(2, weight = 1)self.frame2.rowconfigure(3, weight = 1)self.frame2.rowconfigure(4, weight = 1)



def pito(self):self.screen.insert(END,'7')

def walo(self):self.screen.insert(END,'8')

…

def anoAngSagot(self):sagot = eval(self.screen.get())self.screen.delete(0, END)self.screen.insert(END, sagot)


use the eval() function for evaluating arithmetic operations

involving string parameters containing numbers

>>print eval("3 + 4")

#prints the answer: 7


Python Mega Widgets (Pmw)

toolkit that provides high-level GUI components from the

combinations of Tkinter widgets

* Menubar, ScrolledText, etc.

PYTHON GUI: Pmw

Download Pmw and extract the contents of src folder to a folder

e.g. extract to: C:\Pyhon27\src

PYTHON GUI: Pmw

Run the setup.py executable file in Command Prompt

(install is a command-line parameter of setup.py ):

It means it could not find a python.exe file to run setup.py,

hence you must add the Path of python interpreter/executable file

to the System Path in the Environment variables.

For example add:

;C:\Pyhon27

to the list of Path of your operating system’s Environment Variables.

PYTHON GUI: Pmw

Detailed Step for Adding Python to Environment Variables:

right-click Computer > Properties > Advanced System Settings

> Advanced > Environment Variables

double-click the Path in the list of System Variables

append the location of python.exe (usually located in C:\Python27)

;C:\Python27

Click OK to all window dialog options.

Then, be sure to restart the command prompt!!!

PYTHON GUI: Pmw

PYTHON GUI: Pmw.ScrolledText


from Tkinter import *import Pmw

class LakasNgScrolledText(Frame):…

LakasNgScrolledText().mainloop()

def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)Pmw.initialise()self.packself.master.geometry("150x100")

self.butas = Entry(self)self.butas.bind("<Return>", self.iTeleport)self.butas.pack()

self.dingding = Pmw.ScrolledText(self,\text_width = 25, text_height = 12,\text_wrap = WORD)

self.dingding.pack(side=BOTTOM, expand=1, fill=BOTH,\padx=5, pady=5)


S not Z!

def __init__(self): …

def iTeleport(self, propeta):lamanNgButas = propeta.widget.get()

self.dingding.settext(self.dingding.get() + \lamanNgButas)

self.butas.delete(0, END)

self.dingding.insert(END, lamanNgButas + "\n")


PYTHON GUI: Pmw.Menubar


from Tkinter import *import Pmwimport tkMessageBox

class TindahanNiBudoy (Frame):…

TindahanNiBudoy().mainloop()

def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)Pmw.initialise()self.master.geometry("300x200")self.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)

self.sabitanNgPaninda = Pmw.MenuBar(self)self.sabitanNgPaninda.pack(fill=X)

self.sabitanNgPaninda.addmenu("Mga Paninda","Bili na")

self.sabitanNgPaninda.addmenuitem("Mga Paninda", \"command", label = "Lugaw",\command = self.initinAngLugaw)

self.sabitanNgPaninda.addcascademenu("Mga Paninda",\"Chichiria")



self.mayBoyBawang = BooleanVar()

self.sabitanNgPaninda.addmenuitem("Chichiria",\"checkbutton", label = "Boy Bawang",\command = self.idagdagAngBoyBawang,\variable = self.mayBoyBawang)


def __init__(self): …

def initinAngLugaw(self):tkMessageBox.showinfo(None,\

"Unlimited Lugaw for P20!")

def idagdagAngBoyBawang(self):if self.mayBoyBawang.get():

tkMessageBox.showinfo(None,\"Boy Bawang toppings on the go!")


PYTHON GUI: Other Tk functionalities

1. File Dialog for file handling

2. Closing inner and main windows

3. Drawing on Canvas widget (lines, text, ovals, etc)

4. Sliding/Adjusting values using the Scale widget

5. Animating Shapes/Blinking Rectangle

PYTHON GUI: FileDialog


from Tkinter import *#Pmw not needed here!import tkFileDialog

class PambukasNgPapeles(Frame):…

PambukasNgPapeles().mainloop()

def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.geometry("200x100")self.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)

self.mahiwagangButones = Button(self,\text="Buksan Now Na", command=self.buksan)

self.mahiwagangButones.pack()



Lugaw: 100

Chichiria: 40

Utang: 20

BentaNiBudoy.txt


def buksan(self):inputFile = tkFileDialog.askopenfile()

for linya in inputFile:mgaSalita = linya.split()

print mgaSalita

inputFile.close()



def buksan(self): inputFile = tkFileDialog.askopenfile()

for linya in inputFile:mgaSalita = linya.split(“:”)

print mgaSalita[0]print mgaSalita[1]

inputFile.close()

PYTHON GUI: FileDialog (Remove Colon)




for salita in mgaSalita: if salita[-1] == “\n”:

salita = salita[0:-1]print salita

inputFile.close()

PYTHON GUI: FileDialog (Remove Newline)




for salita in mgaSalita: if salita[-1] == “\n”:

salita = salita[0:-1]print salita,

inputFile.close()

PYTHON GUI: FileDialog (Remove Newline)

PYTHON GUI: Closing Window


from Tkinter import *import tkMessageBox

class Panggunaw(Frame):…

Panggunaw().mainloop()

def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.geometry("200x100")self.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)

self.gunawButones = Button(self,\text="Gunawin and mundo", command=self.gunawin)

self.gunawButones.pack()



def gunawin(self):if tkMessageBox.askokcancel("Gunawin ang Mundo",\

"Sigurado po kayo?"):self.destroy()


PYTHON GUI: Canvas

PYTHON GUI: Canvas Coordinate System

PYTHON GUI: Canvas


class MgaLinya(Frame):…

MgaLinya().mainloop()

def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.master.geometry("200x300")self.pack()

self.pader = Canvas(self)self.pader.pack()

self.linyangPatayo = self.pader.create_line(\100, 0, 100, 200)

self.linyangPahiga = self.pader.create_line(\0, 100, 200, 100)

self.sentrongLetra = self.pader.create_text(\100, 100, text="Sentro ng Mundo")

PYTHON GUI: Canvas

def __init__(self):...

self.mahiwagangButones = Button(self, \text= "Burahin ang nakasulat",\command=self.burahin)

self.mahiwagangButones.pack()

def burahin(self):self.pader.delete(self.sentrongLetra)

PYTHON GUI: Canvas

PYTHON GUI: Sine Curve


# plot a function like y = A*sin(x) + C

from Tkinter import *import math

class SineCurve(Frame):def __init__(self):

...

SineCurve().mainloop()


def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.pack()

width = 400height = 300sentro = height//2

self.c = Canvas(width=width, height=height,\bg="white")

self.c.pack()



str1 = "sin(x)=blue cos(x)=red"self.c.create_text(10, 20, anchor=SW, text=str1)

center_line = self.c.create_line(0, sentro, width,\sentro, fill="green")

sin_line = self.c.create_line(self.curve(sentro,\flag="sine"), fill="blue")

cos_line = self.c.create_line(self.curve(sentro,\flag="cosine"), fill="red")


def curve(self, sentro, flag):x_increment = 1x_factor = 0.04 # width stretchy_amplitude = 80 # height stretch

xy = []for x in range(400):

xy.append(x*x_increment) #x coordinates

#y coordinatesif flag == "sine":

xy.append(int(math.sin(x*x_factor) *\y_amplitude) + sentro)

else:xy.append(int(math.cos(x*x_factor) *\

y_amplitude) + sentro)

return xy

PYTHON GUI: Circle Slider/Scale Widget



class CircleSlider(Frame):def __init__(self):

...

CircleSlider().mainloop()


def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH)self.master.geometry("460x420")

self.slider = Scale(self, from_=0, to=400,\orient=VERTICAL,\

command=self.redraw_bilog)self.slider.pack(side=LEFT, fill=Y)

self.display = Canvas(self, bg="gray")self.display.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH)



def redraw_bilog(self, current_cursor):self.display.delete("bilog")dulo = int(current_cursor)self.display.create_oval(0, 0, dulo, dulo,\

fill="green", tags="bilog")

PYTHON GUI: Blinking Rectangle



class BlinkingRectangle(Frame):def __init__(self):

...

BlinkingRectangle().mainloop()


def __init__(self):Frame.__init__(self)self.pack()

self.canvas = Canvas(self, height = 100, width = 100)self.canvas.pack()

self.rect = self.canvas.create_rectangle(25, 25,\75, 75, fill = "red")

self.do_blink = False



start_button = Button(self, text="start blinking",\command=self.start_blinking)

start_button.pack()

stop_button = Button(self, text="stop blinking",\command=self.stop_blinking)

stop_button.pack()



def start_blinking(self):self.do_blink = Trueself.blink()

def stop_blinking(self):self.do_blink = False



def blink(self):if self.do_blink == True:

current_color = self.canvas.itemcget(self.rect,\"fill")

if current_color == "red":new_color = "blue“

else:new_color = "red"

self.canvas.itemconfigure(self.rect,\fill=new_color)

self.after(1000, self.blink)

REFERENCES

Deitel, Deitel, Liperi, and Wiedermann - Python: How to Program (2001).

Grayson - Python and Tkinter Programming (2000).

Disclaimer: Most of the images/information used here have no proper source citation, and I do not

claim ownership of these either. I don’t want to reinvent the wheel, and I just want to reuse and

reintegrate materials that I think are useful or cool, then present them in another light, form, or

perspective. Moreover, the images/information here are mainly used for illustration/educational

purposes only, in the spirit of openness of data, spreading light, and empowering people with

knowledge.

Technology

Python Programming - XIII. GUI Programming